very far off. 9. The one came hither, the other went thither. 10. I could open the door neither from within. nor from without. 11. Act as if you were (olmoushjasina) at your home. 12. Did you know him formerly? 13. Yes, I have long known him. 14. She is better to-day than yesterday. 15. The next time I shall be here betimes.

alk. Conversation.

بزم اوه كان مسافری طانيديكز مي ؟ طانيه جغم ظن ايتدم اما ؛ طانيه مادم . اوطور دیفکز بردن بردن بره نیچون او برکون عموجه که ابتديكم بروعدى اجرا ايتمك ايچون عجله ایله

قالقديكز ؟

كيندم .

یوزغادده نه قدر قالديكز ؟

بر سنه قالدم ؛ ایرته سن سنه چورومه

كيندم .

بردن بیره مکتوبی كديكر ؛ صيق بك الى هر هفته بر مکتوب يازمغه

صيق يازيك رجا ايده رم !

سوز ويربرم .

اوحانس افندی نه یا پییور ? نه ایش هیچ بوش طورديف يوق ؛ ويره

.Reading Exercise تعليم قرائت

(.The Village Room. (Continued کوی اوطه سی ( ما بعد) اول اخشام شهره كيدهنى اوجاغك باشينده اوطور ديرلو. ناركيله نك اك اعلاسنى و قهوه نك كوپوكليسني اوكا اكرام ایدرلو. او ده آرتیق اوزه نه اوزه نه نقل ايتمكه باشلار ؛ هر کس صوص اولوب آغزیندن آصيليرلو قاليرلو.

5

کونارده بر کون کویلولردن ایکیسی بردن کویدن چیقارلو .

بریسی قیصریه یه کیدر و دیگری ده قیصریه دن بر ساعت بریده

Words. 1. kéopûklû foamy, creamy. 2. ikram ét". to serve. 3. therefore. 4. éozénmék to do carefully (§ 370). 5. naql ét". to relate. 6. one day. 7. on this side.

بولنان تلاس قریه سینه کیدر . بو ناردن اولکیسی کویدن درت ساعت و صوکره کیسی ده درت بوچوق ساعت اوزاقلقـده درلر . ایرته سی کون اخشام ؛ هر كس ديبه كك سسنى آلیر آلماز ، قوشدیلر و غیجی 10 كيانك اوطه سنی طولد رديلر . اوطه خينجا خينج" طولى ويردى .

8. Talas, the classical Mutalassi. 9. dibék a wooden mortar, in which coffee is pounded. 10. Ghiji a very common proper name, Sticky. 11. khinja khinj dolou vérmék to become brim-full quickly (§ 286).

8 467. Conjunctions are particles which serve to connect words and sentences, bringing them into a certain relation with one another.

$ 468. There are very few conjunctions of Turkish origin, the nature of the language being such that it scarcely requires them (§ 430). Many Persian and Arabic conjunctions, however, are used in the language.

§ 469. 1. Copulative Conjunctions.

de, dalkhi also, and دخی ، ده .hem de and moreover همده .p. t

(§§ 116, 117).

§ 470. vé is Arabic or Persian originally. The common people never use it in speech; its use is proper to books and educated people.

a) ailé, lé takes the place of vé for nouns

bén ilé sénség!

پدر ایله اوغلی ben ale sen بن ایله سن and pronouns, as

pédér ilé oghlou, i. e. bén vé Anam babam =anam ilé babam

sén, pédér vé oghlou; also: = anam vé babam (§ 232).

b) But in place of 'and' between verbs the gerunds are

§ 471.

hat'ta introduces a phrase which corroborates what precedes it, it is generally accompanied

.hatta biraderin bilé or dé gélémedi حتی برادرك بيله كله مه دی

Even your brother could not come.

§ 472. 2. Disjunctive Conjunctions.

6

ango da go anyokhsa, yoghousa, yoqisé or, otherwise.

(§ 243.)

§ 473. Gérék, istér, ha are put before two opposite words or phrases to state an alternative:

Istér gélsin istér gélmésin. Whether he choose to come or not; let him come or not. (I do not care!)

Gérék béoyúk gérék kûchûk. Whether great or small.

Ha almish ha almamish. Whether he has taken it or not.

§ 474. Il'la contradicts some words of the previous clause; it can be used only, if the antecedent clause contains a negation: it means but on the contrary, nay rather.

Bén déyil, il'la pédérim' hasta dir. I am not ill but my father. Qizini deyil, il'la yégénini' sévérim. I do not love his daughter, but his niece.

§ 475. 3. Contracting Conjunctions.

. هر نه قدر ، . اگرچه ، . کرچه | .p .

i-sé; isédé; faqat; vélakin; lakin; am ́ma, ém ́ma

p.

gérchi; ég-, éyérchi; hér né qadar

although.

§ 476. Amma, lakin, vélakin, faqat are put at the beginning of the sentences, while isé, isé dé comes at the end (§§ 130, 239–240, 241, 245, 325, 339).

§ 477.

Gérchi, éyérchi, hér né qadar are

followed by isédé ‘yeť.

osam res a gérchi fagir isé dé. Although he is poor,

4. Miscellaneous Conjunctions.

yet.

§ 478. The remaining conjunctions are as under: p.éyér, égér if (§§ 238, 381-382).

a. podelil zann' édérim, aľ ́lahalém vulg. aľ ́léhém I think.

اعلم

shayed شاید ..

qaldi ki there remains (to us) that.

ta ki in order to; (before negatives) lest.

perhaps.

5. Turkish equivalents for some English Conjunctions.

§ 479.

Some English idiomatic conjunctional phrases are given below, with their Turkish equivalents.

So. As is the mother, so is the daughter

Joi

jo alglossi Anasî nasîl îsa, qîzî da éòylé dir.

نسلك so. As the stars in multitude, so shall they seed be -Neshin yildizlar qadar chogha ييلديزلر قدر چوغاله جقدر

lajaq dir.

Ben senin qadar بن سنك قدر اوزونم as. I am as tall as you

ouzounoun ( 229).

and. Both good and bad were left to his choice. Eyi vé kéôtú ikisé dé onouñ kéndi keyfiné (ikhtiyarîna) braqîldî.

Ya يا او يا بن بونی یا په جنز Either - or. Either he or I will do it

Neither

Whether

If

So

o' ya bén ́ bounou yapajaghîz.

nor.

Neither you nor I can go. Né sén', né bén' gidébiliriz or Sén'dé bén'dé gidéméyiz.

or. I care not whether you go or stay. Gitseñ dé gitméséñ dé oumouroumda deyil dir.

then. If you will take this, then I will take that. Sén bounou alirsan bén dé ol birini alîrîm.

that. It was so late that I could not come. Ol qadar géj idi ki gélémédim.

- but also. She was not only poor, but also very sick. Hém faqir vé hém or hém dé hasta idi (§ 474). yet. Though he live many years, yet his life is a failure. Chog sénélér yashadî isé dé, éômrû boshouna ́ gitdi.

because. Therefore doth my father love me, because I lay down my life. Bén comrûmû féda étdiyim ichin or étdiyimdén pédérim dé béni sévér.

♫ mérkéb donkey; mûrékkéb made, composed of; ink.

کاغد و قلم آت ايله مركب . اشك و قاطير. ٢ نه او قويه بيلير

ایمشسکز نه یازه بیلیر ایمشسكز ؟ اویله می

!

خير افندم ! سكا

یا کلیش آكلاتمشلر ؛ هم اوقورم هم یازارم . ۳ قاپونك اوکنده ديكيلوب