the soft letter kéf. The transliteration of this present work in accordance with the judgment of the ripest scholars, represents the by q and with k. The common people pronounce the gaf as ghayn at the beginning and the middle of words, and as khi at the end. The kef also at the end of words is pronounced kh by the

common people. Ex.:

qan com. ghan (blood),

qochaq com. ghochakh (brave),

qayish com. ghayish (thong),

gidéjék com. gédéjékk (he will go).

§ 34. két is appropriate only to soft syllables or words; it is so pronounced as to represent in Turkish four different sounds; to distinguish these four sounds the letter may be slightly modified in form. But in general, in Ottoman, the alone is used to express all four sounds, and the student can learn how to pronounce it only by practice.

I. The first of these four forms is called kéf or kaif (kéfi Arabi, Arabic kéf, by the grammarians); it is pronounced as k. Ex.: kéor blind, kitab book,

.kalashes کول

II. The second is called géf or graf (kéfi Farisi, Persian kéf, by the grammarians), and it is pronounced as hard g; it is sometimes distinguished by a modification in shape, thus. Ex.: geor see, geol lake, gel come.

گول

Note. When represents the sound either of k or of g hard, and is followed by an élif, it takes before the vowel a short and incipient sound of i, which we have united thus a. Ex.: kaghid paper, kamil perfeet, ba-giah aware: not ka-ghid, ka-mil, a-gah; be

cause being a soft letter cannot go with a hard Vowel a (§§ 22, 37).

Turkish Conv.-Grammar.

2

III. The third is called saghir kéf, or néf (surd kéf), and is pronounced as ng in the words ring, sing etc.; it is a nasal n, and is represented by ñ. It is sometimes written with three dots over it. It is never

to be, found elsewhere than at the middle of Turkish words; and consequently never can be initial. Ex.:

déñiz sea, yalîñîz alone, :~ séniñ your.

IV. The fourth is called yaf, and is pronounced like the English y consonant; it is found only in Turkish

déyil

,eyri crooked اكرى ,devil it is not دكل :words. Ex .bey prince بك

Exercise g.

1

3.

2

، أكتك ، اكمى ؛ قول ، گول ؛ قاو ، کاو ، آقمَقٌ ، أَكمَك " ، اكتك '

1

3

3.

؛

قار ، كار ؛ اك : الك : الك ؛ قبو قبولك : بده بنده كر : يازدق

1

1.

2,4

بازديكر : كول قول : كاتب : اوكود : اوكوز : دكر من : بكمر : دكنك" : یگه : بكيت : کونش : طوكوز" ، طقوز : گوکرته : ؛

4,1

2,4

وكَرَهُ
صو
گوگر چین

3

Key. Qaf élif vav ûstûn qav, géf élif vav ûstûn gîav; aqmaq, ékmék, éymék, añmaq; qol, geôl; qar, kar etc.

§ 35. 'ayn. The ayn has no equivalent in European languages; it characterizes only Arabic words. Its phonetic value in Arabic and in the mouth of an Arab, is a harsh guttural catch or hiatus. As pronounced by a Turkish scholar the letter is either entirely silent or only the slightest hiatus is perceptible. The common people pronounce it like an elif, and there is no harm in pronouncing so. In this work sometimes, when necessary, the vowel sound is accompanied by and it is generally marked by an apostrophe. a-¿a-lém.

the sign &

.a'-lem or a-ca-lem' عالم ,ma'-lam or ma-a-lam معلوم

§ 36. ¿ ghayn is represented by gh; as \è\ a-gha

or com. a-a' sir, ¿ bagh vineyard,

ogh'lan com.

o'lan, ou-lan boy. After a vowel vav, with the sounds o, ou, has very much the sound of w; like the gh of throughout. Thus ov-lag or ogh-luq kid;

qova not gogha (a pail); sovouq not soghouq cold;

.ovalamag to rub وه لامق ;qoomag to expel قوغمق

§ 37. Note. In the transliteration of the foreign proper names or nouns, the hard g, when followed by a hard vowel, is represented by έ and not by 5. Ex.:

Hugo

dian bɔ

hou-gho, Gladstone

gas je ghaz.

ghardiyan, gazetta

ghladiston, guar

ghazeta newspaper,

§ 38. Hémzé. The élif at the beginning of words is a consonant (§ 29), which is called hemzé or hemzé elif, because naturally there is a sign of hémzé over the elif, which is not generally written. Jol is originally

. أيت is ايتال is الأثر e-ser is اثر أول

§ 39. The combination of hémzé élif with a vowel if (i) is expressed by medda, which is the vowel élif put over the consonant hémzé élif (§§ 29 d, 47) Í = T;

as:

. آت or آت = أات tات,almag آلمق = أالمق

§ 40. But when hémzé is found in the middle of words, if it ends the syllable, it is like an accent or Ex.: té-é'-sir influence,

a hiatus.

officer.

mé-é-mour

§ 41. At the beginning of syllables it is pronounced as y consonant; as: qayil, jɔ dayir. Note. The pronunciation of hémzé and the changes

it undergoes, are in accordance with the rules of Arabic Grammar.

C2. Other Orthographie Signs.

a) Jezma

§ 42. The letters in a syllable are either vowelled or quiescent; the first letter of any syllable is naturally vowelled, the others quiescent. The rowelled letters are accompanied by a vowel sign, but those which are quiescent, are marked with the sign ('), called Jézma. Éx.:

Elżb'sh-lik: the letters b and j l are vowelled,

ب

as they are the first letters of the two syllables; sh and ≤ k are quiescent; therefore marked with Jezma.

ر

bés are vowelled

and both of the rés quiescent and therefore marked. Kmk-tb (school) mk-tb (school) ↑ mim and ≈ té are vowelled,

§ 43. The vowel letters cannot have the mark of quiescence, as they are substituted for the vowel signs, and indicate their kind; as baliq (fish), where élif stands for ustún, and does not need the sign.

Exercise h.

Read and write the following exercises:

،

چر جوق ، چوجق ، صاحب ساعت ، لايتى ، طاوق .1 قامش ، چالش ، راحت ، چیچان ، چيلَك ، ديلك ، وشنه ، گلدى گیتدی ، گندی ، تخته ، بشقه ، کتاب

،

Key. Sin élif ûstûn sa, ayn té ûstûn at, sa-ut; Lam élif ûstûn la, yé qaf ésré yiq, la-yîq; Tî élif ûstûn ta, vav qaf éòtré vouq, ta-vouq: yé and vav are consonants, because they begins the syllable.

II آخشام ؛ اِسلام ، اِقرار ، اقبال ، اثبات ، اسراف ، انسان ؛

تبديل ، تشريف ، تعريف ، تسليم ، تقسيم ، مَخصوص ، مظلوم ، مشهور، مكتوب ، محبوس

Key. Elif khî ûstûn akh, shin élif mim ûstûn sham akh-sham; is-lam, ig-rar, ig-bal, is-bat, is-raf, in-san; teb-dil, tesh-rif etc.

.III کتاب ، کتابی ، کتابه ؛ قپو، قپویی ، قبویه ؛ یالی ، یالی بی

، یالی یه ؛ پاره ، پاره یی ، پاره یه ؛ یاره ، یاره یی ، پاره یه ؛ بابا بابایی، بابایه ؛ آنا ، آنایی ، آنایه ؛ قناد ، قنادی ، قناده

Key. Kéf ésré ki, té élif bé ûstûn tab, ki-tab; kéf ésré ki, té élif ûstûn ta, ki-ta, bé yé ésré bî, ki-ta-bî; kitaba etc.

IV. شربتجي ، كتابيك ، كتابجيده ، كبابجي ، حلواجي ،

مَجْلِسده ، مَكْتَبَده ، سرمایه ، خَبَرْدارٍ ، دَوْلَتلي ، هَوَسلى ، مُطْلَقًا باغچه ده ، یکیجه ده

Key. Shin ré ûstûn shér, bé té ûstûn bét, shér-bét, jim yé ésré ji, shér-bét-ji; ki-ta-bi-niñ, ki-tab-ji-da etc.

844. In most cases, indeed, the vowel points are not inserted, except in quotations from the Qoran, or in writing a foreign word or name, and in some poetical works. This at first causes a little embarrassment to the learner; he must accustom himself to pronounce the word as if such vowels did not exist, until he can supply them by a knowledge of the word. The difficulty will vanish by dint of a little practice.

تشديد b Shedda

§ 45. A consonant which is to be doubled without the interposition of a vowel, is written only once, but marked with the sign, which is called sheď da or tish-deed (strengthening). This reduplication is not a mere matter of orthography as it is in the English language; when a letter is doubled in writing, it must be doubled in pronunciation, as is done in English with the letters d, l, n in the words mid-day, mad dog, full lips, thin nose.