The State Bureau of Statistics for 1881 reports the acreage of oats at 556,103; that of 1880, 823,847. By the chief of the same bureau, some statistics of the diseases of domestic animals in the State were obtained. There are in all 1,011 townships, of which 457 made reports relative to these diseases. The diseases to cattle, as reported, are ten in number, and are named as follows: milk-sickness, mouth-and-foot disease, black-leg, mouth-disease, catarrhal Texas fever, dry murrain, garget, erysipelas, weed in bag, and itch. These diseases, with diseases unknown, killed in 1880 328 cattle. The total number of deaths, if all the townships had reported, would have been, at the same rate, 454 out of a total of 973,143 cattle in the State, or 1 in 2,143. The diseases of horses and mules reported are distemper, yellow water, epizootic, lung-fever, colic, glanders, quinsy, farcy, blind staggers, and spinal disease. These destroyed during the year 981 horses and mules. There were destroyed during the year 1,670 sheep by foot-rot, scab, grabb, and by dogs. The dogs did about as much harm as disease, for they killed 818 sheep of 1,670 reported. The only disease of hogs is cholera, and this malady carried off 119,647. The expenses of the State Prison North during the year ending October 31st exceeded the receipts $1,359. The number in prison at that date was 572. Of these prisoners the number who could read and write was 446, and the number who could neither read nor write was 100. The number who could read only was 26; the number born in the United States was 501. At the time of conviction 5 were under fifteen years of age, 117 were between fifteen and twenty years, 184 between twenty and twenty-five years, and 114 between twentyfive and thirty years. In the Southern Prison at the same date there were 518 convicts: 120 were minors at the time of conviction, 137 between twenty and twenty-five years of age, 110 between twentyfive and thirty, and 1 was over sixty-five; 125 were intemperate, and 228 could not write. In the Insane Asylum the whole number treated during the year was 1,738, and the average daily number resident was 1,070. The ratio of recoveries on admissions was 49 per cent, and the ratio of deaths in the whole number treated was 64 per cent. The number of insane in the State is estimated at about 2,500. In the Deaf and Dumb Institution, for the This State Bureau also reports that 274 com- year ending October 31st, there were 405 pupanies or firms are engaged in coal-mining and pils admitted and 61 dismissed, leaving 344 445 in stone-quarrying. The Indiana coal-fields enrolled. On the basis of 100 per cent as perembrace an area of over 7,000 square miles, fect, the superintendent gives the following offering seven workable seams at a depth rang- figures as the average of the pupils of all grades ing from 50 to 220 feet, and averaging 80 feet for four years: 1878, 84 per cent; 1879, 83 per below the surface. The seams vary in thick-cent;1880, 85 per cent; 1881, 86 per cent. ness from 2 to 11 feet, averaging 4 feet. The quality is fair to good, as shown by analyges in the geological reports. An area of 600 square miles in this field yields a superior "block" or "splint" coal, which is used in the blast-furnace as it comes from the mine, without coking. It may be had on every line of railway at from 5 to 10 cents per bushel, or at from $1.50 to $2.80 per ton. Indiana has inexhaustible beds of fire and potters' clay, brick clay, cement, lime, sandstone, paving stone, and limestone of superior quality, with extensive mines of kaolin. The Governor made the appointment of Calvin Fletcher, of Owen County, the Fish Commissioner of the State. He is required, among the duties assigned to him, to examine the various lakes, rivers, streams, and water-courses of the State, and ascertain whether they can be rendered more productive in the supply of fish; also, what measures are desirable and expedient to effect this object, either in propagating and protecting the fish that at present frequent the same, or in the selection and propagation of other species of fish therein, or both. Said commissioner shall also inquire into and test the best modes of artificial propagation of fish in the various waters of the State, and shall procure and superintend the procuring of the fish, fish eggs or spawn, necessary for such waters and the propagation of the fish therein. In the mechanical and industrial departments equal progress has been made, and of the 61 discharged a large number were prepared to pursue vocations that they had learned at the institution. In the Blind Asylum 122 pupils are enrolled, comprising representatives of nearly all the counties of the State. Three courses of study, literary, musical, and industrial, are now open to the inmates. More than 1,500 pieces of fabric work have been made by the girls during the year, and the boys have been equally successful in their departments. The State Bureau of Statistics has prepared a table which shows the relative value of the cost of machinery to the agricultural product. The annual value of implements, which includes repairs, is obtained by dividing the first cost by the number of years the implements will last. The price and duration are obtained by consulting a large number of dealers and intelligent farmers. The value of the products is obtained from reports made to the bureau by 1,100 township assessors throughout the State, and is based upon the average of the last three years. The results of these statements are that the annual cost of agricultural implements and machinery is $3,647,833.90; the annual value of agricultural products, $97,395,505.50; the ratio of annual cost of implements to annual value of production is $1 to $26.69. Benton County gives the best return, the cost being but $1 for every $48 worth of production. It is followed by Tippecanoe County, with $1 to $43. Several others are nearly even, and raise the average of the State to $1 to $27. There is much difference in the conditions of the counties. For instance, in some the wear of machinery by the nature of the soil, etc., is much greater than in others; the market for purchasing implements is often so convenient as to materially increase their cost by frequent and unnecessary purchases; and the market for the sale of products is extremely variable. In considering the table, all these conditions are to be taken into account, as it is probable that, if the same status existed throughout the State, the table might be very materially changed. Following is the population of the State by counties, as finally returned by the census of 1880, and as compared with the population of 1870: 1880. 1870. INDIGO, ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF. The industrial reproduction of the most valuable coloring matter derived from organic nature is the latest and the crowning achievement of the coal-tar industry. This great industry affords a striking argument in favor of the practical utility of the cultivation of science for purely scientific objects; since here, as in many other cases, the study of the deeper problems of nature has led incidentally to great improvements in the arts of life. The inventor of the artificial process of preparing indigo is a distinguished German chemist, Professor Bäyer. His discovery was published in 1880. Bayer set out with the definite object of discovering the synthesis of indigo. His study of its composition in the light of the modern theory of atom-linking or molecular arrangement led him to the conclusion that it is built up of one molecule of benzole, containing a side chain of two carbon-atoms, and on this latter a nitrogen-atom in the ortho-position. In searching for bodies whose transformation products showed a similar arrangement of atoms, he discovered derivatives of cinnamic acid which seemed to present the same molecular grouping. Cinnamic acid was formerly obtained only from certain costly resins, as storax, tolu, and Peru balsams. It has, however, recently been produced synthetically by the action of acetyl chloride on benzaldehyde; and a cheaper process has been found in which benzole chloride is treated with acetate of soda. The chloride of benzole with its derivative aldehyde are produced from toluole, one of the waste products of coal-tar distillation. Bayer's discovery of the synthesis of indigo led to extensive experiments with derivatives of cinnamic acid, to find a process of conversion capable of industrial utilization. The derivative best adapted for the purpose was found to be ortho-nitro-phenyl-propriolic acid, which, when treated with alkaline reducing agents, produces indigo directly. Nitro-phenyl-propryolic acid is a yellowish-white powder in the dry state. It is obtained in the following manner: Cinnamic acid is first nitrified with nitric acid, the product being a mixture of ortho-, meta-, and para-nitro-cinnamic acids. To separate the ortho acid, which is the one used in indigo manufacture, they are converted into methylic ethers by the aid of hydrochloric acid and wood spirits, and the ethers are separated by fractional distillation. From the para acid, which is the most abundant by-product, a beautiful red dye has been obtained. The me INDIGO, ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF. INSANITY A DEFENSE FOR CRIME. 429 thylic ether of the ortho acid is saponified with dilute soda lye, thus being converted into methylic alcohol and the soda salt of the acid, from which salt the acid is set free by substitution of another acid. The acid, when dried, is converted into dibromo-ortho-nitro-cinnamic acid by the absorption of liquid or gaseous bromine. The bromine is then released by an alkali taking with it two atoms of hydrogen to form hydrobromic acid. The abstraction of the hydrogen converts the nitro-cinnamic acid into a new substance, which is nitro-phenylpropriolic acid. The recovery of the expensive chemical materials used, such as methylic alcohol and bromine, necessitates a large outlay for apparatus and labor. Like all such complicated chemical processes, when carried out on an industrial scale, it is exceedingly difficult to obtain the materials in a state of purity and to prevent the reactions from being accompanied by secondary reactions, which spoil the product. Toluole is always accompanied by the homologues xylol and cumol, and in nitrating and bromiding substitution products will be formed instead of the isomer desired, unless expensive methods of purification are resorted to. At the present stage of the new industry it is impossible to produce indigo by the artificial process to compete in price with the natural indigo. Ortho-nitro-phenyl-propriolic acid yields true indigo; this can be converted into indigo carmine, and acts in all respects like the natural dye, while the color is handsomer than that of the best Bengal indigo. It is possible that, among the numerous combinations which may be made, some other body may be discovered which will possess as valuable coloring properties as indigo, and whose production will be attended with fewer difficulties. Meanwhile, the artificial production of the nitro-phenyl-propriolic acid, notwithstanding its expensiveness, is established on a firm commercial basis because of a valuable adaptation which makes it more desirable to the calico-printer than natural indigo. Indigo can be prepared for direct printing on calico by an expensive process which was known to but few. Most calico-printers resorted to the still more troublesome method of dyeing the goods in the indigo-vat and then biting out the spots which were to be printed in other colors. The discovery of the new compound from which indigo can be easily developed does away with all this labor. The nitro-phenyl-propriolic acid is mixed into a paste, with which the figures are printed upon the calico. It is converted into indigo-blue by the abstraction of one of the atoms of oxygen, differing from reduced indigo, or indigo-white, which is reconverted by the absorption of an oxygen-atom. The deepest shades can be produced from the new material either by mixing it with the reducing agent, or preferably by impregnating the fabric with the reducing agent, before, printing. The reducing agents first used were grape and milk sugars. Heat was required with these to develop the color, and great difficulty was experienced in regulating the temperature and time of exposure. Xanthogenate of potassium is now employed, with which the color develops spontaneously in the cold in from twelve to twenty-four hours. By first impregnating the fabric with the reducing agent the color develops in the fiber, whereas if it is mixed with the printing material the color forms too rapidly. The reducing agents act only in alkaline solutions; but the weaker the alkali the more perfect the color, so that alkaline salts, like borax, are preferred. A disadvantage of the new material, which may yet be overcome, is that the color can not be developed by superheated steam; hence, it is impossible to use it in conjunction with the steam dyes. INSANITY AS A DEFENSE FOR CRIME. The shooting of President Garfield, and the defense set up in behalf of the assassin, occasioned a fresh discussion of the relations of insanity to crime, the validity of the plea of insanity as a defense in murder cases, and the measure of evidence required to establish it. This was not only made the subject of general discussion, but received an unusual degree of attention as a matter for judicial interpretation. (For various expert opinions, and the application of legal principles in Guiteau's case, the reader is referred to the article in this volume on GuiTEAU'S TRIAL.) The discussion has turned largely upon questions as to what really constitutes insanity, how far its various phases destroy responsibil. ity in those affected by it, whether the insane of various classes should be held amenable to punishment for their acts, and what are the legal requirements as to proof when a plea of insanity is set up. Dr. E. C. Seguin defines six categories of persons subject to mental aberration, who are liable to commit crimes during its continuance. First are those liable to attacks of epilepsy. The epileptic conditions are usually of short duration, and accompanied by hallucinations of sight and hearing, and followed by complete amnesia, the patient having no recollection of what he has said or done during the attack. Second are cases of transitory mania or fury, in which the patient acts upon an irresistible impulse. Dr. Seguin considers genuine cases of this class as exceedingly rare, and says that it covers many instances of "sham" insanity, pleaded in defense of crime. In the third class are those who commit criminal acts in the course of simple functional insanity, as mania and melancholia, under the influence of hallucinations and delusions. These persons believe firmly in the state of things presented in their delusions, and act upon it without any ability to reason upon the consequences. They simply act in accordance with the unreal conditions which to them seem real. The fourth category includes those who are at first subject to very little general intellectual disorder, but have a special mania, such as imagining they are persecuted or watched, and in danger of being waylaid by secret enemies. Fifth are persons afflicted with general paresis or paralytic dementia, who are liable to break out into acts of fury directed against any object that for the moment excites anger or hostility. Sixth is "the enormous group of feeble-minded persons, whether primarily imperfect and weak or become demented later in life," which "furnishes many of the insane criminals, and probably fully as many criminals who are considered sane by the law. . . . In all varieties of this class of feeble-minded persons," says Dr. Seguin, "actions, whether simply offensive or criminal, result from the execution of instinctive or reflex tendencies, not controlled as in health by knowledge of right and wrong, by fear of punishment, by a healthy will. In short, judgment and self-restraint are impaired or absent in these cases." This writer expresses the belief that "the criminal insane should be held just as responsible to human punishment-i. e., preventive and educating punishment as sane criminals." He would have special accommodations provided for their restraint and treatment, and in most cases he thinks the isolation should be perpetual, as the malady from which the criminal impulse springs is incurable. In the case of that acute curable mania, whose victims commit crimes under the stress of delusions, he says that the isolation should be continued until a long interval of mental health gives assurance that the attacks will not recur. Dr. J. S. Jewell, in treating of the same subject, defines three groups of cases: those in which "the individual becomes the subject of a more or less enduring impulse, or strain of urgent inclination, toward a particular wrong or criminal act," with a knowledge of its character, but an increasing inability to resist; those in which the victim is subject to overpowering delusions, and "absolutely devoid of moral responsibility"; and those "in which profound modifications of the moral sense do not exist, nor any single definite morbid impulse arising from disordered emotion, so often seen in impulsive monomania or the simpler forms of insanity of feeling, but in which the chief feature is lack of consecutiveness in mental action. Dr. Jewell declares that there may be partial insanity, affecting "one single mental function or group of functions," or involving a certain "degree of aberration in any given direction." He is therefore of opinion that questions of responsibility can be answered only by a "careful study of each case on its own merits, and the application to it of the practical criteria to be obtained from a study of average healthy human beings, observed, as far as possible, under conditions identical with those under which the criminal act was committed." As a practical suggestion, he says that the examination should be made, in any case on trial, not by expert witnesses called on either side, but by an expert commission, entirely independent and unbiased, assigned to the "task of aiding the judge and jury (after due questioning by court and counsel), not only to learn what are the facts, but how to estimate or value them." Dr. C. F. Folsom says: "Uncomplicated with other mental diseases, moral insanity is, in my opinion, so seldom observed as to constitute one of the curiosities of medical experience; and then it is associated with symptoms so well marked as to make a diagnosis not difficult, although the term, like masked epilepsy, is frequently resorted to as a cover for respectable drunkards, or thieves, or murderers, or to furnish a willing jury an excuse to acquit of homicide the man who kills his wife's seducer, or the young woman who shoots her betrayer. So long as the responsibility of the insane is decided upon the grounds-1. That there must be other evidences of insanity than the crime; 2. That the whole group of symptoms must correspond to definite disease; 3. That the crime must be a part of the natural history of the disease; 4. That a reasonable degree of self-control should be exercised, according to the capacity for it in each case -we are on a secure footing; and these points must be decided by competent authority, from full consideration of all the circumstances and conditions of each case." The same authority says: "A man distinctly insane by the medical criterion is irresponsible for crime when the conditions defining his legal responsibility are at the time of the act-1. Sufficient mental capacity for ordinary reason, reflection, and judgment; 2. The knowledge of right and wrong as applied to the particular act; 3. The power of self-control within reasonable limits; 4. The absence of insane delusion overpowering reason-the character and strength of the false belief to be judged in each particular case, and not by any general definition of insane delusion, that being impossible. What would be an insane delusion in one man under certain circumstances might be entirely otherwise in another with different conditions. The further from reason and probability and the more persistent a delusion, the more is it an indication of some unsoundness of the whole mind; but an insane man may be quite irresponsible, whether his acts were justified or not, supposing the facts suggested by his delusion were true, provided his mind were so weakened that he could not reason correctly from his false premises." Dr. I. J. Elwell expresses his entire dissent from the doctrine of moral insanity, and doubts the propriety of allowing insanity in any form to be a defense for crime: He says: "If society can not be securely protected against the sane assassin without destroying him, which seems to be the settled conviction of mankind, it is equally necessary to destroy the 'emotional' and 'moral' insane, for society is as much, if not more, in danger from this unstable and uncertain class as from the sane murderer, who might live to see the error of his evil way, and abandon it; while the insane, because of less intelligence and more obtuse sensibilities, is not so easily influenced." He further says: "The fear of punishment or dread of death is as great in case of the insane as of the sane, and has the same restraining influences; therefore, the insane criminal is morally responsible for his acts." Dr. William A. Hammond, writing on "The Punishability of the Insane," says: "Regarding the matter from the stand-point that all laws are for the protection of society, and that the principles of abstract justice, as between the offender and society, have no necessary place in jurisprudence, there seems to be no valid reason why, if the protection of society demands it, the insane should not be punished for violations of law, even though they be morally irresponsible for their acts by reason of delirium, dementia, morbid impulse, emotional insanity, or any other form of mental aberration." And again: "The influence of example is not lost on the insane, or those who are on the verge of mental alienation. Every medical officer of an asylum, or other physician who sees many cases of insanity, knows that lunatics are capable very generally of being influenced by rewards for good, or punishments for bad, conduct. Now, there are many persons passing through life scarcely suspected of insanity, but who, nevertheless, are the subjects of mental alienation. They only require an adequate existing cause to produce such a state of mental disturbance as to turn the scale decidedly, and urge them to the perpetration of some overt criminal act-usually a murder. If these people are made to understand that they will be held legally responsible for their conduct, and punished if they are found guilty, they will make such efforts to control themselves as will probably prove successful." He further remarks: "Thus we see that an individual may be medically insane, and yet not a lunatic in a legal sense. His brain is diseased, either temporarily or permanently; his mind is not in all respects normal in its action-and yet he is responsible for his acts. Many of the insane are clearly irresponsible, and their punishment is demanded only by the imperative necessity which exists of securing the safety of society by preventing their committing criminal acts. This should be done in that way which experience shows is most conducive to the accomplishment of the end in view, even if it involves the taking of the life of the lunatic." Mr. Edward B. Hill, a legal writer on the subject, takes the broad ground that insanity should not be regarded as a defense for crime at all. He says: "But behind and beyond the question of what proof of insanity should be required lies the question-which does not seem to have occurred to many people—whether insanity should be a defense in capital cases at all. It may seem at first startling to put it as a debatable matter, but that it is at least open to argument a little consideration will show. Capital punishment differs from other forms of punishment, in that it is no part of its aim to work any reformation in the criminal. The two aims of punishment in general are, however, as prominent here as anywhere else. These aims are: 1. To prevent repetition of the offense by the criminal; 2. To prevent commission of the offense by others. Both kinds of punishment rely on the same means of effecting the second object, which is the dread of the punishment inflicted in a given case; but to effect the former object capital punishment removes from the criminal all power of ever acting at all, while milder forms rely upon the dread of again incurring them to induce the criminal to abandon his evil ways. The theory of the two clearly is, that one who commits the higher offenses is supposed to be so depraved that nothing but his death can protect society from him, while in the other cases it is supposed that less extreme measures will suffice. Now, if these views are applied to the case of a lunatic, it will be seen that every argument that can be adduced to show the necessity for the death of a sane murderer has tenfold more weight in the case of an insane murderer. If it be hopeless that a sane murderer should ever cease to be dangerous, it is certainly so in the case of a lunatic. He is possessed of an insane delusion, under the influence of which he has committed one murder and may commit others, or (if we accept the theory of emotional insanity') he is liable, under certain circumstances, to be so much excited as to be irresponsible, and in that state to commit murder. If committed to an asylum, he may so far improve as to be discharged as cured, and yet he may have a recurrence of the dementia, which may again impel him to a performance of new crimes. Society is never safe while he lives.' This writer holds that moral guilt has nothing to do with the question, as it is the province of human law to punish acts that are harmful to society without regard to their moral aspects. On this point he says: "It is of the essence of punishment that it should have an ulterior end beyond the infliction of the penalty, and this ulterior end (as to the criminal) is that he, by experiencing the penalty of his offense, should be deterred from a repetition of the crime. It would, in general, be manifestly vain to hope for such an effect upon a lunatic, and therefore such punishments are not applicable to him. But in capital cases the only aim of the law is to destroy the offender, and remove by his death a danger to society which can be removed in no other way. The danger to society from an insane murderer is, at least, as great as from a sane murderer, and society has as much need of protection in the one case as in the other. If it is vain to hope that the sane murderer, who is open to the effects of |