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yaz او قونق سويشمك ، يازدير مق But if I say .8958 ديرمق

dirmaq, sévishmék, oqounmaq: these are derivative verbs,

,yazdar اوقون سویش، یازدیر the new or secondary roots are

sévish, oqoun. These are formed by inserting certain letters between the simple roots and the infinitive termination, and thus changing the meaning of the verb, more or less.

Dog sérmék; Vou sér to love:

سو

A sévishmék; Vsévish to love each other.

yaz to write يا : yazmag يازمق .yazdir to cause to write يازدير ;yazdirmaa یاز ديرمق ogou to read اوقوogoumag; V اوقومق

.ogoun to be read اوقون ogounmag اوقونق

§ 259. The so-called servile letters are those letters, which, when added to the roots, change, more or less, the meaning of the verb. They are: t, ɔɔ dir, › r, in, Jl, sh.

§ 260. These letters or syllables have each their own special signification when inserted to form a new root. Each alters the meaning of the verb in a regular manner. 1, 2, 3. ≈ t, ¿ dir,, r have the power of making verbs Transitive, if the original root is Intransitive; and Causal, if the original verb is Transitive. 4, 5. A verb is made either Reflexive or Passive by adding Jor

n to the root of a primitive verb. 6. Reciprocal verbs are formed by adding sh to the root of primitive verbs. § 261. There are six measures [j,‘—ḥ, bab, vézn], as they are called in Turkish, which serve as formulas.

to enable the student always to remember the addition and the changes of meaning caused by the insertion of the servile letters.

1. Ogoutmaq #5 [Transitive and Causal`,

§ 262. This form is obtained by adding t, (it, ût, out) to the stem (§§ 52, 56).

The effect of the insertion of this letter is twofold: 1. If the original primitive form is intransitive, it

is made transitive; as:

.otourtmag to make to sit, seat اوطورت otourmag to sit اوطورمق : baqmag to look باقق

bagitmaq to make to look, to

show.

2. If the original simple form be transitive, it changes to causal; as:

.outmag to cause to readقوق ogoumaq to read اوقومق

yiy qamaq to wash: yiy qatmaq to cause to wash.

Note. This is added, generally, when the root of the verb ends in a vowel, or in one of the semivowels Jl, r, in.

تعلیم ۳۲

Exercise 32.

Change the following verbs into the first measure

and give their meanings.

سوید

Transitive verbs. 1. Ela sedylémék to speak. Els déoshémék to floor, to carpet. 2. chaghir

qasi قازیق 3 .bashlamag to begin باشلاق .mag to call

آقمق .4

maq to dig, to engrave. aramaq to seek.

agmag to flow. Eloals bilémék to sharpen (a knife). 5. Eloa

yúklémék to load. Ela dinlemek to listen.

Intransitive verbs.

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,dinlemek ديكلهمك

sichramay to صحرا مق 6. ishamel to او شومك .. .arimik to be melted اريك .jump

feel cold, shiver.sovoumaq to become cold, cool. gogmag to smell, to have a smell. 8.)

-agh آغلامق .yashamag to live یاشامی ouyoumay to sleep

lamaq to cry, to weep.

2. Yazdirmaq

[Transitive and Causal].

§ 263. This measure is formed by adding ¿♪ (dir, 'dir, dûr, dour) to the root (§§ 52, 56).

The effect of this syllable on the root is just the same as that of the first measure:

1. If the primitive verb is intransitive, it is made transitive; as:

olmék to die (intrans.):

éôldûrmék to kill (trans.).

ouyanmaq to awake (intrans.):

ouyandirmaq to awaken (trans.).

2. If the primitive verb be transitive, it is changed into a causal; as:

.achairman to cause to open در مق : (.achmag to open trans آچم

yazmaq to write (»):

yazdirmaq to cause to write.

Note. This dîr is added generally to those verbs whose stem ends in a consonant other than those mentioned above.

There are some exceptions:

to make to see,

[to show.

geostermek, geordürmek كورد رمك، كوستر مك : geormek to see كورمك .getirmek to bring كتير مك : gélmél to come كلمك gitmek to go كيتمك .geotirmek to carry كوتورمك

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Intransitive verbs. 1. El gézmék to walk.

gulmék to laugh. 2. osanmaq to become

اوصافق

كولك اينك 3. outanmag to be ashamed او تاغق .tired of

اولنمك 4 binneh to ride on بينمك .mek to come down

évlénmék to marry. chalishmaq to work.

Transitive verbs. 5. boulmaq to find.

bilmek to know. 6.

بيلمك

almaq to take. a vérmék to give. 7. El sévmék to love Elam késmék to cut.

3. Ichirmék Transitive and Causal].

§ 264. This measure is formed by adding › (-ir-, -îr-, -our-, -ûr-) to the stem (§§ 52, 56).

It changes the Intransitive into Transitive and the Transitive into Causal; as:

doghourmaq to give طوغورمق :(.dogh'mag to be born intrans طوعمق

birth.

.pishirmék to cook پیشیرمك : (pishmek to be cooked (intrans پيشمك ichirmék to give to ايچيرمك

ichmék to drink (trans.):

drink.

Note. This form is a modification of the second form, losing thed; therefore its derivatives are very limited, and almost all are here given.

.34 Exercise تعليم ٣٤

Change the following verbs into the third measure and give the meanings.

Intransitive verbs. 1. ouchmaq to fly.

yatmaq to lie down. 2.

artmaq to be increased.

شاشمق .dishmen to fall دوشمك ... batmag to sink بات

shashmaq to miss one's way. 4.

bitmék to be finished:

douymay to hear دوي . .tashmay to overflow طاشق

of.

to flee.

doymaq to become satiated. 6. 5 qachmaq

géchmék to pass. gitmek to be lost.

4. Taranmaq [Reflexive, Passive].

§ 265. This measure is formed by adding &n, (in, ûn, oun) to the root of the verb (§§ 52, 56). It changes the Transitive into the Reflexive and Passive; as:

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.oyounmag to be read اوقومق ogoumaq to read اوقومق boulmaq to find بولاق .bouloummag to be found بولوغق

§ 266. In spelling there is no difference between the reflexive and the passive, as both are formed by adding n. The difference is in the meaning. If the verb deals with the subject, it is reflexive; if the verb refers to the logical object, it is passive, because passive verbs have no grammatical object; as:

Effendi yiyqandi The Master washed himself (reflexive).
Qadéhlér yiyqandî The cups have been washed (passive).

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Change the following verbs into the fourth measure.

1. chalmaq to steal; to knock at (the door); to play (a tune). 2. deokmék to pour. dedymék to beat. 3. soymaq to undress, strip. 4. qilmay to do, to perform. tiqamaq to plug, stop. 5.

gézmék to walk about. yiyqamaq to wash. 6.

-day طيامق or دايامق . .séoméli سومك .baqman to look

سوي

amaq to prop up. Eloab sedylémék to speak.

5. Yazilmaq bjb [Passive].

§ 267. The measure is formed by the addition of J 1, (il, úl, oul) to the root (S$ 52, 56).

It changes the primitive verbs into passives; as:

:jazmag to write يازمق .yazalmag to be written يازيلمق :kesmelt to cut كسمك .résilmek to be cut كسيلمك

Note. a. The passive of those verbs which end in a vowel, or liquid letter, is never formed according to this measure, but according to the fourth.

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