which change the meaning of the word more or less. For instance the word intizar ‘to look after, to wait'; Jidkhal to cause to enter, to insert', are

derivatives; because their ground forms nazar and dall mean to look' and 'to enter' respectively,

and the augmentative letters the meaning (§§ 259, 613).

A. The Primitive Triliterals.

have changed

ثلاثی مجرد مصدر

§ 589. There are a great number of Verbal Nouns or Infinitives which are derived directly from the triliteral roots. Those that are most frequently used in Turkish belong to one of 23 "measures". The root Jis taken as the 'measure' or formula (= ¿j, vézn), and we shall assume that all these 23 forms can be derived from it; although they are not all in use. Every root is supposed to have the power of producing all these derivatives, though, in fact, sometimes only a few such are actually formed from a given root.

Muta-la-at Remarks.

§ 590. If the third radical is, or S, in the measures 15, 16 and 17 it is changed into (-) at the end,

which is often omitted (§ 705 d); as:

، بنا = بناء ، فَنَا

دعو بنى

=

فناء ، جزا = جزاء are changed into پای بِنَاى

جزى

•\'s=\'s, the roots being V

§ 591. Those letters which have the mark of reduplication, are written twice in the root, without the

mark(); as: shid-dét severity, root Váž shédédé.

§ 592. The feminine letters and a' are substituted for each other in the termination of nouns:

such is the case in measures 5-9, 18, 19, 22, 23.

=

مِعْدَتْ ؛ فقلت sémérêt measure ثَمَرَتْ sémére for تَمَرَه measure معده سَلَامَة ، رِفْعَتْ = رِفْعَةٌ ، رَحْمَتْ = رَحْمَةً ؛ فقَلَتْ . غَلَبَتْ = غَلَبَهُ ، سَلَامَتْ

§ 594. When the letter is pronounced as with tistian, it is called Short Elif ($$ 29c, 610); therefore in such cases is substituted for : K súkna for

root

.[10-11 measures كُبرى كبرا ، دَعوَى = دَعوا ;complaint

§ 595. The Quadriliteral Infinitives have only one formula or measure; which is all faqlélé the root being zélzélé 'earthquake', root

considered VJ;

as:

With the assistance of the Table of Verbal Measures given above find the measure and the root of each of the following words.

، ملت ۲ . جِوَارٍ ، كَمَال ، وَجْه ، حضور ، دِيَار ، حب ، نقل ) ، نَبْعَانَ ، نَغَمَةَ ، تُركَ ، زَوْجٍ ، نَصِيحَتْ ۳ . لِسَان خَلَاص ، حَقِيقَتْ ، عَلَامَتْ ، بَيْضَهُ ، نَبات ، دُنْيَا ، اَخْرَتْ ، رَسُول ، . قَوتُ ، طَرَف

جسم ، قلب ، جَنَّتْ ، وَحْدَتْ ، سلطان ، سَمَاء ، فِقْرَهُ ٦ . سَفِينَهُ . إله، شكران ، انسان زياده ، وَسَوَسَه ٧ ، بُكَاءِ ، حَمدْ ، قَوتُ ، رَبِّ ۷

Key.naql is measured on, the root being ; because the first radical has an ústûn, and the second, third radicals are quiescent.

haqiqat is

measured on “L♫ fagilét, the root being; because the first and third radicals have an ústûn and the second has

an ésré; after the second radical there is a servile

and

,faqilet فقلت

(591 ) فقال

faqra دهر

séfiné

=

=

after the third a servile

balkia بكاء . a is substituted for

faqi V

= rabb رَبِّ ، بَكَى V نَبَتَ ٧ فَعَال = نَبَات : قَوَوَ تُقَلَتْ = قُوَّتْ ؛ فَقَرَ فِتْلَتْ V . فعل = إِلَهُ ؛ فِعَلَتْ = سِيرَتْ ، فَعَالَت = زياده ، فَتْلَى = تَقْوَى

.Reading Exercise تعليم قرائت

.6 Psalm 84; Hymn نجی مزمور : ٦بجی الهی

Words. 1) 1. méskén house, court (§ 578). 2. nour light; houbb' love. 3. diyar land: it is the pl. of dar but used as singular (Lesson 51). 4. latif pleasant. 5. presence. 6. dérd affliction, woe. 7. p. gúnah sin; p. dérya' sea. 8. bay-ghin fainting. 9. mûmin believer (méfoul of iman [$ 619]); 'jamhour congregation. 10. nourbakh-sh qilmaq to bestow the light. 11. kérim gracious (a. q. of kérém [§ 606]). 12. véjh face. 13. kémal glory.

() 14. mélja asylum (§ 598). 15. mézbah altar (n. 1. of zéb-h [§ 598). 16. Bey' toul-lah the house of God. 17. havli court, yard. 18. p. zémin earth. 19. t. salt only. 20. rij-at to turn back. 21. késb ét." to enjoy. 22. néjat salvation. 23. hayat life.