بر شيئه احتیاجکز وار می ? دیشاریده هوا نصل ايدى ؟ بوداده نه قدر بولونه جقسكز ؟ ? تشکر اولونور شمديلك هيچ برشيئه احتياجميز يوقدر. هو الر يك مساعد ايدى . بر هفته قدر. مدت سياحتكز نقدر امتداد ايله دى ؟ صوك اسكله فى اولان از میردن بوصالی كونى حركت ايتدك . او حالده ایکی کوند نبری دگیزده اوت افندم ! بولونو يوررسكز ؟ نره يه كيتمكى تصمیم ایدییورسگز؟ اگر مختلف هوايه تصادف ايتمز ايسه ك بيروته قدر كيده جكز. يك اصابت ایدر سكز ؟ ما کنه گزده معاونتکزه تشکرار اولونور ، لكن ایکی وقوعب ولان سقطلفى بلا معاونت تسونه ساعته قدر بزجه تعمیری ممکندر. ایده بیلیر میسکز ؟ بورايه نصل کلدیگز ؟ يلكن ايله كلدك . اللهه ايصمار لادق ! آلمش اولديغم معلوماتی بر فینجان قهوه ایچرمیسیگیز . قبودانه اخبار ایده جكم . لطفيكيزك منتدارى يم ، لكن شمدی طور مغه نه وقت آرزو ایدرسه گیز ، تشریف عدم مساعده سندن طولایی ايديكز. تشريفكزله مشرف اوله جغم . انشاء الله معامله مهماننوازانه گیز زن وقت احترامات فائقه می قپودانیگیزه تقديمله كسب فخر و شرف ايده رم . وقتمك آخرده مستفید اولورم . شيمد يلك اللهه ايصمار لادك ! خوش كلديكز ! صفا كلديكز ! .59 Lesson درس Euphonic Changes of the Letters. A. Assimilation or Idgham. § 700. Idgham is (the imposition of one letter on another, or) the assimilation of one letter to another. This occurs when two letters of the same kind have come together. The imposition (or assimilation) always takes place on the second letter, provided that the first is quiescent (§ 42). The assimilation is denoted by a shéddé () over the second letter; the quiescent letter is marked by a jézma (°) [§ 45]. § 701. occurs: There are four cases in which Idgham a. If the First of the double Homogeneous Letters is quiescent, it is removed or imposed upon the second, and the latter is doubled or marked with a shéddé; as: millet: the first lam is quiescent: therefore it is omitted and imposed on the second lam: and this imposition is indicated by a sheddé, which shows that the second lam is doubled thus: 3 -'hiddết "anger': is written as hid ́đét. .millet مات مفقول davét, afo: the Obj. Part. of the measure دعوت ، عفو is cgi médouv, mafouv; the first letter is quiescent, therefore imposed on the second; as: ‚‚è médouv,mafouv. There is no change in the pronunciation in either instances. b. If the First of the double Homogeneous Letters is punctuated by a vowel, the vowel is cast back upon the preceding letter and the letter itself imposed upon the second: Jikhlal to spoil: the remainder is (§ 634 a): the Subjective Participle is : the first of the double letters has a vowel, the vowel is cast back upon the preceding letter: hence Jmoukh ́-lil becomes moukhill'; after the assimilation Jmou-khill'. V: the Noun of Superiority according : shedid severe شدید to the measure (§ 609) is ésh ́-déd: Remove the vowel to the preceding: it is éshédd, after the assimilation é-shedd 'severest'. c. If the Preceding Letter already has a vowel, or if it is an élif, the vowel of the first letter cannot be carried back to the preceding; therefore the vowel of the first letter is omitted: and the letter itself is placed over the second of the double homogeneous letters: ›\\ irtidad apostasy (VIII of √555 [§ 627]); the remainder is >♫ ̧ (§ 634 a): the Subj. Part. is mûrte'-did: the first of the double letters has a vowel: that vowel cannot be brought back to the preceding; because it already has a vowel: therefore the vowel of the first is omitted: as ♫ mûrtédd, and the letter itself imposed upon or assimilated with the second >: as mûr-tédd' (vulg. mourtad, mîrtad) apostate. = Note. In such cases the Objective Participle is the same with Subj. Part. as: mûrtédéd = mûrtédd; but the Obj. Part. of the measures Infiqal and Iftiqal is not used. mûrour to pass: V: according to the measure فَاقِلْ the Subj. Part. is marir: the first of the double homogeneous letters () has a vowel; but that vowel cannot be transported to the preceding letter, because it is élif: therefore the vowel of the first ré is omitted as marr: and the letter itself assimilated with the second ré): as Ĺ marr'. d. If two élifs have come together, the first élif is assimilated with the second: but the second élif, instead of taking a sheddé, has a médda placed over it (§§ 29 d, 39, 47, 603): émr order: the Subj. Part. of the measure é-amir: the first élif is omitted and the second has médda; thus آتي : فَاقِلْ : آلَى ityan to follow : V اتیان amir commander آمن : Note. 1. All double homogeneous letters are not subject to assimilation, there are exceptions; as: médéd help, khalél injury, zarar loss, sébéb reason, iktitab copying. 2. The Subj. Part. of hajj = ~ hajj or = حاج ج hajj pilgrimage' is haji pilgrim [to Mecca (Sunni Moslems), Jerusalem (Christians), Kérbéla (Persians) and Haji Béktash near Kir-shébir (Qizilbashes)]. Change the following words into the prescribed forms, first without idgham and afterwards with idgham: Into the Subjective Participle (Fayil §§ 601-3, 634 d): 6 5 4 ، أخذه . انضمام ، خُصُوص ، أكل ، اسْتِمْدَاد ، اِخْتِلال . استقلال ، عُموم 10 ، أحمرار ، تمام ، اضرار ، اسوداد : (مفقَل) Into the Noun of Location . ح 18 ، مرور 12 ، حلول 1 ، قرار 1 Into the Noun of Superiority (§ 609): 15 16. 14 ، 14 ، حق نام ، خفت قليل 16 ، صحي . جلال ، لذيذ ، عزيز : (مفقلت) Into the Noun with Mim صرد • 18" و داد 18 19° - • 20 Words. 1. confusion (spoilt). 2. to implore help (who asks help). 3. to eat. 4. case, especiality (especial). 5. addition (added). 6. to take. 7. persistence (persistent). 8. completeness. 9. a becoming red (intensely red). 10. common (general, public). 11. to abide, stay (an abode, place). 12. to pass (a passage, path). 13. to scratch (a touch stone). 14. complete; true. 15. few. 16. beloved. 17. delicious. 18. love (love). 19. loss (loss). 20. joy (joy). B. Modification of Letters. Jel Eelal. 8702. The letters, are called 'weak' or 'feeble' letters (houroufou illét), and all the others are called 'sound' letters (houroufou sahihé) by the Arabs. The weak letters cannot bear any burden or 'motion' (vowel), as the sound letters can; they cannot have any vowel, they must be quiescent (§ 42). If in the formation of words they should be in a position in which a vowel would naturally be placed on them, were they 'sound' letters, this vowel is removed or modified. § 703. The general principal of modification or permutation of the weak letters is as follows: When a vowel (---) and a weak letter (1) which is not analogous to it come together in a word, the ordinary laws of euphony require that one should yield; and in Arabic the vowel prevails. Note. Élif is analogous to ûstûn, yẻ to ésré and vav to éotré (§ 27). require especial ی and و The weak letters .704 $ consideration: the changes of are not important. اعلال واو Modification of vav .705 a. If vav has a vowel and the preceding letter is quiescent, its vowel is transported to the preceding letter; as: the : خَوَفَ ، قَول ، ون saon ga khan خَوْف ، قول ، صون مَخرُوف ، مقوول ، مصوون : (8604) مَفْقُول Obj. Part. by the measure mas ́-voun, maq-voul, makh ́vouf: modified ¿és ma-sou-oun etc. ,ma-soun, magoul مخوف ، مَقُول ، مصون after the assimilation makhouf 'kept, spoken, terrible'. b. If the letter preceding vav has ésré as its vowel (-) vav is changed into ✅ (-¿-); as: c. If the letter preceding vav have ústûn as its vowel, the vav is changed into elif (-a-): 1 The forms in this column do not actually occur, but are given to show how the rule works. |