body, till they are finally attracted by sympa thetic affinity to the lungs as the main citadel of the invading forces. It is then that thefatal phase of the disease begins to show itself and the hope of the well-informed sufferer begins to weaken.

by heredity or from exposure to the germs, in which a few of those peculiar parasites might have begun their work upon the lungs, inoculation might, by the use of a suitable antibacterial vaccine thrown into the blood, rout such bacilli and drive them from the system. But even in such incipient cases how does To eradicate these germs from the system, Dr. Koch know but that a much simpler, less after they have formed a settlement upon the dangerous and more effectual process of com- lungs, is no easy matter, as the ablest. municating the lymph to the blood could be specialists know. Whether these diseaseemployed than sub-cutaneous injections which producing parasites be regarded as living require a painful puncture of the skin? Why microbes or vegetable fungi-the result of ferdoes he not, for example, try administering his mented and unassimilated food carried into vaccine by rectal injections to be retained and the blood-there must be, in the opinion of the absorbed, thus allowing the circulation to writer, first of all a renovation of the circulattake up and carry to the lungs a much larger ing fluids of the body by some effectual quantity than he now employs of the bacillus- process, as well as a safeguard placed against destroying liquid? If the vicious army of an entrance of any extraneous germs of decay occupation is to be overcome and driven out into that circulation thereafter if the army of by an invading army of a milder type of bac-bacilli are to be successfully combated. teria-that will be less harmful to the organism-why not adopt a channel of injecting the lymph which, while producing no pain, will send a sufficient force into the circulation to do the work effectively?

It is manifest, after the first formidable settlement of the invading parasites upon the lungs, that these bacilli, like the bees in our illustration, may occasionally loose their hold and circle off into the blood, repassing through the lungs and again entering all parts of the vascular system, picking up by affinity other germs of like character, and thus returning to the seat of disease re-enforced, to unload their poisonous cargoes to add fuel to the fatal fire, and thus augment the diseased con

True, as Dr. Koch announces, he may have tried his lymph by the channel of the stomach and have found, as he declares, that it produces no effect whatever. This may reasonably be supposed to be the case, since the chemico-vital action of the gastric fluid is known to be capable of transforming sub-dition. stances taken into the stomach into other and Plainly, under such circumstances, if the entirely different elements. Thus the milder bacilli of the curative lymph may be entirely destroyed by digestion before entering the blood. Hence the wisdom of testing the rectal application of the remedy which, if it is anything like what is claimed for it, must in the nature of the case prove more effective than by the sub-cutaneous process.

supply of disease-germs can even to a partial extent be cut off from the circulating fluids of the body, and if a consequent stoppage can occur in the deposit of new germs of decay to the already infected parts, the nutrient processes of the body, whose office it is to eliminate and excrete impurities as well as to assimilate nutrition, will gradually get the mastery, and This process, however, of rectal application by casting out of the system the stragglers as of the anti-bacterial lymph seems never to they weaken and let go their hold of the lungs, have entered the doctor's mind, or he cer- will in time free them entirely of the disease tainly would have intimated it while report-and its cause, particularly if the radical method ing the neutral results of tests made by the stomach. We respectfully suggest to the doctors of Germany carefully to try the experiment of applying the new vaccine by rectal enemas to be vigorously retained for absorption into the circulation before producing any more painful punctures in the backs of their confiding patients.

As to the practicability of effecting a radical cure of consumption, even in its advanced stages, the writer has not the least doubt, having himself experienced a complete cure after having been given up by his physicians to die of that disease.

of blood purification here foreshadowed shall perseveringly be followed out.

It was by this intimated process, and on this theory of bacterial invasion and their support by absorbed impurities, that the writer claims to have cured himself forty-one years ago of well-defined consumption, and without medicine of any kind, as fully set forth in his Health-Pamphlet."

66

We were confidently impressed, when actually staring death in the face, that the common-sense discovery we had made would so guard the circulating fluids of the system from the absorbed germs of disease and decay, that these fluids in their rush through the lungs would naturally carry off these invaders from their stronghold and then cast them from the system, provided the blood were not allowed to return to the lungs loaded with

absorbed impurities than it could take away.

That consumption is a disease of nutrition which takes possession of the lungs by a concentration of organic impurities in the shape of living germs, he has never questioned. Hence, before consumption has become sensibly seated in the lungs, it is rationally prob-more disease-producing germs picked up from able that the bacilli which produce true tuberculosis are floating in the blood and to some extent lodging in other congenial portions of the body, but finally like a swarm of bees will settle upon the lungs as the most available spot from which to commence their deadly assault upon the organism. But like the swarm of bees, while the majority of these bacterial invaders thus settle down to work upon the lungs, vast numbers of the stragglers continue to circulate through the blood and infest other weak and diseased portions of the

We have always believed that nature would be able to fight her own battles with all classes of invading bacteria if she were given a fair chance, and if her efforts to cast them from the system were not interfered with by almost criminal neglect of the proper safeguards. We believe that no disease-center of bacillus germs can be established in any part of the body unless nature has been imposed upon by the violation of some physical law. When in our direst extremity we saw that if nature were

by vaccination. In other words, was not Dr. Koch put on the track of these bacilli by edi torial suggestions, first published in the MICROCOSM in 1882, in which we had the honor of explaining this theory in all its details, and in calling the attention of specialists throughout the country to the possibility of curing consumption by vaccination? We close this paper by copying the following prediction, verbatim, from our September number, Vol. II., 1882:

Our method of assisting nature to be her own microbe-killer, in the manner hinted, demonstrated the correctness of our hygienic "As to the transmission of diseases from parents philosophy, in that immediately after the to children there is a great mystery involved. Mental systematic renovation of the circulating fluids diseases must manifestly de end upon the mental orof the body the preponderance of give and ganism alone for transference. Physical diseases, such as consumption, scrofula, syphilis, etc., which, as now take, as between the receding and returning generally believed, are spread through organic subcirculation, was greatly in favor of the depart-stances by self-propagating organisms or bacterial paring currents in that they carried away from which, however small the quantity, descends from asites, may depend chiefly on the physical substance the lungs and excreted vastly more disease-parent to child, and, by multiplication of such poisongerms than they brought back. In the opinion of this writer, to begin with anything except a radical purification of the blood-such as sub-cutaneous injections, inhaling gases, drinking lung medicines, etc., in order to effect a permanent cure of consumption after that disease has become seated, is to put the thera-living germs of bacteria which in suitable soil, or peutical cart before the physiological horse; or in other words, it is like essaying to exterminate a thistle by clipping off its leaves stead of digging it up by the roots and casting

it into the fire.

ous animalcules, may continue in the system resisting the case of small-pox and the well-known beneficial ef displacement, and thus finally bring about death. In fects of vaccination, we have a theory which we have long held provisionally, and will here give for what it is worth. We suppose the virus of small-pox, which exhales from the diseased body and passes off into the atmosphere or clings to clothing, to be hatch and multiply by throwing off similar living blood having the proper affinity for the disease, will germs till the whole body becomes diseased. If the in-blood of a person be not in the physiological condition these germs, he may inhale them with impunity and to furnish suitable soil or nourishment for propagating even sleep in a pest-house without danger. But if the blood have the right affinity for the bacterial germs a

The result of our own system of first renovating the blood by a purely mechanico-physi-single inhalation of impregnated air will start the disological process, made us a well man in a single year, and has kept us in general robust health ever since, now nearing forty-two years since the first application of the discovery. How trivial compared with this rational view of the nature, growth and operation of consumption is the theory of injecting a tiny drop of "lymph" of any kind or character under the cuticle! And how little do the German physicians now gathering about Dr. Koch seem to realize the true nature of that mysterious disease and the real renovating process which nature herself had in store for its permanent cure when properly and radically applied! This may appear egotistical in a man, but we know whereof we speak.

putting into the circulation bacteria of a milder type of ease by starting the bacteria. Now inoculation (by disease) tends to ward off the more dangerous type, on the same principle that a city garrisoned by friendly soldiers tends to counteract the enemy's forces by fighting them off or destroying them if they chance to enter the gates. Though the friendly garrison is a curse to the city, it is less so than it would be to suffer devas of all infectious or contagious diseases, and we see no tation by the enemy. The same may be considered true reason why consumption, scrofula, measles, scarlet. fever, cholera, and even whooping-cough-all of which vented by suitable vaccine, could it be found, contain originate no doubt in bacterial germs-may not be preing a garrison of a milder or less unfriendly type of bacteria which would protect the blood from invasion by these different hordes of dangerous enemies. We need not be surprised to learn before the present generation passes away, of the discovery of a perfect vaclay-cine for counteracting the various physical diseases that flesh is heir to, and that vaccination for small-pox was but the entering wedge which will ultimately drive from existence all kinds of contagious and infectious diseases."-(MICROCOSM, Vol. II., page 45.)

In addition to the facts of our own case, now known to hundreds of thousands all over the United States, we have the unimpeachable testimony of scores of persons, both male and female, who have had their lungs restored by this process from well-defined consumption, many cases so marked as to be given up as incurable by their physicians. Yet, not having been associated with the higher or more influential circles of life, our announcement, nearly two years ago, of the cure we had discovered was not, of course, received with the applause of courts and crowned heads, nor rewarded by offers of great appropriations from government to compensate for giving the secret to the world. Thank heaven, we did not need the aid of an emperor to put the discovery into practical operation, as the result has gloriously shown.

But startling as is the claimed discovery of Dr. Koch, and valuable as it will be to the world should it prove a success, it becomes an interesting question as to whether or not the doctor was the original suggester of this theory now creating so much excitement throughout the world, that consumption was the result of bacterial bacilli which might possibly be successfully driven from the system

A COMMON SENSE DEMONSTRATION.

Editor MICROCOSM:-In Dr. Alonzo Hall's. recent ". Appeal to Teachers of Science" he queries, "Can the air-wave generated by an explosion of gunpowder be shown to be identical with the sound pulse incident to the explosion?"

A recent experiment of mine clearly demonstrates the negative of this proposition, as follows: During the repeated firing of a large cannon, I stood about twenty rods distant from it, in the open air. With my back turned to it, to avoid being deceived or distracted by the smoke, I distinctly felt the shock of the advancing wave of compressed air, an appreciable interval of time before the sound of the explosion reached my ears. I infer from this that, for a certain distance, probably quite short, the air shell travels faster than the sound-pulse, but as the sound unquestionably is audible at a greater distance than the wave is perceptible, the wave spreads with a constantly decreasing velocity, and must soon be overtaken and passed by the sound. Should

REMARKS BY THE EDITOR.

Mr. Willison has no doubt here reported a practical demonstration of the truth of the philosophy of sound-pulse propagation as entirely distinct from air-waves, just as we laid it down in the "Problem of Human Life" and nearly in the same language, though much better expressed. (See page 104 and onward.)

That Prof. Tyndall and all the great writers on sound should have fallen into the error of supposing the air-wave and sound-pulse sent off from an exploding magazine to be identical, can only be accounted for by the inherent falsity and misleading character of the wave theory which assumes sound-pulses to consist of air-waves and nothing else. Being committed to that theory it was an easy error to fall into, as Mr. Willison hints, especially by making the superficial observation of the equal rate of travel of the two kinds of pulses (air and sound) at the exact point where the air-wave overtakes the sound-pulse.

have been forced to abandon the wave theory
of sound and thus to have anticipated us.
No man can rationally believe in the wave
theory after catching a glimpse at this true dis-
tinction between sound-pulses and air-waves,
upon which all writers on acoustics seem to
have been confessedly in ignorance as shown
by their erroneous discussions of magazine ex-
plosions. Let them once see the light upon
this single phase of their motion-theory of
sound, and overwhelming doubts will at once
assail them from every other point of the
acoustical compass. Hence, let it be the work
of substantialists everywhere to call the atten-
tion of advocates of the wave theory to
this prodigious and fundamental error, and
then compel them to explain or surrender.

(Continued from page 183, vol. vii.) What is Sound? The Substantial Theory versus The Wave Theory of Acoustics, BY GEORGE ASHDOWN AUDSLEY, F.R.I.B.A. Further, in speaking of the tuning-fork's motion, Professor Helmholtz tells us that its prongs move like a pendulum, "only very much faster." He, of course, realizes that the fastest pendulum ever made could, under no possible conditions, be expected to carve the air into sound-waves, simply because the air would refuse to be carved into condensations and rarefactions, and naturally elect to quietly flow round the moving body; and he also realizes that if the pendular motion of the tuning-fork is to produce sound-waves, etc., it must move "very much faster" than the fastest pendulum ever set wagging by the hand of man. His great and unpardonable mistake lies in his not condescending to inform his readers and the scientific world generally just how much faster the sound-producing fork must move than the fastest known pendulum. You can, however, arrive at a fair conclusion for yourselves in this important matter-make a pendulum with a weight and thread, and time its swings after measuring them. Then compare the results with the facts I have given you with reference to the vibrations of the tuning-fork. You will most certainly find that the latter are very much slower, and not, as Helmholtz affirms, 'very much faster" than the motion of the pendulum. Professor Tyndall remarks-"When a common pendulum oscillates, it tends to form a condensation in front and a rarefaction behind. But it is only a tendency; the motion is so slow that the highly elastic air moves away in front before it They never even suspected that the destruc- is sensibly condensed, and fills the space behind tive effects which occur near a magazine ex- before it can become sensibly dilated. Hence plosion were due alone to the air-wave com- sonorous waves or pulses are not generated by pressed and driven away from the center of the pendulum. It requires a certain sharpness explosion by the instantaneous generation of of shock to produce the condensation and rarethousands of cubic yards of gas, which ex-faction which constitute a wave of sound in panding in all directions necessarily forced the air." Now, are we expected to believe that a air outward in a densely compressed pulse, small tuning-fork prong, which oscillates the and which Prof. Tyndall innocently calls theth, the tooth, or the 4,000,000th of an "sound pulse" in his description of the memorable explosion at the village of Erith.

It is passing strange, however, that such men as Tyndall, Helmholtz, Lord Rayleigh, Sedley Taylor, Prof. Stokes, of Cambridge University, Sir Wm. Thomson and our own Prof. Mayer should never have observed the fact that in the immediate vicinity where a bolt of lightning strikes, sending forth the loudest peal of thunder, not a sign of an airwave is felt or observed in its action upon any material body, and no motion produced except when such body happens to be tuned or tensioned in unison with said peal. With no breaking of window glass or the slightest shattering of buildings by this loudest of all sounds known to human experience, yet the great and world-renowned physicists just referred to never once caught the idea till it appeared in our own writings that the phenomenon of thunder alone annihilated the wave theory of sound.

We have in vain asked any reader of our criticisms to point us to an intimation in any work on acoustical science where this true distinction between these two phenomena (airpulses and sound-pulses) had been made or even hinted at. We boldly deny the existence of any such intimation, since the writer who should have been fortunate enough to make that discovery, would logically, if honest,

66

inch, can generate sound by condensing and rarefying this elastic air, which defies the large swings of a pendulum? I, for one, refuse to believe any such nonsense.

I have in the foregoing remarks endeavored to show you the simple truth about the vibratory motions of the tuning-fork whilst it is producing audible sound; and, further, to impress you with the fact that its motions are far too minute to exercise any effect on the surrounding air, even to the distance of an

inch from its prongs. All this upsets the theory that the sound we hear from the vibrating fork is constituted of sound-waves, as taught in our text-books; but it does not prevent our hearing the sound the fork is sending forth; nor does it directly inform us how or why the fork sounds, or what constitutes sound per se.

down as its "central and cardinal proposi-
tion," says Dr. Hall, "that every force of na-
ture, as a phenomena-producing cause, must,
in the very necessities of true science and of
the relations of cause and effect, be a substan-
tial entity or an objective existence."
Dr. Hall assures us that he found himself
confronted, at the outset, with difficulties in
essaying to reconcile such a radical assump-
tion with the existing theories of science
which teach that some of the most conspicu-
phenomena, are the mere motions of material
particles. He says: "To have admitted for a
single moment the assumed basic facts of the
current motion-theories of science—namely,
that the forces of sound, heat, and light were
but the motions of matter, and that there was
nothing substantial about them as phenomena-
producing causes, would have been to abandon
the entire Philosophy of Substantialism which,
from the very start, we had mapped out as of
universal application.

Before proceeding to the consideration of certain phenomena of sound, upon which the undulatory theory of acoustics is built up, I think it desirable to submit for your consider-ous natural forces, and the causes of observed ation the Substantial Theory, the claims of which I urge on the present occasion. I must do this very briefly, and, unfortunately, I must leave many important matters connected with it untouched upon in a necessarily short Paper like this. I shall first give you the definition of sound according to the new theory, and then quote a few words from the writings of the founder of the theory, with reference to the subject.

Sound is one of the primordial forces of nature; it is a substantial force, or an immaterial objective entity, governed by laws ordained and fixed immutably by the great Architect of the Universe. This form of force can only be generated or liberated from the force-element of nature by one means devised for that end-namely, vibration of the sonorous body itself.

Such is, briefly, what I believe sound to be; and I accept the definition as reasonable, perfectly consistent with all the observed phenomena of sound, and with "daily experience. You will remember the words of Professor Helmholtz, who says, although he accepts the time-honored wave theory: "In daily experience, sound at first seems to be some agent, which is constantly advancing through the air and propagating itself further and further." How nearly this great scientist's "daily experience" had wafted his scientific reason into the haven of truth; but the waves, with their condensations and rarefactions, carried the frail and rudderless bark out into the stormy sea of false science.

Now let me somewhat enlarge upon the definition just given.

"To concede to science as at present taught the truth of the position that any force could be but the motion of material particles such as air or ether, would be to make force an effect and not a cause. Surely no one is so superficial, after his attention has been called distinctly to the subject, as not to see that the motion of matter, which is intrinsically inert, can only be the effect of some applied force which is its moving cause.

"To suppose force of any kind to be the motion of matter, and at the same time to be the cause of such motion, was to our mind an absurdity, though it glared at us from every page of our physical text-books; and it was no easy task to invent or discover a system of natural philosophy or scientific reasoning which would harmonize such inconsistency and thus bring order out of confusion. For plainly, as the motion-theories of science had presented the subject of force, the whole question seemed to us but a jumble of incoherent and self-contradictory statements.

"To assume force of every kind or character to be a substantial cause, and the motion of matter under all possible circumstances to be its effect, seemed at once the entering wedge for the solution of the whole mystery. But how was it possible to regard the physical forces as substantial entities or objective things, especially the force of sound which produces the sensation of hearing? This was the serious obstacle which met us at the very start. We saw but little difficulty in assuming magnetism and electricity, for example, to be substantial or objective things, since it was self-evident that the physical effects produced by these forms of natural force, such as the displacing and lifting of ponderable bodies, could by no possibility be accomplished except by some real substantial cause. To suppose otherwise, as we reasoned, would be at once to fly into the face of all philosophy and even of common sense.

When any sonorous body is set into vibration, sound-pulses or pulses of the substantial force element are released and sent off from it. Such pulses are generated by the interaction of forces in the sonorous body, and depend on the sonorous properties of the body. In certain bodies the force stored up in them by the mechanical action of setting them into the required state of vibration, is partly converted into heat and partly into sound-pulses; and the difference between the quantities of these two forces constitutes the difference of sonorous property in any vibrating body. The cohesive force and other forces present in the body control the action of the mechanical force exercised, converting some of such force into heat, and some into sound-pulses. To aid you in grasping what I have affirmed, I may remark that the pulses of substantial, but im- "But at this point a concomitant difficulty material sound force, are analogous to electric struck us. If these forces are substantial, and discharges. Several of the common phenom- at the same time penetrate, pervade, and ocena of sound fully support the hypothesis. cupy other bodies at the same time and withI shall now turn to the writings of the foun- out any displacement of their material particder of the substantial theory, and briefly direct les, as is the case with magnetism, how about your attention to the reasoning which led him the supposed law of the impenetrability of to reject the wave theory as false and unten-matter, or the impossibility of the double able. occupancy of the same space by two material

The Substantial Philosophy teaches and lays bodies at the same time?*

"Of course this had to be met and reconciled mechanical effect (for no logical reasoning on with our new departure, or good-bye to Sub-the part of the wave-theorist can, under the stantialism. But the task of unlocking this mechanical or undulatory theory, place sound scientific door was easy with the key already or sound-waves as a cause), and placing it in discovered and in our possession. Universal the dignified position amongst the primordial substance, we assumed in the very rationality forces of nature, we reconcile it at once with of entitative existence, must involve immaterial as well as material substances. Hence the idea of that grand classification was for the first time sprung upon the world-namely, of making two departments of the existing entities of the universe by dividing them into material and immaterial substances-placing all tangible and ponderable objects in the first division, and all the forces of nature in the second.

"This fortunate thought, though somewhat difficult to grasp at first, soon brushed aside that whole difficulty involved in the idea of two actual substantial bodies occupying the same space at the same time, since now the most impervious steel can be wholly occupied, pervaded, and penetrated by the substantial forces of heat, magetism, electricity, gravity, cohesion, and sound in every part and particle of the matter composing it, and at the same instant of time."*

As I have already stated, Sound is, according to the teachings of the Substantial Philosophy, a force of nature-that form of force by which the sense of hearing possessed by men and animals is addressed and affected. Such is sound in its true and primary sense-an external and substantial force, or objective cause; but in common language it has a sec. ondary meaning-namely, the sensation in our consciousness, which is more correctly called hearing an internal sensation or subjective effect. Thus by a trope, which is designated metonymy, we have the effect put for the cause. It will be well to bear these facts always in view, and so avoid confusion of ideas. In all cases the true and unfigurative signification should be intended in using the word sound, when one is discussing matters connected with music, or the science of acoustics.

Let me now briefly consider how far sound, according to the definition given, bears the test of reasonable and logical comparison with the other forces of nature, which immediately address and affect the animal consciousness. Sound is that force in nature having definite laws of production and propagation, which by entering our ears, or coming in contact by any other means with our auditory nerves, produces in our consciousness the sensation of hearing. Light is that force in nature having definite laws of production and propagation which, by entering our eyes and coming in contact with our optic nerves, produces in our consciousness the sensation of seeing or sight. Heat is that force in nature having its own laws, which, by affecting any portion of our system of tactile nerves, produces in our consciousness the sensation of warmth. Odor is that force in nature which by entering our nostrils and coming in contact with our olfactory nerves, produces in our consciousness the sensation of smelling or smell. And flavor is that force which, coming in contact with our system of gustatory nerves, produces in our consciousness the sensation of taste.

It will at once be realized that in removing sound from its time-honored place as a purely

*See different articles in Vols. VI. and VII. of the MICROCOSM, in which these statements occur.

all the other forces which more immediately
address and affect our animal consciousness,
as well as with those greater forces which we
call cohesion, gravity, magnetism, and elec-
tricity. In such dignified position is it not
infinitely more worthy of the musician's love
and respect; and when viewed as a force
direct from the hand of the Creator, does it
not account for much which has hitherto been
most mysterious in the power of music? Think
of it, oh ye musicians!
(To be continued.)

DR. AUDSLEY'S LECTURE.

We especially invite our new readers to the series of extracts we are printing from Dr. Audsley's lecture, delivered recently in London, the first installment of which appeared in last month's MICROCOSM.

Dr. Audsley was the first prominent convert made to the New Sound Theory in England. He was astonished when he accidentally took up the "Problem of Human Life" to find that this new theory had been published for more than ten years, and that not a word had appeared on the subject for or against it in England from the pens of the great writers on acoustical science, though the arguments in that book, claiming to overthrow the wavetheory, as universally taught, he considered to be absolutely conclusive.

He saw at a glance, upon reading the arguments, that the claim of acousticians in America, that the work was beneath the notice of the great authors of acoustical textbooks as the reason it had not been answered, was a sham of the shallowest pretense, since no possible reply could be made to most of those arguments.

Such facts as these induced Dr. Audsley to come out as a bold and uncompromising advocate of the substantial theory of sound, both in the columns of scientific journals and on the lecture platform.

His very first published article aroused the attention of acoustical professors all over Great Britain, many of whom at once became converts to his views. Among these was Dr. Pearce, a Professor of Acoustics in Cambridge University, whose able paper in Musical Opinion called out the reply of Prof. Sedley Taylor, which is reviewed in this number of the MICROCOSM, first article.

From letters received from Dr. Audsley we are assured that he is more thoroughly satisfied than ever that the doom of the wave theory of sound, as well as of all the other motion-theories of science, is near at hand. When we consider, he says, that a single fact absolutely opposed to that theory, according to Prof. Huxley, overturns it as completely as would five hundred, how can it be expected for that theory to survive when incontrovertible facts by the dozen crop out at every phase of the theory, as shown in our various publications.

tific readers, who are not tied down to the text-books, but who are capable of doing their own thinking, to study carefully the three or

As an illustration of this, we ask our scien