Greek. 2. Do you know the Lord's Prayer by heart. 3. The exchange of offices between two office-holders is done by the consent of the parties concerned. 4. Christians, Mahomedans and Jews believe in the Unity of God. 5. The military forces of the European powers are increasing every year. 6. He lost his wealth and fell into poverty. 7. Freedom is the life of a nation. 8. The Taxation Committee has raised the rate on rent. 9. I wrote a composition about the Treaties of the Powers. 10. The shape of my inkstand is oval. 11. Let us sing hymn number 51. .Conversation مكالمه عبراني ، كلداني وسريانى لسانلرینه پک آز؛ بر سنه در او قویورم. آشنا میسکز ؟ برادریکز نه نقل ايدييور؟ ظلمانی بر کینجه ده نورانی بر بولوط وار ? کورمش ؛ اونی سویله یور. [وار. بو تاره یا پیلان بيتكزك قاج اوطه فوقانی درت و تحتانی بش اوطه سی عيسا افندمز حقنده عهد عتیقده بولنان اوت افندم ؛ انبیای کبرادن نسبی اشعيانككنى اوقودم. محبت اخويه ديمكدر. فرانسزلر مجرمینی طوته بیلدیار می ? خفيه لر، ضبطيه لر هریری آرادیلر ایسه ده مجرمیندن بر اثر بولا مادیلر. حوادثات مليه ، خارجیه و داخلیه دن خير افندم ؛ غزته لرده شایان اهمیت شایان دقت بر شی وار می ? علم الهی اوقومش ميسكز ؟ بر شي يوقدر. اوت افندم ۱۸۹۰ سنه سنده مرذیفون علم الهی مدرسه سنی اکمال ایله دم . مذكور علم الهى مدرسه سنك مُدَّتِ آوروپا و آمريقانك اكثرى موسسه الرينده اولدینی اوزره اوچ سنه در افندم ! تحصیلیه سی نه قدر در؟ .Reading Exercise تعليم قرائت .Columbus Egg قولومبوسك يومورطه سی 6 1 2 2 مشهور در که آمريقانك كاشفى اولان قرستوف قولومبوس، آمریقایی 1. mesh'hour well known: mesh'hour dour ki every it is said. 2. kashif discoverer. 2. Christophorus. 5 6 کشف ایله عودتندن صوكره ، اندلسده بنى احمر دولتنى مغلوب ایدن قرال فرديناندك خوانِ ضيافتنده اوطورويورايمش . حضاردن و قرستوفك بر جديدى كشفندن طولایی مظهر اولديغي تلطيفاته" 10 حسد ایدن اسپانیا پرنسلرندن بری مادامکه 1 ، بو قطعه شوکره 12 15 16 14 17 ارض اوزرنده موجود ایدی ، سز اولماسه گزده بركون اولوب ينه 18 19 بولونوردی» قوليله قرستوفك همت معلومه سنى 10 استصغار ايتمك ايسته مش . قرستوف قولومبوس دخی خیر پرنس حضرتاری ! بر قطعه يومورطه يي سيوری طرفنده طور دوره بیلن آدمدن باشته سی کشفه مقتدر دکلدر جوابني ويرمش 21 22 = = 3. késhf et." to discover; ilé for vé (§ 470 a) keshf edib. 4. Én'dúlûs Andalusia. 5. Béni Ahmér dévléti the Moors (in Spain), the dynasty of Beni [children of] Ahmer. 6. maghloub defeated § 604). 7. khanî ziyafet the banqueting table. 8. houz'zar those who were present (houzzardan vé... prénslérdén biri). 9. bér ri jédid the New World America. 10. mazhar ol." to be the object of, to enjoy. 11. taltifat favours, honours. 12. haséd ét." to envy, to be jealous. 13. madam ki since, as. 14. qit'a part, segment (of the world). 15. mévjoud ol." to exist. 16. siz olmasañizda even if you were not; da for dakhi (§ 117). 17. bir gun oloub some day, one day. 18. qavl word. 19. him'mét effort, action; malûm known. 20. istisghar a making little of, belittling. 21. sivri taraf the smaller end (of the egg). 22. mûqtédir able. 23. Ebûz'ziya a celebrated living Turkish author. حقنده مکالمه .Conversation about the Lesson درس .isite اسئله .iiibe اجوبه عربی جمع اولوب سؤاللر وحوابلر ديمكدر. اجوبه و اسئله نه معناده درار ? جنوبز ملتندن قرستوف قولومبوس آمریقایی کیم کشف ایتدی ؟ كشف ابتدى . ها نكي قرالك وقتنده كشف اولوندی ? اسپانیا قرالی فرديناندك وقتنده كشف اولونمشدر. يوم ورطه حکایه ی اوت افندم ! مشهور بر حکایه در، اونی قرستوفك بر سي وار در بیلیر مسکن؟ بیلمه دك كيمه يوقدر. قرال فرديناندك بر ضياقتنده وقوع بوحكايه نره ده وقوع بولدى ؟ بولدى . مومى اليهك قرال طرفندن مظهر اولدینی بوحکایه به سببيت ويرن خصوص نه لطف و إكرامدن طولايي حضاردن ايدى ؟ بر پرنسك حَسَد ايتمه سيندن نشأت ایتم شدر. بو پرنس قرسطوفك همتنى استصغار قرستوف قولومبوسدن ماعداسی دخی بر جدیدی کشف ایده بیله جکنی ايتمك ضمننده نه سویله دی ؟ سویله دی . قرستوف حضارك حيرت ومراقنى اوت افندم ! بر يوم ورطه یی سیوری طرفنده طور دیره بیلن آدم آمریقایی جلب ایده جك صورتده برشی کشفه مقتدر اولديغنى جواباً بيان تكليف ايتدى مى ? ایله دی . عطوفتلو ابو الضيا توفيق بك حضرتلرى . بوحكايه یی کیم ترجمه ايتمشدر ؟ خير افندم ! دها ما بعدی وار در. بوحكايه ختام بولديمى ? .45 Lesson درس ٤٥ The Arabic Infinitive (Masdar). § 584. There is no limit to the number of words. which the Ottoman language borrows from the Arabic. The number of Arabic words to be learnt would thus involve a great deal of study, if they were not derived from certain roots which are, of course, very much less numerous. If the student can master the system by which Arabic derivatives are derived from their roots (mad'dé, mad'déyi asliyé), his labour will be vastly diminished. After learning a certain number of roots, he will at once recognize and remember a large number of words formed from them. The Arabic system of derivation is extremely regular, logical and beautiful; although at first it appears somewhat complicated. Almost every word in Arabic may be referred to a significant root, consisting of either three or four letters, the triliterals being by far the more common. In European languages, significant roots are irregular in form, and the grammar of those languages treats only of prefixes and affixes, by which the meaning of the word is modified. Thus in English we add the termination -er to express the agent of a verb, and -ing to express the Present Participle Active or the Gerund; as: make, maker, making. In Arabic, however, such modifications are obtained not only by prefixing or affixing, but by inserting letters between those of the root. The root fal signifying action, is taken as the typical root for exhibiting these modifications, and the formulae thus obtained are called 'the measures of words'. For instance, the insertion of an élif between the first and second radical, and the punctuation of the later with an ésré, give the sense of the Agent or Active participle: thus fal becomes fa-cil one who does' and this word is the measure upon which all other "agents" of this kind are formed. It is in fact, a mere formula, like the letters used in Algebra; for as (a + b + c) may represent (2 + 3 + 4), (5 + 6 + 7), or any other number; so for the triliteral root J in eb, we may substitute any other triliteral root and obtain the same modification of meaning; as: Jqatil a murderer. : qatl to kill قتل :ilm wisdonع علم ;salim wise عالم قاتل where and are said to be the of the triliteral roots to which they respectively belong. The Arab grammarians use this word as a paradigm, and every change in and addition to the root is made on this model. But as the utterance of the (ع) second radical (¿) is very difficult for Europeans, therefore we adapt the word faql as its equivalent, since it is easier to pronounce; using the measures' of also when necessary: harf letter' is of the measure fagl, that is to say it is measured, weighed or balanced on the word faql, having the same quantity of letters and the same vowel. § 585a. The root in Arabic is pointed with three ústúns, as: faqala, which means 'he fanned', this being the third person singular Past tense; but for shortness' sake we always render it into English by the Infinitive or Verbal Noun1 (§§ 272, 614). § 585 b. The Arabic Infinitives (= Masdar) are divisible, in respect of their origin, into two classes: Primitive or Simple and Derivative or Augmented. نَظَرْ § 586. The Primitive Infinitives are those which have no servile letters in them, or even if they have the serviles do not change the meaning of the word; as: nazar to look; dakhl to enter' are simple or primitive forms, because there is no augment or servile letter in them. But nézarét to look, J's doukhoul or dékhalét to enter also are called Primitives; because although there are servile letters (1 ́~ ́,), yet they do not change the meaning: they are only different forms of and J. § 587. The Servile Letters are (SA), which are also called 'changers or letters of augmentation', because they change or add to the meaning of the word. § 588. The Derivative Infinitives are those infinitives which have servile letters inserted in them, 1 The second vowel of the third person Sing. Past tense is sometimes i Jfagila, sometimes ou = fagoula, instead. of being as here a = Jafagala: but this does not concern the student of Ottoman. |