Abstract ideas, 322, 363
Acceleration, sense of, 269
Acceleration and retardation, 221
Achirus pellucidus, 83
Acquired characters, are they
transmitted? 147; habits, are
they inherited? 436; variations
in the intellectual sphere, 497
Acroa, 203
Activities, organic basis of com-
parative psychology, 337; of
animals, 415; voluntary and
involuntary, classification of,
modes of, 119; special, ex-
amples of, 179; to varying
environment, 183
Advantage must be particular,
184; must be immediate and
not prospective, 186; must be
"available," 188, 211
Eschna, 289
Esthetic preferences in insects
and birds, 207; aspect of sen-
sation, not primary, 243;
motive not present to animal |
consciousness, 409
ALEXANDER, Mr. S., "Moral
Order and Progress," 463
ALLEN, Mr. Grant, on evolution
of flowers, 206; on pleasure
and pain, 380
Mr. J. A., on colour and
humidity, 164
Alternation of generations, 46
Amblyopsis spelæus, 271
American school of evolu-
tionists, 221
Amba, how it feeds, 5; repro-
duction of, 12, 38; diagram of,
12; protoplasmic functions of,
Amphibia, labyrinthodont, 288
Anabolism, constructive process,
Analysis (mental), 321
Ancon sheep, 226
ANDERSON, Mr., on one-eared
rabbits, 226
Anemone, sea, reproduction of,
41; marginal beads of, 298;
discrimination by, 359
Anger and rage, 389
Animal life, nature of, 1; di-
versity of, 177
Animal intelligence, differs
g nerically from man's reason,
Animals, characteristics of, 1;| Aurelia, life-cycle of, 45
divided into protozoa
metazoa, 15; and plants, their
relation to food-stuffs, the
atmosphere, and energy, 15;
intelligent not rational, 373;
capacities for pleasure and
pain, 391
Australian mammals and others
convergent, 117
Automatic action, 415
Available advantage, 188, 211
Aversion and appetence, 343,
384
Animistic ideas of savages, how
developed, 494
Anisognathus, 226
Anomia, 265
Ant, sauba, of South America,
213; sense of taste in, 253;
sense of smell in, 258; audi-
tory organ of, 267; intelli-
gence of, 357; activities often
described as instinctive, 425;
neuter insects, 440; Siamese,
Baboon, experiments with, 352
Bacilli attacked by leucocyles,
Bacillus violaceus, 80
BAILEY, Mr. E. H. S., on taste,
BALBIANI on Chironomus, 137
Balistes, 179
BARRETT, Mr. W. F., on sensi-
tive-flame experiment, 298
Barrier, geographical, 99; time,
in physiological isolation, 105
BARRINGTON, The Hon. Daines,
on song of linnet, 454
BATESON, Mr. W., on lateral
line, 252; on fishes hunting
by scent, 256; on smell in
shrimps, etc., 260; on hearing
in fishes, 264; on hearing in
Anomia, 265; on sight in
fishes, 286; on rockling and
sole, 352; on fascination in
fishes, 388
Bats, tabulated measurements of
wing-bones of, 65-73; wings,
fortuitous variations in, 235;
experiment with, 247
Beauty, standard of, 206; sense
of, 407
Beaver, change of habit in, 445
BECCARI on gardener bower bird,
408
BECKER, Alexander, on varia-
tions in the balance of life, 112
Bees, divergent development of,
58; cuckoo, 90; latency in,
228; sense of taste, 253; sense
of smell, 257; smell-hollows,
259; eyes and eyelets of, 289;
intelligence of, 357; colour
preferences in, 408; homing
faculty in, 428; neuter insects,
Beetles of Madeira, 81; stag-,
variability of male, 180; ob-
servations on dung-, 368
Begging in dogs, 345
BERKELEY, Bishop, quoted, 475
BERT, M. Paul, limits of sensi-
bility to light, 296
BIDIE, Mr. George, anecdote of
BINET, M., "Psychic Life of
Micro-organisms," 360
Birds, influence of food-yolk on
development of, 56; diver-
gence among. 97; breeding
area of comparatively re-
stricted, 101; humming, Duke
of Argyle on, 110; destruction
of eggs of, 189; game-, white
and black crossed, 225; taste
in, 251; smell in, 256; hearing
in, 264; sight in, 284; colour-
vision in, 2×5: gardener bower,
408; humming, nests of, 408;
perfect instincts of præcoces,
424; love antics of satin
bower, 450; nests of, 453;
song of, 454
BLOCHMANN on the development
of the drone, 153
Blood, circulation of, 22
Cattle of Falkland Islands, 203
Causation, 327
Cell, diagram of animal, 10;
controlled explosions in, 31
Cessation of selection, effects of,
Chatogaster limnæi, reproduc-
tion of, 42
Chaffinch, nest of New Zealand,
Chamæleon, 286
Chance, 236
Change of conditions, 163
Characters, specific, 110
CHARBONNIER, Mr. Henry, mea-
surements of bats, 63
CHATTOCK, Mr. A. P., his ex-
periments on colour-vision,
280; letter to, on dog and
picture, 341
CHESHIRE, Mr., on smell-hollows
in bees, 259
Body as distinguished from re- Chickens' aversion to protected
productive cells, 131
BOLL and KÜHNE, Messrs., on
retinal purple, 276
BOLTON, Miss Caroline, on the
bat, 247
Bombus muscorum, 90; lapi-
darius, 91
Bombyx quercus, 258
Bower bird, 408, 450
Brain, 31 decreased, of rabbits
and ducks, 171; a microcosm,
BREHM'S, Thierleben, quotation
from, 405
Brine shrimp, modified by sa-
linity of water, 164
BROOKS, Prof. W. K., his modi-
fication of pangenesis, 134;
on the greater variability of
the male, 237
BROWN, Prof. Crum, on sense of
acceleration, 270
BROWNE, Sir J. Crichton, on
ducks, 171
Budding, reproduction by, 42;
in relation to heredity, 128
Bull, Favourite," prepotent,
227; reversion in, 229
BUNYAN, John, on gateways of
knowledge, 311
BUTLER, Mr. Samuel, on organic
memory, 62, 475
Butterfly, protective
blance in, 86; mimicry in, 87
Camel, wounded, 392
Canary, crested, 225; nest build-
ing of, 453
Capon, taking to sitting, 228
Capuchin monkey, Miss Ro-
manes's observation on, 367;
sympathy in, 397
CARLYLE, quoted, 331, 335
Carp at Potsdam, 265
CARTER, Dr. Brudenell, quoted,
Caste, idea of, in dog, 400
Cat, effect of African climate on,
164; defining its percept, 339;
communication, 345; intelli-
gence of, 370; and mouse,
399; punishing kitten, 405
Caterpillars, protective resem-
blance in, 82
caterpillars, 352; perfectly
instinctive activities, 424
Chironomus, reproductive cells
of, 137
Choice, 458
Circulation of the blood, 22
Classification, 323
CLIFFORD, W. K., on human
consciousness, 341; on the
eject, 476; on "world-con-
sciousness," 479
Clover and bees, 113
Clytus arietis, 87
Cockchafer, smell-hollows of,
COCKERELL, Mr., on variations
in snails, 75; on effects of
moisture, 239
Cockroach, diagram of trachea
or air tubes of, 3; sense of
taste in, 253; sense of smell
in, 258
Cocoon, collective, 429
Colobus, 210
Colour, protective resemblance
in, 82; warning of inedibility,
82; dependent on humidity,
164; direct action of climate
on, 164; development of, 202;
blindness, 273, 279; pheno-
mena of, 278
Combination, organic, hypothesis
of, 150, 240
Communication in dogs, 345; in
bees, 358
Compensation of growth, 155
Competition, elimination
through, 89
Concept, 325, 326
Conception, 325
Conceptual conduct and evolu-
tion, 488
Condor, rate of increase of, 57
Conduct, 463; influence of
thought and æsthetics on, 483;
conceptual, and natural selec-
tion, 488
Congruity, principle of, 486
Conjugation in protozoa, 39; of
ovum and sperm-cell, 42
Consciousness, 32; and consenti-
ence, 326, 362; as a criterion
of instinct, 432
Consentience, 326, 362
Construct and construction
(mental), 312; three stages of,
324; inevitable nature of, 332;
in mammals, 338
Continuity of reproductive cells,
131; germplasm, 13; cel-
lular, 142; in mental develop-
ment, 373
Convergence, phenomena of, 117
Co-ordinants, 303
COPE, Prof., on the effects of use,
210; and HYATT, Prof., on re-
tardation and acceleration, 221
Correlated variation, 59, 216
CORTI, organ of, 263
Coryne, Prof. Weismann on, 139
COUCH, Mr., on goldfinch song,
Crab, protective resemblance in,
87; hermit, 195; habit of
decking itself, 457
Crayfish, smell in, 259; auditory
organ of, 266
Crossing, effect on reversion, 230
Cruelty in cat, objective, 400
Crustacea, eyes of, 292
Ctenomys, 194
Cuckoo, the name onomatopoetic,
322; habits intelligent, 436;
ejecting young birds, 437
Curiosity in prong-horn, 339
Cuttlefish, eyes of, 293
Cyclas, 265
Cycloptera speculata, locust re-
sembling leaf, 86
DALLINGER, Dr., his temperature-
experiments on monads, 147
Danais, 203
Daphnids, absence of fertiliza-
tion in reproduction of, 45;
colour vision in, 292, 296;
leucocytes of, 439
DARWIN, Charles. Natural selec-
tion and the struggle for exist.
ence, 77; divides the principle
of selection into three kinds,
78; on selection of flowers and
fruits by insects, 93; on sexual
selection, 94; on prevention
of free crossing in breeding,
99; on differential fertility,
104; on London rats, 106; on
Galapagos archipelago, 109;
on diverse adaptation, 111; on
the influence of old maids on
clover crops, 113; on the in-
fluence of parent on offspring,
122; on the co-ordinating
power of her organization, 125;
hypothesis of pangenesis, 131;
on fur of arctic animals, 165;
changes of structure attributed
to use and disease, 171; on
blindness of tuco-tuco, 194;
on the principle of economy,
194; on sexual selection, 198;
on preferential mating, 204;
on evolution of flowers, 205;
on co-ordinated variations in
the elk, 213; on acceleration,
222; on ancon sheep, 226; on
prepotency, 227; on reversion.
229; on the effects of crossing,
230; on fortuitous variatiu,
236; on the subordination o
the conditions to the organism,
236; on the greater variability | Dromia vulgaris, 457
of male, 237; on attention in
monkeys, 342; on brain of ant,
358; on gestures of anger and
rage, 389; on pleasures and
pains of animals, 394; on
bravery of a monkey, 396; on
Abyssinian baboons, 405; on
sense of humour in the dog,
406; on neuter insects, 440;
on selection of oxen, 441; on
acquisition of fear of man by
birds, 443; on satin bower
bird, 450
Death, natural introduction of,
186, 193
Deceit in dogs, 400
Degeneration, 183
Desert animals, inconspicuous-
ness of, 89
DESCARTES on pineal gland, 288
Desire, 460, 463
Destruction, indiscriminate, as
opposed to elimination, 76
Development of organisms dis-
tinct from growth, 6; repro-
duction and, 36; is differential
growth, 49; of a vertebrate,
diagrammatic account of, 51;
comparative, of some verte-
brates, 220
DE VRIES, 132, 159
Differentiation in protozoa, 40;
in metazoa, 41; during de-
velopment, 49; of reproduc-
tive cells, 143; and integra-
tion, 183; of tissues, 232
Diflugia, 360
Dimorphism in larvæ, 187
Discrimination in the sense of
touch, 245; hearing, 262;
sight, 275; its fundamental
nature, 338; in sea-anemone,
Disease, elimination by, 80
Display, 207
Disuse, panmixia and, 189; ne-
gative and not positive, 196;
use and, 209
Divergence among birds, illus.
trated from Wallace,
through diverse adaptation, 111
DIXON, Mr. Charles, effects of
climate on the colours of birds,
164; on chaffinch nests, 454
Dog, effect of Indian climate
on, 164, 167; greyhounds in
Mexico, 167; sense of smell
in, 255, 338; vague percept of,
339; and the feelings of other
animals. 340; and pictures,
341; powers of communica-
tion, 344: swimming rivers,
365; cleverness of, 367; sym-
pathy in, 397; idea of caste,
deceit, 400; endurance of pain,
402; sense of justice in, 404;
punishing pup, 405; sense of
humour in, 406; swimming a
deferred instinct in, 423; turn-
ing round to make a couch, 444
Dog-fish, sense of smell in, 257
Domestication, variations effected
by, 171, 215; crossing and re-
version, 230
Doris tuberculata, 84
Drones developed from unfer-
tilized ova, 45; second polar
cell extruded, 153
DUBOIS, M., on Proteus, 294
Ducks, Sir J. Crichton Browne
on, 171; Dr. Rae on instinc-
tive wildness of, 435
Duration of life, 186
Eagle, sclerotic plates of, 437
Ear, 263
Earthworm, respiration in, 4,
24; regeneration of lost parts,
41; sensitive to light, 293;
outward projection in, 359
EATON, Rev. A. E., on insects of
Kerguelen Island, 81
Ecitons, 427
Economy, principle of, 194
Education of ants, 428; of young
animals, 455
Egg and hen, problem of, 130
Egg-cell and sperm-cell, diagram
of, 13; conditions which deter-
mine production of, 60
Eggs, influence of food-yolk on
mode of development of, 56;
destruction of birds, 189
Ego, or self, 475
EIMER, Prof., on inhabitants of
Nile valley, 165; on
Helix
hortensis, 226; on instinct,
436; on differential dread in
birds, 444
Eject, meaning of, 476
Elaboration, 183
Elephant, rate of increase of, 57;
intelligence of, 363, 369; use
of tools by, 370; vindictive-
ness in, 401
Elimination, as opposed to selec-
tion, 79; its three modes, 80;
as a factor in the origin of in-
stinct, 447; of ideas through
incongruity, 486; as applied
to the intellectual faculties, 497
Embryology negatives preforma-
tion, 50
Emotions exemplified, 382; the
expression of, 385; three orders
of, 391; in vertebrata, 395
Encystment, 38, 49
Ends and means, 371
Energy, relations of animals and
plants to, 16
Ennomos tiliaria, caterpillar,
protective resemblance of, 85
Environment, direct effects of on
the organism, 163; changes of,
in relation to the organism,
183; are effects of direct or
indirect? 233; instances of
effects of, 238
Equus, 118
Eristalis tenar, 87
Ethics in animals, 413
Euplaa, 203
Evolution of older writers, 50;
and revolution, 119; organic,
177: meaning of term, 182;
mental, 464; organic and men-
tal not continuous, 488; inter-
neural, 490
Excrement of birds, resemblance
of spider to, 90
Dreaming, 341; and the animis- Excretion, an essential life-pro-
Expectation, 327
Experience dependent on me-
mory, 305
Expression of the emotions, 385
Eye, structure of in man, 274;
in mole, 284; pineal, 287; in
insects, 288; facetted, 289; in
crustacea, 292; in molluscs,
292; four types of, 294
FABRE, M., on Sitaris, 439
Facetted eye, 289
Factors of phenomena, laws of,
Falkland Islands, cattle of, 102;
birds of, 443
Fear, dread and terror, 387; in-
stinct of, 443
Feelings of animals, 8, 378
Female. See Sex-differentiation.
Female and male insects, differ-
ences between, 179; vigour
expended on offspring, 238
Fertilization, nature of, 42; ab-
sent in parthenogenetic forms,
Fertility, differential, Darwin and
Romanes on, 104; of hybrids,
Fetishism, its natural genesis,
FISCHER, Dr. Emil, on smell, 254
Fish, respiration in, 24; protec-
tive resemblance in, 83;
amount of food-yolk in eggs
of, 220; skate and turbot com-
pared, 220; sense of taste in,
252; sense of smell in, 256;
sense of hearing in, 264; sense
of sight in, 286; fascination in,
388; love-antics of, 450
FISK, Rev. G. H. R., on sym-
pathy in cat, 397
Fission, a process of cell-division,
37; in protozoa, 38; in meta-
zoa, 41
Flight, instinctive nature of, 425
FLOURENS, M., on function of
semicircular canals, 269
Flowers and fruits, selection of,
93; evolved through insect
agency, 206
Folliculina, 360
Food-stuffs, relations of animals
and plants to, 15; nature of
and digestion of, 25
Food-yolk, influence of, on de-
velopment, 55; the result of
parental sacrifice, 57
FORBES, H. O., on Javan spiders,
FOREL, M., on taste of ants, 253;
on vision of daphnids, 296; on
happy family of ants, 428
Form-characteristics of animals,
Fortuitous variation, 235
Fosterage and protection, 219;
result of female self-sacrifice,
FOTHERGILL, Mr., on dogs swim-
ming rivers, 364
Fowl, variations in, attributed by
Darwin to use, 171; crossing
of, 227, 230
Fox, cunning of, 366
FRANCIS, Mr. H. A., 90
FRITSCH, Dr., Fig. of skull of
Melanerp ton, 2×8
Frog, development of, 6; arrest
of life in, 21; respiration in,
24; fishing, or angler-fish, 91;
modified development of, 214;
effects of simple stimulus on,
Fruits and flowers, selection of,
GABET, Messrs. Hrc and, on
Llama cow, 333
Galapagos Archipelago, species
and varieties in, 99; climate
of, 109
Gallus bankiva, 230
GALTON, Mr. Francis, on the
coloration of the zebra, 84;
his modification of pangenesis,
135; numerical estimate of in-
heritance, 150, 192; his inves-
tigations on twins, 169; on
blended characters, 225; on
the steps of evolution, 227
Ganglia, 31
Gannet, rate of increase of, 57
Gas-engine, analogy of, 30
GAUTIER, Théophile, his cat, 264
GEDDES, Prof. Patrick, and THOM-
SON, J. A., on anabolism and
katabolism, 44; quoted, 50,
137, 237
Gemmules, pangenetic, 131
Generations, alternation of, 46
Generic idea, 326
Geographical barriers a means
of segregation, 99
Geological changes, influence on
natural selection, 113
Germ-plasm, continuity of, 138;
convenience of, 140
Gills of mussel, 4; as respiratory
organs, 24
Giraffe, co-ordinated variations
in, 212
Glacial epoch, effects of, 113
Gland, pineal, 288
Goldfinch, song of, 454
GOLDSCHNEIDER,
ture-sense, 249
GOULD, Dr., on humming-birds'
nests, 408
Habits of animals, 415
Habitual activities, 420; sense
of satisfaction in performance
HAFCKEL, Prof., plastidules of,
125; theory of perigenesis, 159
Halictus cylindricus, 90
HAMERTON, Mr. P. G., on the
ignorance of animals, 333
HAMILTON, Sir Wm., quoted, 470
HANCOCK, Mr. John, on instinct
of cuckoo, 437
HASSE, E, on humble-bees, 259
HAUSER, on cockchafer, 259
HAYCROFT, Mr. J. B., on taste,
Hearing, sense of, 261
Heliconia, 203
Heliz, nemoralis and hortensis,
variation of, 75, 217, 226, 239
HELMHOLTZ, Von, on colour, 277;
on local signs of retina, 308
Hen and egg, problem of, 130
HENSEN, on shrimps, 266
HERBERT, Prof. T. M., quoted,
HERDMAN, Prof., on sea-slug
(Doris), 84; his modification,
of pangenesis, 135; on warn-
ing coloration in nudibranchs,
Heredity, an organic application
of the law of persistence, 62;
and the origin of variations,
122; in protozoa, 123; and re-
generation of lost parts, 124;
failure of, 192; and instinct,
HERING, Edward, on organic
memory, 62, 475
HERON, Sir R., on crossing rab-
bits, 225
HERSCHELL, Sir John, on colour,
HERTWIG, Richard, observations
on Infusoria, 39
HICKS, on Capricorn beetle, 267
HICKS' organ, 267
HICKSON, Dr., Fig. of eye of fly,
Hipparion, 118
Hippopotamus, instinctive acti-
vities in, 423
HOLLAND, Sir Henry, on inheri-
tance, 223
Homing faculty of bees, 428
GRABER, Dr., on colour-sensitive-
ness of earthworm, 293
GRANT, Mr. G. L., on New Zea- Horse, two different evolutions
land sparrows, 445
Grasshopper, auditory organ of,
Gregarina, reproduction in, 38
GRENACHER, Dr., experiment on
moth's eye, 290
Grouse, white plumage in, due
to reversion, 229
GROVE, Sir W. R., on antago-
nism, 394
Growth of organisms, 5; illus-
tration of a deer's antler, 28;
law of, after mutilation, 126
Guidance distinguished from ori-
gin, 242
Guillemot, eggs of, 410
GULICK, Rev. J. T., on landshells
of Sandwich Islands, 109; on
tendency to divergence, 151
GUPPY, Mr., on crab of Solomon
islands, 87
of, 118; effects of use on digits
of, 210; sense of pain in, 392
Howse, Prof., antennule of cray-
HUBER, Pierre, on smell in bees,
257; judgment and instinct,
HUC and GABET, Messrs., on
Llama cow, 333
HUGGINS, Dr., his dog Kepler,
Humming-birds, 110
Humour, sense of, in dog, 406
HUXLEY, T. H., on limitation of
variations, 151; on neurosis
and psychosis, 465
HYATT, Prof., on acceleration and
retardation, 221
Hybrids, fertility of, 105
Hydra, reproduction of, 14, 41;
diagram of, 43; artificial divi-
sion of, 124: budding in, 128;
sexual reproduction of, 129
Hydra tuba, and medusa of aure-
Hydroids, development of, 46;
Weismann on, 139
Hymenoptera, antennary struc
tures of, 297; instincts of social,
441, 448
Ichneumon fly, instinct of, 430
Ichthyosaurus, pineal eye of, 288
Icterida, 454
Idea of an object, 313
Ideas, conceptual, their environ-
ment, 485; the law of their
evolution, 486
Idealism, 474
Ignorance of animals, 333
Image, inverted in retina, 311
Imagination, constructive, 325
Imitation as a factor in habit or
instinct, 443, 453
Immortality of protozoa, 12
Incongruity, elimination by, 486
Increase, law of, 58
Incubation, instinct of, 434
Individuality, a tendency to dif-
ferentiation, 183
Inference, conscious and uncon-
scious, 328; in animals, 361
Infertility of isolated forms, 108
Infusoria, reproduction in, 39
Inheritance, exclusive, a meins
of isolation, 104; of variations,
223; of acquired habits, 435;
of acquired increments of in-
tellectual faculty, 497
Inhibition, 385; as a condition of
volition, 459
Innate capacity, 422; its impor-
tance, 429
Insects, tracheal respiration of,
3, 24; wingless, of Madeira,
81; of Kerguelen Island, 81;
mimicry and protective re-
semblance in, 85, 88; segrega-
tion by colour, 101; antennæ
of, 178; mouth-organs of, 179;
and the evolution of flowers,
206; sense of touch in, 248;
taste in, 253; smell in, 257;
hearing in, 266; sight in, 288;
perceptual powers of, 357;
neuter, 440
Instinct and available advantage,
211; consideration of, 415;
perfect, imperfect, and incom-
plete, 422; deferred, 423; blind
prevision in, 429; gratification
in performance of, 430; con-
sciousness and, 432; primary
and secondary, 434; three
factors in the origin of, 447 ;
as influenced by intelligence,
452; by imitation, 453; by edu-
cation, 455; as distinguished
from intelligence, 457
Instinctive emotion, 390, 395
Integration and differentiation,
Intellectual development, 486
Intelligence involved in selec-
tion, 95; distinguished from
reason, 330, 365; lapsed, 435
involved in instinct, 440; as
influencing instinct, 452; cri-
teria of, 456
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