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LONDON, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1907.

The

the word is found with this meaning.
answer to this is that the nearest existing
form of a word with this meaning is the
Norse word vand (water), the Scandinavian
(nasalized) form of the English word water,
Let us consider
wat or vad being the root.
what modifications of this form of the word
would be required to give the form found in
Mona, Man, and the other instances above

CONTENTS.-No. 163.
NOTES:-Early British Names: their Interpretation, 101
-The Gages of Bentley, Framfield, Sussex, 102-Burton's
'Anatomy of Melancholy,' 103-Pastoral Astronomy, 104
"Mesteque": its Etymology-"Adespota"-Watts and
the Rose-Spartam nactus es, hanc exorna"-"Carry
ing coals to Newcastle"-Error in Ruffhead-Falling
Birdcage and Ill Luck, 105-" Boz-pole "-"To go to pot'
-Hornsey Wood House: Harringay House, 106.
QUERIES-Poonah Painting-Pop goes the Weasel'-mentioned.
Addison and Col. Philip Dormer-Newbolds of Derby
shire, 107-Latin Pronunciation in England-"Haze
'Bibliotheca Staffordiensis,' 108-"Blue-water "-" Ar-
miger":"Generosus," &c.--Ward Surname "Kingsley's
Stand"-John Amcotts-George Geoffry Wyatville, 109-
Antiquarian Society, Batley, Yorkshire-Charles Reade's
Greek Quotation-Dubourdieu and England Families, 110.
REPLIES:- Bell - horses: Pack-horses, 110-Cardinal
Mezzofanti-"Mony a pickle maks a mickle," 112-Rom-
ney's Ancestry-A Knighthood of 1603, 113-Major Hamill
of Capri-"G" Hard or Soft-Splitting Fields of Ice, 114
-The Times,' 1692-Duke of Kent's Children-Rev. R.
Rauthmel "The Old Highlander "-" Mitis"-" Moke,"
a Donkey, 115-"Mulatto" - Royal Kepier School,
Houghton-le-Spring -"Wroth Admiral Benbow's
Death-Vining Family-Bishop Island, South Pacific
Wyberton, Lincs, 116-Littleton's History of Islington'
-Adams's Museum, Kingsland Road-Rowe's 'Shake-
speare,' 117-J. L. Toole, 118.
NOTES ON BOOKS:-'Society in the Country House'-

Visitation of England and Wales Poems of Long;
fellow''Poems of Herrick '-'A Dictionary of Political
Phrases and Allusions' "The World's Classics"
Reviews and Magazines.
Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

EARLY BRITISH NAMES: THEIR

INTERPRETATION.

One would be the assimilating

of the consonants nd into nn, which is very
common in Celtic. Probably this modifica-
tion of the word is to be seen in the name
of Vannes, in Brittany, so called after the
ancient Veneti, who dwelt on the coast, and
of whose skill in navigation and commercial
enterprise mention is made by Cæsar. Next
we know that original v passes frequently
into m, thus giving the form of the word
seen in Mona, Dumnonium (where du stands
for the second numeral), Menevia, Clack-
mannan, and the rest.
As to the change of

a into o in Mona, it is what is seen when man is pronounced as mon; and in Welsh words borrowed from English it almost invariably takes place. And there is another modification which the root under consideration, vat or vad, might undergo, viz., by the m passing into n, which is also very common. In this form we meet frequently with it, as in the river-names Nith, Neath, Neathey, and Nen; Namnates (?), ancient name of Nantes, in France; Nantwich (Cheshire); Bradninch (Devonshire); Dinan (Brittany); Mona and cognate Names.-Mona was the Dinant (Belgium); in the word tri-nant, name of the isles of Anglesey and Man at occurring in a Gaulish inscription; in the the coming of the Romans. It goes back, Welsh word nant, which always means therefore, to prehistoric time. We find the place where the water collects; and once same element in other names, such as more, in the name of the Celtic sea-god Monnow; Menevia Juteorum (i.e., Menevia Nodens, to whom, in the Romano-British of the Goths), the ancient name of St. period, a temple was dedicated in what is David's in South Wales; Dumnonium, now South Wales, and in the tribal names the ancient name of Devonshire, and mean- Novantes and Trinovantes (where the d or t ing, as will presently appear, the region of the root is changed into v; cf. Latin bounded on either side by water; Clack-medius and mefius), meaning, the former the mannan, in Scotland; Mannau Gododin, tribe whose territory was defined by the a name given in Welsh literature to what is Nith, and the latter the people of the three now Haddingtonshire; and besides these rivers, comparable as a geographical designait occurs, in different modified forms, in a tion with the Indian Penjaub. great many other geographical names, as I shall endeavour to show.

Now, in regard to the meaning, it is to be observed that the name is always used as a river-name, or else to designate a portion of land adjacent to or surrounded by water; whilst the instances in which it is so used are so numerous as to leave little doubt that the word signifies water. This being taken for granted, the next point is to ascertain in what language or languages

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Lastly, the initial letter v of our root might be dropped, as happens in Greek and in Welsh and Norse words. Probably this modification is seen in the Welsh name Glan Adda, or Adda side, and the rivername Annan, in Scotland and elsewhere. These different modifications of an initial v or w (the digamma) may be seen by comparing English personal pronoun we with Greek hēmeis, Latin nos, and Greek oida with Latin vidi. And in passing I may

point out that the change of v into n occurs in a great number of Latin and Greek words, as in nesos, island; Nereids, water divinities; nato, to swim; unda, wave; Neptunus, lord of the water.

It appears, therefore, that the early British names Mona, Menevia, Novantes, Nith, Neath, Neathey, &c., are all from the root vad or vat, and signify water; and it would seem that they were brought into Britain by the settlers from Belgic Gaul, for one of the varieties still survives in Belgium J. PARRY. in the name Dinant.

THE

(To be continued.)

GAGES OF BENTLEY,

FIELD, SUSSEX.

FRAM

JAMES GAGE, of Bentley, was one of the sons (probably the second son) of Sir John Gage, K.G.

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Harl. Soc. Publ., liii. 9, to their father's cousin John, eldest son of Sir Edward Gage, K.B., of Firle; and in Gage's Hengrave (p. 237) and in Burke's Peerage their mother is represented as wife of the said Sir Edward's fifth son Edward, and mother of his children John and Elizabeth. Brother Foley (Records S.J., v. 78) supposes the tomb to be that of Edward Gage of Firle! Of the six surviving daughters, (1) Mary married John Crispe, of Ore, Sussex. (2) Dorothy, whose name also occurs as Ruth, married Thomas Alcock (whom Berry, Sussex Genealogies,' 294, calls Alwick), of Rampton, Cambs, who in April, 1593, had been about 32 weeks in the Marshalsea for recusancy (Strype, Ann.,' iv. 258). (3) Margaret married George Smyth, of the Bishopric of Durham. (4) Mildred married Augustine Belson, of Stokenchurch, Oxon, a recusant (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1598-1601,' One James Gage married Anne, aged p. 524), and surviving him died in 1624, 36 in 1555, daughter and coheir of Dorothy, aged 49, and was buried at Clapham, Sussex wife of Sir Henry Owen, and sister and (Cartwright, Sussex,' ii. 85). (5) Philippa coheir of Thomas, Lord De la Warre (Cart- married Andrew Bendlowes, of Essex, also wright's 'Sussex,' ii. 29). I believe this to a recusant (Cal. S. P.,' loc. cit.). (6) Elizahave been James Gage of Bentley, and the beth married Anthony Skinner, of Rowinglady to have been his second wife. He ton, Warwickshire, who received licence to seems to have married as his first wife go beyond the seas with his family on 12 Aug. Jane, daughter of James Delves, of Bent- 1606 (Cal. S. P. Dom. Add., 1580-1625," ley, Sussex, and widow of John Bellingham, | p. 486). In 1576 Edward Gage was a magistrate of Erington, Sussex (Nichols's 'Leicestershire,' iii. 149; Gage's Hengrave,' 231). of Sussex suspected of Popery (Strype, He died 12 Jan., 1572/3, leaving one UrythAnn.,' II. ii. 22). He appeared before the or Urth his widow, and four sons: (1) Ed- Council 11 Aug., 1580, in accordance with ward, (2) John, (3) James, (4) Robert (Sussex some previous judgment, and on the 13th was committed to the Marshalsea ('P. C. A.,' Rec. Soc., iii. 8). N.S., xii. 150, 153). As one of the executors of the Earl of Southampton's will he was liberated on bail for a short time 20 June, 1581, and his leave of absence was repeatedly extended (ibid., xiii. 93, 296, 376). He went back to the Marshalsea after June, 1582, and was there on the following 23rd of March.. In September, 1586, he was at liberty, and entertained on the 8th a seminary priest, Nicholas Smith, afterwards a Jesuit, who at this time was residing with Lady Copley at Galton.* The priest was arrested the next day, through the instrumentality of the apostate Anthony Tyrrell, and committed to the Clink on 11 September, where he still was in the following July. Edward Gage followed him to the Clink on the 14th,

Edward, his heir, married Margaret, daughter of John (not William) Shelley, of Michelgrove (cf. 10 S. iv. 56). There is an odd divergence in the published accounts of their monument in Framfield Church, and perhaps some Sussex reader of 'N. & Q.' will give a full description of it. According to the Rev. H. R. Hoare (Sussex Arch. Coll., iv. 296-7), behind him are three sons, behind her five daughters, above are their On the other hand, the Rev. E. Turner says (ibid., xxiii. 159) that the brass has "the figures of a man and a woman and of their six children upon it "; and that the first half of the inscription runs :

names."

66

"Here lyeth the body of Edward Gage, Esq, and Margaret his wife (daughter of Sir [sic] John Shelley, of Michelgrove), who had three sons and seven daughters, and died Anno D'ni 1595."

The three sons and one of the daughters appear to have predeceased their father. The six surviving daughters, together with their mother, are given in the pedigree in

* See Foley, 'Records S. J.,' vol. vii. pp. 719, 1451. He was nephew of one Smythe, M.D., who is probably the Richard Smith, M.D.Oxon., of Munk's R. Coll. of Phys., vol. i. p. 67. This Dr. Smith was also uncle to the Bishop of Chalcedon (D.N.B.,' liii. 102).

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but by the 23rd had been transferred to the Counter in Wood Street, whence he was discharged on bail on 17 November (Cath. Rec. Soc., ii. 258, 268, 269, 272, 277; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1581-90,' p. 352). In 1592 he was in the custody of Mr. Richard Shelley, but having been named an executor of the will of the first Viscount Montague, he was frequently released on bail (P. C. A.,' N.S., xxiii. 329, xxiv. 17, 149; Cal. Cecil MSS.,' iv. 264). About this time two priests, Mr. Taylor and Mr. Croket (Ralph Crocket the martyr), with another whose name has not been recorded, were always resident at Bentley ('S. P. Dom. Eliz.,' ccxli. 35).

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Edward Gage's brother John and nephew Edward, of Wormley, Hertfordshire, were also recusants (Cal. Cecil MSS.,' iv. 265; 'Cal. S. P. Dom., 1598-1601,' p. 524). On his uncle's death in 1595 the latter succeeded to Bentley. He married Clare, sister to Andrew Bendlowes above mentioned, and in 1606 was licensed with his family to go abroad in company with his cousin Elizabeth Skinner and her husband. He died at Bentley, 19 Sept., 1628 (Cath. Rec. Soc., i. 113). JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

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66

P. 17, n. 9; 5, n. u, "Anatomie of poperie," &c. (10 S. iv. 524; v. 146; vi. 144). Add Donne's An Anatomy of the World,' 1st ed., 1611 (see Grosart's ed. of D.'s 'Complete Poems,' The Fuller Worthies' Library," vol. i. p. 102). The title of George Gascoigne's 'The Anatomye of a Louer' (p. i of 'The Posies,' 1575, first printed on pp. 344-5 of the unauthorized A Hundreth sundrie Flowres bounde vp in one small Poesie' [1572]) has a more literal application. For Dunhelmensis

at 10 S. vi. 144 read Dunelmensis.

P. 20, 7; 6, 33 (10 S. iv. 525). For 1617 read 1617-18.

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P. 21, 2; 7, 9 (10 S. iv. 525). Burton's error in quoting as Iovius's the words from Alciatus's epist. at the beginning of the 1553 (Paris) ed. of the Historiæ has a parallel on p. 183 of vol. ii. (329, ed. 6, II. iii. iii.), where dant perennes

Stemmata non peritura Musæ

is quoted with the marg. ref. "Marullus.” It is not by Marullus, but forms the conclusion of a poem in three alcaic stanzas headed De Marullo, 'Ndápiov,' and signed F. Thorius Bellio (i.e., Franciscus Thorius, of Bailleul), which may be read in the edition of Marullus's poems printed at Paris in 1561, with a dedication to Thorius by GuilielmusCripius.

P. 21, n. 15; 7, n. m (9 S. xii. 443). For "scripturient[i]um " read scripturientum. P. 29, 1. 6 and n. 1; 11, 1. 38 and n. d.,. "Nicholas Car " (9 S. xii. 62). Here again our author makes a similar error to that pointed out above. The words in the note are not Carr's, but belong to an extract from Richardus Vernamus in Methodo Geographica' printed by Thomas Hatcher on fol. 16 verso of his ed. of Carr's oration De Scriptorum Britannicorum paucitate, et studiorum impedi- | mentis,' 1576:—

6

"Hoc beneficio [i.e., the presence of Typographi eruditi] carent Angli, qui si quid etiam lectu non indignum pepererint, cum paucos habeant Typographos, et eos aut artis suæ prorsus inscios, aut quæstui magis et auaritiæ quam literarum profectuï studentes, coguntur," &c.

With "that so many flourishing wits are smothered in oblivion, ly dead and buried," may be compared a passage in Erasmus's De Utilitate Colloquiorum': 66 Nisi innumera felicissima ingenia per istos infelicissime sepelirentur ac defoderentur viva " over one-third through the piece, p. 774 in 1729 variorum ed. of the Colloquia.'

6

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P. 31, n. 6 and n. 7; 13, n. p. and n. q., "Pet. Nannius.... Non hic colonus,' &c. (10 S. i. 42). The ref. to the original ed. is p. 133 of N.'s ZvuμikTwv siue Miscel- | laneorum decas vna (Louvain, 1548), dedicated to William Paget, Chancellor for the Duchy of Lancaster, afterwards Baron Paget of Beaudesert.

66

P. 43, n. 3; 20, n. p., Anaxagoras olim mens dictus ab antiquis." The rendering of Timon's lines given by Cobet is, I find, not that of Ambrogio Traversari (10 S. i. 203), though his trans. of Diog. Laert. is a "revision of A. T.'s.

P. 43, n. 4; 20, n. q., "Regula naturæ

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(10 S. i. 163). The exact reference to Averroes is fol. 169 recto, col. 1, 1. 11 from foot, vol. vi. (1550) of the Venice (" apud Iuntas") ed. of Aristotle in Latin with a Latin version of Averroes's commentaries; 'De Anima,' lib. iii. summa 1, cap. 2,

"credo enim quod iste homo fuerit regula in natura, & exemplar, quod natura inuenit ad demonstrandum vltimam perfectionem humanam in materijs."Tom. vi. Part i. fol. 159 verso, 1. 6 of the 1562 ed. P. 43, 14; 20, 29, "Nulla ferant," &c. (10 S. i. 282; vi. 144). See Bessarion's Aduersus calumniatorem Platonis,' lib. i. cap. iii., about four-ninths through, 1. 19 of fol. 21 verso in the Roman ed. of 1469 (Sweynheym & Pannartz):

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Cecropis ad claras uenerat usque domos
Dulcis amicicie mox illi condidit aram
Quem laudare nephas ora prophana foret
Qui solus: uita: doctrina moribus: ore
Admonuit cunctos: et monumenta dedit
Vt uirtute queant felicem ducere uitam
Nulla ferent talem secla futura uirum.'

Though Olympiodorus's scholia on the
"Gorgias' were not printed until 1848, by
Albert Jahn in Supplement-band xiv. (the
lines are on p. 395) of the Neue Jahrbücher
für Philologie und Pädagogik' (Leipzig,
founded by J. C. Jahn), yet the seven Greek
verses had been given by Ménage in his
'Observationes' on Diogenes Laertius (lib. v.
i. 12, 27), p. 116 in the ed. at the end of the
London Diog. Laert. of 1664. Neither
Ménage, nor Bergk (Poet. Lyr. Gr., .,
1882, p. 336), nor Heitz (Fragmm. Aris-
totelis,' p. 334), nor Jahn, nor Rose (Aris-
totelis qui ferebantur librorum Fragmenta,'
1886, p. 421), mentions the occurrence in
Bessarion of the Latin rendering. "The
four lines" at 10 S. vi. 144, col. 2, 1. 5, should
be the last four lines. EDWARD BENSLY.
University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

(To be continued.)

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found in some Armana Provençeau' and put into the mouth of his hero. They were probably contributed to the almanac by Frédéric Mistral, who embodies them in a conversation with a shepherd in the eleventh chapter of his Mémoires et Récits.' It is hardly possible that our own pastors do not gaze upon the stars and speculate as to their nature and on the reason of their distribution in the heavens. There is probably much folk-lore current in the fraternity which, as far as I know, and that is not very far, is still unrecorded. Here are the Provençal examples :

66

'Juste au-dessus de nous, voilà le Chemin de saint Jacques (la voie lactée). Il va de France droit sur l'Espagne. C'est saint Jacques de Galice qui l'a trace pour montrer sa route au brave Charlemagne lorsqu'il faisait la guerre aux Sarrasins. Plus loin, vous avez le Char des âmes (la grande Ourse) avec ses quatre essieux resplendissants. Les trois étoiles qui vont devant sont les Trois bêtes, et cette toute petite contre la troisième c'est le Charretier. Voyez-vous tout autour cette pluie d'étoiles qui tombent? ce sont les âmes dont le bon Dieu ne veut pas chez lui......Un peu plus bas, voici le Rateau ou les Trois rois (Orion). C'est ce qui nous sert d'horloge, à nous autres. Rien qu'en les regardant, je sais maintenant qu'il est minuit passé. Un peu plus bas, toujours vers le midi, brille Jean de Milan, le flambeau des astres (Sirius). Sur cette étoile-là, voici ce que les bergers recontent. Il parait qu'une nuit Jean de Milan avec les Trois rois et la Poussinière (la Pléiade) furent invités à la noce d'une étoile de leurs amies. La Poussinière, plus pressée, partit, dit-on, la première, et prit le chemin haut. Regardez-la, là-haut, tout au fond du ciel. Les Trois rois coupèrent plus bas et la rattraperent, mais ce paresseux de Jean de Milan, qui avait dormi trop tard, resta tout à fait derrière, C'est pourquoi les Trois rois s'appellent aussi le et furieux, pour les arrêter leur jeta son bâton. Bâton de Jean de Milan......Mais la plus belle de toutes les étoiles, maîtresse, c'est la nôtre, c'est l'Etoile du berger, qui nous éclaire à l'aube, quand nous sortons le troupeau, et aussi le soir quand nous le rentrons. Nous la nommons encore Maguelonne, la belle Maguelonne qui court après Pierre de Prorence (Saturn) et se marie avec lui tous les sept ans."-Pp. 60-62.

Valuable notes on the Great and the Little Bear and on the Milky Way are stored in the first three volumes of Mélusine. I gather there that while, perhaps, in most lands, "the seven stars are regarded as a wain or other wheeled vehicle, in Vivarais they are looked upon as being a saucepan watched by the star which is to be seen PASTORAL ASTRONOMY.-While yet under near the end of the handle. When the the charm of Les Étoiles,' the narrative saucepan boils this scullion will take it from of a Provençal shepherd, given by Alphonse the fire, and then the end of the world will Daudet in Lettres de mon Moulin,' it come. In the United States the constellaoccurs to me to ask whether British watchers tion is called the Dipper, i.e., the Ladle. of the flocks by night" have stories of I believe that our people speak of it as the the stars resembling those which Daudet Plough. ST. SWITHIN. A

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