From-Duff Green.

To-R. K. Crallé, Lynchburg, Va.

Dated-Washington, June 6, 1836.

"Yours of the 30th ult. is received. I placed [it] in the hands of Mr Calhoun and Col Pickens who at once confirmed their previously declared preference for you over any one else as the editor of the paper. I then saw Col Preston & Col Thompson who assured me that they were prepared to unite in any arrangement necessary to secure your talents in the paper......As to my personal relations to the party there is nothing that can in any wise embar[r]ass you and as to your course, and control over the press it will be such as you wish it to be."

Green's business enterprises are progressing better than he expected.

From-Duff Green.

To-R. K. Crallé, Washington.

Dated-Pendleton, S. C., Nov. 4, 1836.

Green in the South on business, but whether for the railroad or his paper is not clear.

"The Railroad is now the absorbing question. Parties are organizing in this state in reference to it and to the speculations to be made on the routes, to be selected. A party with some of our friends in Charleston & Columb[ia] at their head have purchased largely on the French Broad, and these unite with the Union men of the middle section to get up a party against Mr J C Calhoun. One party are anxious to place Mr Calhoun at the head of the company and the other prefer any one else, and will probably unite on Genl Hayne. Mr Calhoun has not consented to serve under any circumstances, and positively declines to accept if Hayne is a candidate."

"Mr. Calhoun is from all that I can learn much disposed to quit the Senate," and if so is likely to go into some rail

road company. But "it seems to me that the only means of defeating Van Buren is to raise the cry of reform...... Mr Calhoun is the natural head of the reform party. Will he not lose his position if he leaves the Senate? Will not Clay become the leader if he is absent? and have you or I or any one else any confidence in his reform? Can he rally the reform party? Is it not under such circumstances Mr Calhoun's duty to remain in Congress? and if you concur with me in opinion ought not you to write to him on the subject ....I have not yet seen him. He left some 12 days ago for his gold mines in Georgia."

(To be continued.)

THE NEGRO IN AFRICA AND AMERICA.1

No great question, perhaps, has ever been so much at the mercy of sciolists as has the seemingly eternal and certainly ever present negro problem. Few American subjects have as great a literature; fewer still can boast as much trash in that literature. Speak of the shiftlessness and unreliability of the negro, of his superstition and vices, of his criminality and his religiosity and the wiseacres, whose knowledge is bounded by the idea that the negro is potentially a Teuton, will answer that these weaknesses and vices are all the results of slavery. These are, moreover, the opinions of many educated men who should know better. With such ideas still permeating the classes who read and think, The Negro in Africa and America should be a welcome publication. In this carefully worked out paper Mr. Tillinghast has presented what is comparatively a new phase of this extremely interesting subject. He goes back of slavery and discusses his subject under a threefold division: The negro in West Africa; the negro under American slavery; the negro as a free citizen. From the writings of many travelers and explorers he has brought together a great mass of extracts showing the character of the West Africa negroes from whose ranks American slavery was entirely recruited. There is substantial agreement among these travelers as to the negro's thievishness, his superstition, his noisy gaiety, his lack

THE NEGRO IN AFRICA AND AMERICA, by Joseph Alexander Tillinghast, M. A. Publication of the American Economic Association, May, 1902, O. pp. 231, paper, $1.25, cloth, $1.50.

THE NEGRO ARTISAN. A social study made under the direction of Atlanta University by the Seventh Atlanta Conference. Edited by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois. Atlanta University Publications, No. 7. Atlanta, Ga., 1902. O. pp. 192, paper, 50 cents.

of government, his sensuality, his polygamous life and his lack of domestic love, his cruelty, the utter separation of religion and morality and the absence of both gratitude and revenge.

These are the very qualities in the negro which have been time and again charged up to the account of slavery. They are here shown to be traits inherited from a savage ancestry, while slavery was the hard schoolmaster under whose hands the negro in America has been brought far beyond his brother left in Africa on the road leading to civilization and self-government. During this process there was an amalgamation of representatives of various African tribes and a limited process of selection by which it is believed that the race became stronger than it had been in the days of its savage freedom. There was a great industrial development, since on every large plantation there were men who were trained in the mechanic arts and who were successful artiThere was also development along social, religious and psychic lines. The third part discusses the negro since freedom brought him relief from the stern restraints of the school of slavery. The general conclusion is that, lacking the qualities that make for success in the far-seeing, surefooted and iron-willed white man he is losing the rank as an artisan which he held a generation ago thanks to the lessons of slavery, that he is seeking the lighter and less exacting positions of labor, that he is slowly but surely tending to revert and that the inevitable consequence of reversion is elimination.

sans.

An interesting commentary on Mr. Tillinghast's paper is The Negro Artisan, a social study made under the direction of the Atlanta University and edited by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois. A series of blanks were sent to various persons, officials and institutions interested in the subject, their replies have been carefully tabulated and conclusions drawn from them which are radically different from those of Tillinghast.

The conclusions of the editor are that while there has been retrogression on the part of the negro as an artisan in past years he is now again coming to the front and promises to hold his own against all rivals. The conclusion, however, seems hardly to hold good on examining the table of "artisans by age periods" in 1890 where blacksmiths wheelwrights, boot and shoe makers, carpenters and joiners who are 45 years of age still exceed in number those who are 35-44. The former received their direction and preliminary training from slavery. Their trades are harder to learn, more exacting, and demand a higher degree of skill than those of miners and quarrymen, railroad employes, textile mill operatives and tobacco workers and seem to bear out Tillinghast's contention that the freedom bred negro seeks light and easy jobs. According to this table (p. 93) machinists and masons seem the only exception to this rule.

There is a historical survey of the negro artisan of the slave period; statistics on his relations to trades and labor unions and an examination of the character of education that is now given the negro, with the conclusion that as things are now industrial education comes too high.

The tone of both these papers in their search after truth is admirable. Both are equipped with working bibliographies and The Artisan is indexed.