He gives an account of the "dolmens," 1 or rude stone huts, found in Abarim, composed of four stones each — two standing upright for the sides, one closing the end, and another covering the whole, which is always the heaviest of all, from seven to ten feet in length and breadth, and from one to three in thickness, and associates them with the "Emim" of old; but how could even giants raise such stones five or six feet from the ground, and put them in place? These were first discovered by the Duc de Luynes, and an engraving of one of them is given by Dr. Tristram, in his Land of Moab.2 Mount Nebo, like every other part of Palestine, furnishes its quota of confirmation to scripture history. No vineyards now are found in that vicinity. So that sceptics may demand, How could Israel send messengers to Sihon, the Amorite king of Heshbon, saying, "Let me pass through thy land; we will not turn into the fields or into the vineyards"? But in the solid rock of the slopes of Nebâ3 a wine-press, ten feet long by seven and a half in width and two in depth, remains to testify that vineyards did exist when Israel passed this way. An enthusiastic picture of the Ayûn Mûsa (springs of Moses) Ashdoth Pisgah fills four pages of the work. Eleven hundred feet below the summit of Jebel Nebâ, in a wild wady, whose precipitous sandstone sides present every hue of red, from pink to purple, the largest of them gurgles out from under a bed of stones 1570 feet above the sea. It first fills a rocky basin almost invisibly transparent, then plunges forty feet over a cliff. At the foot of that, a rocky rapid is followed by another fall, and a second cataract ends in a third leap of about the same distance as the others. After that, the diminished stream, like a frightened nymph, hides itself among the grass and verdure far below. There is a beautiful description of the music of these waters, which we cannot forbear quoting: 5 "From yonder second 1 Identification of Pisgah, p. 52. 2 p. 314. 4 pp. 46-50. 6 p. 33. summit, the springs are in full sight a thousand feet down; yet the streams conceal themselves in pure distance. Still, though the eye is eluded, the ear sometimes catches the music of their cascades. When the day is silent, one hears a low voice of song, which he hearkens, not to lose a song of rapid notes, that varies in cadences from faint melodies to wild choruses of laughter. If its source were unknown, one might fancy the ruins haunted by their old divinities, whose voices still chant out of the invisible world. Once this music must have echoed within these walls with mysterious charm. Here was the very place for superstitious adoration of the powers of nature." The water is full of lime; yet the springs are the life of the whole region. Every living thing, as far east ("westward," on p. 49, is obviously a mistake) as the mountains of the desert, fifteen miles away, depends upon them, and has done so for four thousand years, as the ancient roads to them bear witness. These first-fruits of our harvest beyond the Jordan only whet the appetite for more; and when our men shall have become at home among the wild Bedawin, when, like their English co-laborers on the west, they shall be able to bring the things hidden beneath the surface out into the light, the Moabite stone may scarcely be missed from the abundant treasures that shall reward their toil. Travellers have not intruded into this land of promise; and its tented tribes have not needed to destroy ancient ruins to build the fragments into their rude walls, as the rough dwellers west of the Jordan have done for ages. Thirty years ago, when the writer visited ancient Tyre, Arab sailors were transporting its stones in their shakhtoors to build up. Beirut; and they do it still; but these ruins are intact, and some of them may even furnish hospitable shelter to their explorers. Surely a work like this, that supplants the apologetics of past ages with unanswerable confirmations of scripture narrative, and recovers precious treasures from ancient wrecks in the lowest depths of history, will not be left to languish for lack of the paltry pittance needed to carry it on. The intelligent piety of our country will assuredly appreciate the work, and see that it wants for nothing that can make it more abundantly successful. [NOTE. — In the citations made from different authors in the preceding Article, the orthography adopted by those authors has been designedly retained, although it differs from the orthography adopted in the main body of the Article. Hence arise the discrepancies which are seen in the method of spelling the proper names.] ARTICLE VII. TISCHENDORF' BY CASPAR REné gregory, leipzig, GERMANY. THE life of Tischendorf falls naturally into two parts, one of preparation, and one of work; though the former shows. work enough to have made the name and filled the days of a common man. Let us take a general glance at the years, and then follow the:n in detail. I. Preparation: Twenty-nine years + (1815-1844). 1. Fourteen years + (1815-1829): home. 2. Fourteen years + (1829-1844): student-life. (1.) Seven years +(1829-1836): studies. (2.) Seven years + (1836-1844): first publications; 1843, Doctor of Theology. II. Work: Twenty-nine years + (1844-1873). 1. Fourteen years + (1844-1858): two eastern journeys; finds part of great Codex. Extraordinary and Ordinary Honorary Professor. 2. Fourteen years +(1859-1873): third eastern journey; finds larger part of Codex. Ordinary Professor. Applies the Codex to the text of the New Testament. One year + (1873-1874): fatal illness. I. PREPARATION. 1. Home (1815-1829). Certain lands which once belonged directly to the German 1 Constantin Tischendorf in seiner fünfundzwanzigjährigen schriftstellerischen Wirksamkeit. Literar-historische Skizze von Dr. Joh. Ernst Volbeding. LeipVOL. XXXIII. No. 129. 20 emperor, and which, as ruled by a Voigt, or governor, in his name, were called the Voigtland or Vogtland, now form parts of various sovereignties. The southwest corner of the present kingdom of Saxony is one of these parts, and is called the Saxon Voigtland. It is a hilly country, with winding, bluff-edged streams, but has also open spaces. On broad, gently-sloping grounds, at the mouth of the Sulz valley, stands the town of Lengenfeld, about fifty-five English miles south of Leipzig. At Lengenfeld, on the eighteenth of January, 1815,-the day named Felicitas, or happiness, in the calendar, — about forty days before Napoleon's return from Elba, a child was born, who proved destined to lead a career more successful than that of the Corsican a career that shed no blood and destroyed no empire. The father, a Thuringian by birth, was the physician of the town, and as well physician and apothecary for the surrounding district. The mother was a descendant of Triller, who rescued the Saxon princes Ernst and Albert, stolen from Altenburg castle by Kunz of Kauffungen, 1455 A.D. Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was the ninth child of his parents. Shortly before the birth of the eighth child, the mother had seen a misshapen beggar; and in consequence, by the singular but not unknown effect of the impressions received by a woman with child, the infant appeared with a deformity like that of the beggar. As the zig: C. F. Fleischer. 1862. 8°. pp. vi, 98. This work was based on Tischendorf's own papers, and revised by him. Beilage zur Allgemeinen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirchenzeitung. 1874. Nr. 50. Leipzig, 11 December, coll. 1049-1051. Am Sarge und Grabe des D. th. Constantin von Tischendorf gestorben am 7., bestattet am 10. Dec. 1874. Fünf Reden und Ansprachen, nebst einem Rückblick auf das Leben und einem Verzeichniss sämmtlicher Druckwerke des Verstorbenen. [Some are now, August 12, 1875, for sale at Hinrichs's store in Leipzig]. The late Professor Tischendorf. By Ezra Abbot, D.D., LL.D., Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in the Divinity School of Harvard University. Reprinted from The Unitarian Review and Religious Magazine, for March, 1875. This contains an able, though brief discussion of Tischendorf's works. Probably no other American, and perhaps only Scrivener, Westcott, and Hort in England, can judge so well of Tischendorf's labors as Professor Abbot. time of the next birth drew near, the mother saw a blind woman. Her alarm thereat, on remembering the former case. led her to pray most earnestly that the child in her womb might not at birth be found to be blind. When the new-born boy was seen to have good eyes, the mother regarded it as an answer to her prayers, and gave him, as his first name, Praise-God, or Lobegott. A further interest is lent to these circumstances by the fact that the child, as after life showed, had unusually good eyes, being able to see and distinguish clearly what others could not. It would seem as if the "direction of the intention" (not Jesuitical) of the mother to the eyes, had induced in the embryo an uncommon vigor and development in those organs. The boy grew. His earlier training was received at the town-school of Lengenfeld, under the rectors Otto and Krause. 2. Student Life (1829-1844). The gymnasium at Plauen, the chief town of the Voigtland, about ten miles southwest of Lengenfeld, prepared him for the university. Dölling and Pfretzschner were among the teachers. At Easter, 1834, aged nineteen, he entered the halls of Leipzig. The majority of German students wander from university to university, like so many journeymen, and in not a few cases lose half the force and value of their former drill by this rambling. Tischendorf, on the contrary, pursued his studies until graduation solely at one. The hopes of his teachers, former and present, were not vain. The theological and philological professors at Leipzig were men well calculated to inspire and to urge on the bright student. Gottfried Hermann then led classical research; and Georg Benedict Winer, who had issued the first edition of his New Testament Grammar twelve years earlier (1822), pressed the grammatical and historical exposition of the scriptures. Seven years of student life, since he entered the school at Plauen, had been a time of quiet drinking in of knowledge and of patient mental drill. At the close of 1836, at Michaelmas, the theological faculty - Winzer, Winer, |