ORTHOGRAPHY, [Gr. ὀρθογραφία, from 0ós, right, and yoapń writing,] writing words correctly, i. e. with the proper letters. PARALEPSIS, [Gr. παράλειψις, omission, from παρά, and λείπω, to leave,] a figure of speech, § 94. PARENTHESIS, [Gr. πapévbεOLS, from παρά and ἐντίθημι, to insert,] a word, phrase, or sentence inserted in a sentence for explanation, but not connected with it in construction, and therefore, usually distinguised by a mark at the beginning and end, thus ( ). PARSE, [Derivation uncertain,] to resolve a sentence into its elements, or parts of speech. § 38. PARTICIPLE, [Lat. participium, from pars, a part, and capio to take,] a part of the verb which partakes of the verb and the adjective, having its signification and time from the former, and declension and construction from the latter. PASSIVE (Voice,) [Lat. Passivus, from patior to suffer, or to be affected in any way,] a form of the verb which indicates that its subject or nominative receives, or is affected by the action expressed by the verb. § 21. PERFECT, [Lat. Perfectum, from perficio, to perfect or complete,] a tense of the verb, denoting that the action or state expressed by it is now completed or past. See def. § 23, 4, and § 24, III. PERIOD, [Gr. πepíodos, a circuit, from epí, round and bdós, a way,] a complete sentence, one which has its construction So. completed, or brought round. PERSONIFICATION, [Lat. from persona a person, and facio, to make,] a figure, by which inanimate objects are regarded as persons, or as it were, made See def. § 94. PLUPERFECT, [Lat. plus quam perfectum, more than perfected or completed, i. e. completed before a certain time now past,] the designation of a tense defined. § 23, 4, and 24, 4. POLYSYLLABLE, [Gr. from roλús, many, and ovλλabí, a syllable,] a word of many syllables. See Syllable. POTENTIAL, [Lat. potentialis, belonging to power or ability, from potens, able,] the designation of a certain mood of the verb defined, § 22, 2. PREDICATE, [Lat. prædicatus, from prædico, to assert, or declare,] that part of a proposition which contains what is affirmed or asserted of its subject, § 43. PREPOSITION, [Lat. præpositio, from præpositus, placed before,] a class of words so called, because their position in a sentence is before the word governed by them. See def. § 35, PRONOUN, [Lat. pronomen, from pro, for, i. e. instead of, and nomen, a name or noun,] a word used for, or instead of a noun. PROPOSITION, [Lat. propositio, from pro, before, and positus, placed,] a simple sentence, in which a distinct idea is proposed, or set before the mind, PROSODY, [Gr. #poowdía, from πрóя, with or belonging to, and won, an ode,] anciently, σύν together, and λαμβάνω, το take,] a letter or number of letters taken together, and forming one vocal sound, § 1. SYNECDOCHE, [Gr. ovveкdox, from σύν, and ἐκδέχομαι, to take,] a figure of speech defined, § 94. the doctrine of accents and | SYLLABLE, [Gr. ovλλabń, from quantity, &c. See p. 163. PROSOPOPEIA, [Gr. προσωποποιία, from рównov, a person, and Toew, to make,] the Greek term for Personification. SEMICOLON, [Lat. semi half, and Gr. colon,] a point (;), denoting a division of a sentence less than a colon. SIMILE, [Lat. simile, like,] a figure of speech, by which one thing is compared or likened to another. § 94. SOLECISM, [Gr. Goλoktoμós, sup posed to be derived from Solii, the name of a people in Cilicia, who spoke the Greek language very ungrammatically,] a gross violation of the idiom, or Syntax of a language. SUBJECT, [Lat. subjectus, from subjicio, to place before or under, (the view,)] in a proposition, the person or thing spoken of. SUBJUNCTIVE (mood,) [Lat. subjunctivus, from subjungo, to subjoin or annex to,] a mood of the verb never used independently, and by itself, but subjoined or annexed to the main or leading verb in a sentence. See § 22, 3, and Obs. 2. SUBSTANTIVE, [Lat. Substanti vus, from substantia, substance] the same as noun, viz. a class of words denoting things that have substance, or existence, material or immaterial. SUPERLATIVE, [Lat. superlativus, from super, above, and latus, carried i. e. carried above, viz. other things,] a form of the adjective, expresing a degree of the quality carried above, or superior to that in any of several objects compared. SYNTAX, [Gr. σύνταξις, from σύν together, and ráoow to put in order] the proper arrangement or putting together of words in a sentence. TENSE, [Lat. tempus, time, Fr. tems,] a form of the verb by which the time of an act, &c. is indicated. TRANSITIVE, [Lat. transitivus, from transeo, to go or pass over,] the name of a class of verbs, which express an act that passes over from an agent to an object, § 19, 3. TRIPHTHONG, [Gr. from Tpeïs, three, and pooyyos, a sound,] the union of three vowels in one sound. TRISSYLLABLE, [Gr. тpɛis, three, and ovλ, a syllable,] a word of three syllables. VERB, [Lat. verbum, a word,] the name of a class of words which being the chief or most important in a sentence, were called verbum, the WORD, viz. by way of eminence. VERSE, [Lat. versus, from verto, to turn,] a species of composition, in which every line is measured, so as to contain a certain number of feet, at the end of which the writer turns to a new line. VOWEL, [Lat. vocalis, from vox, the voice,] a letter which marks a distinct and independent sound, without the aid of other letters. VI. FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES. THE following French words and phrases, are often met with in English writers. They are here explained for the benefit of those unacquainted with the French language. In the following representation of French sounds, ǎ has the sound of a in hat;—ã of a in lade;-â of a in fall;—e of e in her, ĕ of e in bed ;—i of i in sit ;—ð of o in hot, ō of o in bone ;-u of u in cur; oo of oo in coo. The French u, and eu, and oeu, have no corresponding sounds in the English language, nor can they be represented by letters; the first is intermediate between o and u, and is pronounced with the lips nearly closed (the upper projecting), leaving only a small hole in the middle, as if to blow a flute: this sound is here represented by u;-eu, and oeu are more full and open than u; they are here represented by u :-r is sounded hard like rr. The nasal vowels an, in, on, un, cannot be represented by letters, The articulation of the n must end when the tip of the tongue is at the root of the lower teeth, without any motion towards the roof of the mouth. The English syllables ang, aing, ong, ung, though not a correct, are still the nearest representation of the sound that can be made to the eye. Indeed, it is impossible by means of letters to represent the correct pronunciation of most French words. This can be done only to the ear. The following therefore is to be regarded only as the nearest that can be given; and for this I am indebted to my friend Prof. Molinard. Aide-de-camp, aid-de-kâng, an assistant to a general. [time. A la bonne heure, ă lă bonn urr, at an early hour; in the nick of Affaire de coeur, affair de kurr, a love affair; an amour. A la mode, ă lă mòd, according to the fashion. Allons, allong, come, let us go. A propos, ǎ pro-pō, to the purpose, opportunely. Au fait, ō fay, well acquainted with, thoroughly versed in. Auto da fé, ō-to-dă fă; (Portuguese,) burning of heretics. Beau monde, bo mongd, the gay world; people of fashion. Billet doux, bee-yě doo, a love letter. Bon môt, bong mō, a piece of wit; a jest; a quibble. Bon ton, bong tong, in high fashion. Bon gré, mal gré, bong grå, mal grã, with a good, or ill grace, whether the party will or not. Bon jour, bong zhoor, good day. Boudoir, boo-do-âr, a small private apartment. Canaille, că-nă-ye, lowest of the people; rabble; mob. Carte blanche, kart blângsh, a blank sheet of paper; uncondi Château, shâ-tō, a country seat. Chef d'œuvre, she duvr, a master-piece. Ci devant, see devâng, formerly. Comme il faut, kom il fō, as it should be. [tional terms. Con amore, kon ămōrā, (Italian,) with love; gladly. [stroke. Début, dã-bu, the beginning; the lead; first appearance. [meaning. Double entendre, (à double entente,) doobl âng-tångdr, double Dieu et mon droit, dee-u à mong drō-ah, God and my right. Elite, a-leet, choice; prime; of the better sort. Embonpoint, âng-bong-po-aing, in good condition; jolly. En flûte, âng flute, carrying guns on the upper deck only. En passant, ång passâng, by the way; in passing. Ennui, âng-nu-ee, wearisomeness.-Entrée, âng-trā, entrance. Faux pas, fō pă, a slip; misconduct. Fête, fayte, a feast or entertainment. Honi soi qui mal y pense, hô-nee soah kee mal ee pângce, evil be Hauteur, hō-turr, haughtiness. [to him that evil thinks. Je ne sais quoi, zhe ne say koah, I know not what. Jeu de môts, zhu de mō, a play upon words. Jeu d'esprit, zhu despree, a display of wit; a witticism. Mauvaise honte, mō-vāze hongt, unbecoming bashfulness. N'importe, naing-port, it matters not. Nous verrons, noo verrong, we shall see. Outré, oo-tra, eccentric; blustering; not gentle. Petit maître, peti maitr, a beau, a fop. Pis aller, pee zallá, a last resource. Protégé, pro-ta-zhā, a person patronised and protected. Soi-disant, soah-deezâng, self-called; pretended. Tant mieux, tâng mee-u, so much the better. Tapis, tă-pee, the carpet.-Traît, tray, feature, touch, arrow. Tête à tête, tate ǎ tāte, face to face; a private conversation. Un bel esprit, ung bel espree, a wit, a virtuoso. VII. LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES. The pronunciation has not been added to the Latin, because every letter is sounded, e final, not excepted. Ab initio, from the beginning. Ad infinitum, to infinity. Ad referendum, for consideration. Alibi, elsewhere. Data, things granted. De facto, from the fact, in reality Deo volente, God willing. D. V. Dramatis personæ, characters re- Alma mater, university, benign mo- Durante placito, during pleasure. ther. Anglice, in English. Anno domini, in the year of our Anno mundi, in the year of the A posteriori, from the latter, from behind. A priori, from the former, from before, or from the cause. Arcanum, a secret. Arcana imperii, state secrets. Argumentum ad hominem, an appeal to the practices or professed principles of the adversary. Argumentum ad judicium, an appeal to the common sense of mankind. Argumentum ad fidem, an appeal Argumentum ad populum, an ap- Bona fide, in good faith, in reality. Cacoëthes scribendi, an itch for Caeteris paribus, other circumstan- E pluribus unum, one composed Errata, errors.-Erratum, an error. Ex officio, officially, by virtue of Ex parte, on one side. Ex tempore, without premeditation Fiat, let it be done, or made. man. Ibidem, in the same place. Id est, that is, contr. i. e. In loco, in this place. son. In statu quo, in the former state. |