or purfile (a profile, outline), purloin (to remove far away), purparty (a dividing out), purpose, purport. XVII. So (French se Latin sub), under, during; as a preposition. with its complement; as, Sojourn (to stay during the day). XVIII. Sur (French sur-Latin super): 1. Having its original force of an adverb, and that in various significations: (1.) Upon, over; as, Surcingle, surcoat, surprise, surround, survey. (2.) Over, beyond; as, Surmount. (3.) Beyond, in time; as, Survive. (4.) Beyond, in a metaphorical sense; as, Surpass. (5.) Over and above; as, Suraddition, surcrew, surname, suroxyd. (6.) Over, in excess; as, Surcharge, surfeit, surmise, surquedry. (7.) Nearly redundant; as, Surcease. 2. As a preposition, with its complement; as, Surbase, surface, surplice, surtout. XIX. Tres (French tres-Latin trans), beyond, over; having its original force of an adverb; as, Trespass (to pass beyond or over). VI. ROMANIC COMPOUNDS: 1. Imperfect compositions; as, Piano-forte. 2. Perfect compositions; as, Faubourg, maintain. 3. Inverted compounds; as, Portfolio, wardrobe. VII. DISGUISED ROMANIC DERIVATIVES AND COMPOUNDS: 1. Bachelor (French bachcher, Portuguese bacharel, Spanish bachiller, Italian baccelliere, Low Latin baccalaureus and bacularius; also, Anglo-Saxon bachiler), a knight of the lowest order; also one who has taken his first degree in the liberal arts; also an unmarried man; from French bas chevalier, an inferior knight, compounded of French bas, low, and chevalier, a knight. 2. Biscuit (French biscuit, Portuguese biscoito, biscouto, Spanish bizcocho, Italian biscotto), a kind of hard bread, as if twice baked, compounded of Latin bis, twice, and coctus, baked. 3. Coil (French cueillir, Portuguese colher, colligir, Spanish colegir, Italian cogliere, Latin colligo, compounded of con, together, and lege, to gather), to gather into a circular form; a corruption of collect, literally to gather together. 4. Count or compt (French conter, compter, Portuguese contar, computar, Spanish contar, computar, Latin computo, compounded of con, together, and puto, to reckon), a corruption of compute, to reckon. 5. Cover (French couvrir, Portuguese and Spanish cubrir, Italian coprire, Latin cooperio, compounded of co for con, together, and ope rio), to conceal, hide. 6. Curfew (French couvre-feu, cover-fire, compounded of couvre, cover, and feu, fire), an evening bell for raking up one's fire. 7. Kerchief (French couvre-chef, cover-head, compounded of couvre, cover, and chef, head), a head-dress. 8. Kickshaw (French quelque chose, something, compounded of French quelque, some, and chose, thing), something fantastical. 9. Vinegar (French vinaigre, sour wine, compounded of vin, wine, and aigre, sour, Portuguese and Spanish vinagre, Italian vinagro), an acid liquor. 10. Proctor (French procureur, Portuguese and Spanish procurador, Italian procuratore, Latin procurator), literally, one who takes care of any thing for another; the same word as procurator, compounded of pro, for, and curator, one who has the care of any thing. 11. Provost (Anglo-Saxon prafast, prafost, profast, profost, prowast; Dutch prevoost, provoost, proost; German profoss, provoss; Danish propos, provst; Swedish profoss, prost; Icelandic profastr; also, French prévôt; Portuguese and Spanish preboste, preposito; Italian proposto, prevosto; Latin præpositus, compounded of præ, before, and positus, placed), literally, one set before or over any thing. Note. This word, although of Latin origin, is evidently derived to us from the Anglo-Saxon. 12. Proxy (French procuration, Portuguese procuracao, Spanish procuracion, Italian procurazione, Latin procuratio), literally, the taking care of any thing for another; the same word as procuracy, compounded of pro, for, and curacy, the taking care of any thing. 13. Saragossa (French Saragosse, Portuguese and Spanish Saragossa, Latin Cæsaraugusta, so named from Cæsar Augustus), a city in Aragon, Spain. 14. Verdict (Norman-French vereduist, Law Latin veredictum, as if vere dictum, truly said), the answer of a jury given to court. NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK PORTION OF OUR LANGUAGE. § 406. Many Greek words have been adopted in English, principally to denote scientific objects. These it is desirable to analyze. The Greek portion of our language may be conveniently classified thus: I. Stem-verbs, or roots, with the surd sign prefixed, as they are not used in English; as, √ baph, in baptism; √ graph, in graphic. See § 407. II. Stem-adjectives; as, Cal, in caligraphy. See § 409. IV. Words with suffixes; as, Lyric, nomad, gnome. See § 411. V. Words with prefixes; as, Analyze. See § 412. VI. Compound words; as, Astronomy, geography. See § 413. VII. Disguised derivatives and compounds; as, Bishop, surgeon, See 414. I. GREEK ROOTS. 407. The whole stock of words in the Greek language, however large, is capable of being reduced to a comparatively small number of stem-verbs or roots. The general character of these roots is analogous to that of Latin roots. Thus we have, 1. Imperfect roots, which are few in number: (1.) Consisting of a vowel only; as, y a, "to breathe." √ (2.) Ending with a vowel; as, √sta, "to stand." (3.) Commencing with a vowel; as, √ ep, " to say." 2. Perfect roots, which are very numerous : (1.) Beginning and ending with a single consonant; as, √ lip. "to leave." (2.) Beginning or ending with more than one consonant; as, √ cryb, "to hide;" camp, "to bend." The consonants are the more permanent elements of the root, and to them the significancy of the root seems to attach itself. Greek verbal roots are liable to various changes or modifications, which disguise them more or less, and prevent their full appreciation. Modern philologists have attempted, with great labor, to classify these changes or reduce them to general principles, and to give a philosophical account of their origin. We propose to give their results so far as the English language is concerned. I. The following are euphonic processes, having for their object merely to relieve the organs of speech, or to please the ear: 1. The radical vowel a is sometimes changed into e. This is effected by attenuation or precession of vowel sound. See Professor A. CROSBY, Greek Grammar, § 29. Examples will occur as we proceed. 2. The radical letters, particularly a vowel and liquid, are sometimes transposed; as, dragon for dracon, “sharp-sighted," from √ dare," to see," by transposition drac; tmesis, "a separation," from √tam," to cut," by transposition and precession of vowel tme; emblem, "something inlaid," from bal, "to cast" or "lay," by transposition and precession of vowel ble. 3. The last consonant of the root sometimes adapts or accommo dates itself to the first consonant of the suffix; as, crypt, "hidden," from cryb," to hide," by accommodation cryp; prolepsis, "anticipation," from lab, "to take," by precession of vowel and accommodation lep; apsis, "juncture," from Vaph, "to join," by accommodation ap; practical, " doing," from prag, "to do," by accommodation prac; apoplectic, "striking down," from √plag, "to strike,” by precession of vowel and accommodation plec; hectic, "habitual," from hech," to have," by accommodation hec; dogma, "an opinion," from doc, "to seem," by accommodation dog; paradigm, “an example," from dic, "to show," by accommodation dig. 4. The last consonant of the root sometimes assimilates itself to the first letter of the suffix; as, comma, a segment," from cop, "to cut;" lemma, "a received truth," from √ lab, " to take," by precession of vowel leb. 5. The last consonant of the root is sometimes cut off before the suffix by syncope: (1.) n; as, climate, "a country in reference to its geographical position," from √ clin," to lean ;" (2.) d; as, phrase, "a speaking," from √ phrad," to say;" (3.) th; as, plastic, "forming," from plath," to form," by dropping the final th and strengthening the vowel plas; (4.) the digamma or u; as, pleiad, the name of a star, from pleu, "to sail," by dropping the final u and then protracting the vowel e, plei. 6. The final vowel of the root is sometimes strengthened before the suffix by an epenthetic s; as, caustic, "burning," from cau, "to burn;" schism, "a division," from schid, "to divide," by dropping the final d and strengthening the vowel schis; spasm, "a contraction," from spa, "to draw." II. The following changes arise from internal inflection, or change of vowel within the root itself: 1. The radical vowel a is sometimes protracted by internal inflection; as, system, " things standing together," from Vsta," to stand," by protraction and precession of vowel ste. So emblem, from √bal; tmesis, from tam. 66 2. The radical vowel a is sometimes changed into o by internal inflection; as, ode," a song," from aed, "to sing," tome, a volume," from tam, "to cut;" tone, "a note," from √ tan, “to stretch;" parabole, "a comparing," from √ bal, "to cast" or "lay.” III. The following were originally emphatic processes for expressing with more force the idea of continued action: 1. The radical vowel a is sometimes protracted; as, lemma, a received truth," from √ lab, "to take," by protraction and precession of vowel leb; phenomenon," something appearing," from √pha, "to show," by protraction and precession of vowel, and by the addition of n, phen. 2. The radical vowel is sometimes strengthened by a nasal; as, tympanum," a drum," from typ, " to strike." 66 3. The radical vowel is sometimes strengthened by guna, that is, u is changed into eu; as, zeugma, a juncture," from √ zyg or zug, "to join;" pentateuch, from √ tych or tuch. 4. The first two letters of the root are sometimes repeated; as, synagogue," an assembling together," from ag, "to lead" or "bring." 5. The form of the root is sometimes lengthened (1.) by the addition of a vowel; as, esthetic, " pertaining to rhetoric or taste," from Vaesth, "to perceive;" Genesis, "origin," from √gen, "to pro. duce;" (2.) by the addition of the consonant n; as, diaphanous, "shining through," from √ pha, "to show;" or t, as, baptize, “to immerse," from √ baph, "to immerse," by accommodation and strengthening bapt; (3.) by the addition of a vowel and consonant; as, auxesis, "increase," from √ aug, "to increase." LIST OF GREEK VERBAL ROOTS IN ENGLISH. § 408. 1. va (Greek √d,=Sanscrit √ wa), breathing; whence air for aer (√a+suffix er), the fluid which we breathe; aerial (√ a+suffix er+Latin suffix i+Latin suffix al), pertaining to the air. 2. aed (Greek vad), by internal inflection oed (Greek d), singing; whence ode (√ oed+e mute), a song; tragedy {√ trag+ Voed+suffix y), literally a goat-song. 3. aesth (Greek vaio0), with lengthened form aesthe (Greek alo0e), perceiving; whence esthetic (√ aesthe+double suffix tic), relating to perception, particularly of the beautiful. 4. Vaeth (Greek vai0), shining; whence ether (aeth+suffix er), the shining upper air. = 5. ag (Greek dy, Latin ag), by internal inflection og (Greek wy), leading or bringing; whence paragoge (prefix para+√ ag repeated suffix e), a bringing or putting on of a letter or sylla ble to the end of a word; synagogue (prefix syn+ag repeated+ ue mute), a congregation of Jews; demagogue (dem+vag repeated+ue mute), a people-leader. 6. aph (Greek Váo or do, Latin aph), joining; whence apsis, plural apsides (√ aph+suffix sid), literally a juncture. 7. √arch (Greek dpx), beginning, leading; whence arch, adjective, chief; archon (√ arch+suffix on), a Grecian magistrate; monarch (√mon+√arch), one ruling alone; archetype (√ arch with |