was, as already recorded, organized, with Señor García Calderon at its head, and under the protection of the Chilian authorities, Calderon "pledging himself to conduct his government upon principles not opposed to the fundamental conditions demanded by Chili for the final arrangement of peace." The failure of this and other efforts to the same end is briefly stated in the following extract from a circular which the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chili addressed to the diplomatic agents of the republic abroad, under date December 21, 1881. Thus it is that Chili could not conclude a peace with Piérola, who, after his defeat at Miraflores, proved his inability to form a serious government outside of Lima, and finally fell, overthrown by the intrigues of Calderon and the rebellion of his soldiers; nor with Garcia Calderon, who, lacking authority in the first period, and who, when beginning to acquire it, perverted it in the name of an intervention irreconcilable with the honor and the sovereignty of nations such as Chili and the United States. The last acts of Calderon, his public declarations against the capital conditions of peace, and the abuse against Chili and Peru of which he was guilty in encouraging a supposed foreign intervention, obliged our military authorities to make an end of the attempt at government made by García Calderon in February last.

On learning that Montero had adhered to the Arequipa and Puno declaration in favor of Calderon, the Chilian Government ordered the arrest of Calderon and his minister, Galvez, who accordingly were taken to Valparaiso in November. Piérola, abandoned by Montero (then in Cajamarca in the north), and probably also by Cáceres, who had been appointed by the Arequipa Congress second Vice-President of the Republic, Montero being the first, returned to Lima, and publicly declared his intention to renounce all further pretensions to power (December). Señor Don Adolfo Guerrero, late secretary to General Lynch, had been appointed political chief of Lima. As announced in President Arthur's message to Congress in December, special envoys were sent to Peru and Chili "with instructions which it is hoped will bring these powers into friendly relations." These envoys, Messrs. Blaine and Trescott, arrived at Callao on December 22d. It was presumed that Mr. Blaine would, on reaching Santiago, take charge of the United States legation left vacant by the death of General Kilpatrick.

The part played by Bolivia in the long contest is little short of inexplicable. The deciaration of war was the outgrowth of a quarrel between Chili and Bolivia, about the ownership of a strip of desert. Peru not only took sides with Bolivia, but actually threw out the challenge to Chili, and, with little effective aid from Bolivian contingents, has borne the brunt of the war, and expiated her folly with her ruin; while Bolivia, save the almost inevitable sacrifice of her sea-board, undoubtedly damaging to her commercial interests, will have sustained no serious losses, territorial or financial.

See the article PERU, CHILI, AND THE UNITED STATES, in this volume.

PERU, CHILI, AND THE UNITED STATES. After the failure of the peace conference held on board the United States steamship Lackawanna at Arica, on October 22, 25, and 27, 1880, in pursuance of the offer by this Government of its good offices as an arbitrator between the belligerents, there is nothing of note to record on diplomatic relations with the Republics of Peru and Chili, until June 26, 1881, when, in accordance with instructions from Secretary Blaine, Minister Christiancy formally recognized the government of the Provisional President, Señor García Calderon. In July Minister Christiancy presented his letters of recall, and on the same day the new Minister, General Stephen A. Hurlbut, presented his credentials to President Calderon at the little village of Magdalena, Lima being then in the hands of the Chilians. On the 25d of August, Aurelio García y García, Minister of Foreign Affairs under Piérola, addressed to Minister Hurlbut a letter dated "The Ministry, Ayacucho," a town in the interior, where Piérola had set up the semblance of a government after his flight from Lima. The purpose of this letter was to persunde General Hurlbut to recognize Piérola as "the constitutionally proclaimed President" and lawful head of the government in Peru. In reply our Minister assured Señor García y Garcia that it would scarcely become him to enter into a discussion upon the internal affairs of Peru, "but," continued he, " as in your letter to me you have opened the road to such discussion, I propose frankly to express my opinion, so wording it as to wound as lightly as possible." He then points out that in seizing the supreme power and assuming an authority unknown to the Constitution, Pierola committed revolutionary and lawless acts. The resolution he carried out was "a crime against liberty"; the dictatorship was "a tyranny which was autocratic and despotic in its construction, its title, and its acts." Minister Hurlbut's letter continued as follows:

Oppressed by an invader, the populace of Peru submitted to that autocracy in the belief that it would conduct to victory. Foreign nations recognized it as a de facto government, but they never recognized its origin or its system. Under the Constitution the Ayacucho National Assembly has no right to exist, and its resolutions possess no legal power beyond that of the opinions uttered by an equal number of private citizens. Consequently, its confirmation of the full and autocratic faculties of the ex-dictator, under his new title of President, gives no greater legal weight to his authority or pretensions.

For this reason, and much to my regret, I find my self compelled to inform you that the decrees are barbarous and inhuman which have been recently issued in Ayachuco with respect to the persons and properties of those who do not recognize Señor Pierola, and they place the government which adopts such measures beyond the pale of the law. These unnatural decrees, in my opinion, afford conclusive proof that the government with which you are connected owes its existence entirely to force and not to public opinion. The government presided over by Señor Garcia Calderon does not pretend to be regularly and perfectly established. It is provisional. It is sup