,yasmali imishsiniz یاز مالی ايمشسكن ,yazmali imishsin يا زمالي ايمشين ,yazmali imish یاز مالی ایمش .yazmali' imishler يا زمالي ايمشلر

W. Muta-la-at: Remarks.

§ 391. a. Instead of using this Necessitative form, some words may be used to denote obligation and necessity together with the Substantive verb, such words are:

Yazmali'dir, is expressed by yazmasî lazîm', gérék ́, vajib ́, mouqtazi'dir; or, yazmagha méjbour'dour; yazmasi iqtiza'édér.

§ 392. b. When one verb follows another on which it depends and with which it is connected by that, expressed or understood, the use of the conjunction ki between them is frequently avoided by employing the word

.deyi saying دیی دیو

It is used also after all kinds of quotations.

or, gélsin déyi émr etdi. He ordered him to come.

,emr étdi ki gelsin كلسون ديو امر ايتدى or امر ایتدی که کلسون

year اوطورسون ديو ير كوستردی or ير كوستردی که اوطورسون

geostérdi ki otoursoun, or, otoursoun déyi yér géostérdi. He showed him a place to sit.

cr

.baba seni gel deyi chaghiriyor باباك سنی «كل» دیو چاغیریور

Your father is calling you to come (i. e. saying Come!).

§ 393. c. The English verb "To Have' when followed by an infinitive, expresses an obligation or necessity:

therefore the two verbs together are translated into Turkish by the Necessitative tense or by the obligatory words (§ 391).

I have to write a letter. 1. Ben bir méktoub' yazmaliyîm. 2. Bir méktoub yazmagha méjbouroum. 3. Bir méktoub' yazmaqlighîm iqtiza édér.

I have to learn my lesson. 1. Dersimi oyrénméli ́yim. 2. Dérs éoyrénmékliyim lazîm dîr, gérék ́dir, vajib'dir, iqtiza ́édér, mouqtazi'dir etc.

§ 394. d. When the object of the finite verb in such sentences comes before the infinitive, the sentence does not denote obligation, but possession. It must therefore be rendered in Turkish either by the Future Participle (§ 408) or by the Infinitive Dative or Nominatival with ichin 'for'; as:

He has a book to read. 1. Oqouyajaq bir kitabi var. 2. Oqoumagha bir kitabi var. 3. Oqoumaq ichin bir kitabi var.

.Words لغتلر

bosh boshouna in vain بوش بوشینه

geymeh to put on كيمك

(deste quire (of paper دسته .p beslemek to feed بسله مك

moutlaqa absolutely مطلقا .a

ا پدرم بو

Exercise 57.

qoutoubox قوطو

yamalamag to mend يا مه لامق

teakire a note تذكره

تعليم ٥٧

هفته کلیرم دیو یاز مش ایدی ایسه ده کله مدی.

مانعی اولمالی ۲ مارقوس ایی بر شاکرد در دیو ایشتمش مطلقا

بر

ايدم؛ اما ياكليش اولمالی ۳ چوجوقلر چالی شمالی؛ هم ده چوق چالیش مالی در لو ، نه یا په چق ایسه کز بر ساعت اول يا ماليسكز . . آدم خسته اولمامق ایچون نه چوق یمه لی نه ده چوق ایچمه لی (ایچملی) . ٦ هر نه امر ايتسهم يايما ليسين ؛ یازه جقسین دیو نه سویله سه م چارچاپوق یا پالیسین ؛ دويدك مي ? Y نه یا پمالى ايدك ? - قوندوراکی چاپوق کیمه لی و کیتمه لی

ايدك نه صاتون آلمالیدیلر ! - ایکی دیویت ، بر دسته کاغد و بر . ۸ قوطو قورشون قلم صاتون آلمالی ایدیلر ۹ دوستكزك ايده جك بر ايشى وار می ? – یازه جق بر مکتوبی وار در ۱۰ صاته حق بر آتم وار. او قويه حق بر غزته سی وار (٣٩٤٤٤٠٨ ) .

.58 Translation ترجمه ٥٨

1. You must have come to us as soon as you heard this news. 2. What shall I do?

had

If you have not learnt your lesson, you should learn it now. 3. What wife to do?

had

your

She had to write a note. 4. Have No, Sir, they are to go the they to go this way? other way. 5. Who has to work all the day? - The poor man has to work all the day. 6. Who had to give The baker had to give all his money. all his money. 7. What have you to do to-day?

letter.

I have to write a

The

8. What has the shoemaker to do? shoemaker has to mend my shoes. 9. Am I obliged Yes, you must come, your coming to come here? is necessary. 10. The teacher called the pupils, saying, Come.

س) سويله باقالم ! قوشار بهارین نه یا مالیدرلر؟ ج) قوشار بهار موسمنده يووالرینی یا پمالی ، یومورطه لريني يومور طلامالى یاورولرینی چیقار مالی ، اونلری بسله مه لی و اوچور مالی درلر.

س) عجبا همشیره کز خانم بنی کورسه طانيه جق میدر ؟ ج) طانيماليدر. کورمشم دیو چوق دفعه لاقير ديکزی ایدر. س اثوابلريمي كيم ديكه جك ؟ و چورا بلریمی کیم یا مالایه جقدر ؟ ج بن یا پاجغم اما بيلم كه : چورا بلرك يك اسکی در ؛ يا مالاماليمي ?

يا مالا ماما ليمي ?

س) بر تذکره یازه حق کاغديكز وار میدر ?

ج) بويورك افندم ! بر تذكره لك دكل آ! ايشته سيزه اون تذكره لك كاغد ؛ كاغدم يوقدر ديو يازما مازلك ايتمه يكز ( ٢٩٤ ) .

.Reading Exercise تعليم قرائت

.The Marriage of the Teacher خواجه نك اولنمه سی

نصر الدین خواجه افندينك باشی بوزو لمش ؛ ایکنجی دفعه اوله رق اولنمك آرزوسینه دوشمش. اسلاملر آراسینده عادتدن در که ، ارککار

4

قاريلرك يوزلرینی کود مزلو . قاریار یا بانجی بر اركك كورورلرايسه ، چارچاپوق یوزلرینی اور ترلر . خواجه نك دوستلری کندیسینه غایت حيركين برقاری بوله رق کوزل در دیو یوتدوره شاره . قاری اوه کلیر كلمز خواجه يوزينك اور توسینی قالدير مش باقمش كه ؛ نه ديك ! يك چيركين بر شی ! عادتا بر کومور ! جانی چوق صیقیلمش 10 ایسه ده هیچ سس چیقار مامش . ایرته سی کون بزم خواجه اودن چیقار کن ، قاری در : «آمان خواجه

11

12

افندی اسن کیدییورسین ، سویله کیمه کورونه میم 1 ? كيمه کورونه يم 1 دیو بر ادا 13 ایله سوال ايتمش. خواجه «بره قاری ! جانیکی سورسه ك 15 ، بکا کورونه ده کیمه کورونورسه ك كورون ! » ديمش وكوجبلا ياقایی قورتارمش 10 .

16

Words. 1. basha bouzoulmag (to be put out of order) = to be a widower. 2. to be anxious. 3. adétdén ol." to be usual. 4. yabanji stranger. 5. to veil. 6. to cause to swallow, to deceive. = what wonder! 9. adéta 7. cortû veil. 8. né déñ! (what do you say): = he was angry. 10. his soul was oppressed simply; really. 11. to unveil (her face). 12. to veil. 13. éda arrogance. 14. bîré qari now then, woman! 15. dinini seversen if you love your soul please! 16. he could scarcely get rid of her.

=

.28 Lesson درس ۲۸

.The Participles فرع فعل

§ 395. There is no Relative Pronoun in Turkish corresponding to the English who, which, or that.

These are always accompanied by a verb in English. In Turkish the Subjective and Objective Participles of the verb take the place of both the Relative and the verb.

§ 396. Note. This peculiarity is the most characteristic, and at the same time the most beautiful feature in the Turkish language, though foreigners and even natives of Turkey, whose mother-tongue is not Turkish, are often guilty of infringing it, and are frequently in utter ignorance of its value and meaning. For instance, béni sévén adém the me-loving man'; ot yéyén at the grass - eating horse': are equivalent to the man who loves me' and 'the horse which eats grass'. The great number of Participles derived from the Turkish verb enables a very great degree of precision to be given to this construction.

§ 397. The only Relative Pronoun in Turkish ki, meaning 'who, which, that, what' is not Turkish in origin, it is Persian. This word, ki, is never used in correct Turkish, though employed in translated Persian and Arabic sentences. It is also used by foreigners.

§ 398. The Participles may be divided into two classes or moods: Subjective and Objective.

1. Subjective Mood.

§ 399. The Subjective Participles are those which are composed of the subject, (the nominative case of who, which, that, what) and the verb. They are derived both from active and from neuter or passive verbs. In the first case they are called Active Participle (Ismi Fayil) and in the second Passive Participle (Ismi Méfoul). The Active Participle corresponds to the Present Participle and the Passive Participle to the Past Participle of the English Grammar.

§ 400. The Subjective Active and the Subjective Passive Participles have seven tenses each:

§ 401. Subjective Active Participle. Jeli pul

Present:

Aorist:

Past:

yazan who writes, writer, writing (adjectival).