OTTOMAN-TURKISH CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR A PRACTICAL METHOD OF LEARNING BY V. H. HAGOPIAN, M. A. PROFESSOR OF THE TURKISH, ARABIC AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES 1804 LINEA LONDON. DAVID NUTT, 57-59 Long Acre. DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square. SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., 100 Southwark Street. NEW YORK: BRENTANO'S, 5-9 Union Square. DYRSEN & PFEIFFER (F. W. Christern) 16 West 33rd Street. G. E. STECHERT BOSTON: C. A. KOEHLER & CO., 149 a, Tremont Street. HEIDELBERG. JULIUS GROOS. 1907. HARVARD ( غاسپهی - اوتو - (زاوور) اصولنه تطبيقاً تأليف و ترتيت ايديلن آثاری موقع انتشاره وضع ايتمك حقوقى واضع الامضايه مختص و منحصر اولوب ، مومى اليه آثار مذكوره نك درجه كماله ايصالنه از هر جهت چالیشمقده در . اصول مذکوره يه توفيقاً تأليف ايديلن آثارك بالجمله حقوقی محفوظ اولديغندن ، وقوع بوله حق هر نوع تقليد وترجمه قانوناً ممنوعدر . خصوصات مذکوره به متعلق معلومات اعطاسنه همت ایدنلره مومى اليه تشكر ايدر هايدلبرغ صاحب و ناشری : جوليوس غروس The Gaspey-Otto-Sauer Method has become my sole property by right of purchase. These books are continually revised. All rights, especially those of adaptation and translation into any language, are reserved. Imitations and copies are forbidden by law. Suitable communications always thankfully received. Heidelberg. Julius Groos. พ مقدمه Preface. The Turkish language is of Tartar origin, as the Turks came from Central Asia, and is consequently quite distinct from Arabic and Persian, although it is true that in modern times the Arabic characters have been adopted for all three languages, and that the Turkish language is now half filled with Arabic and Persian words. Yet these words have been incorporated without affecting the nature or framework of the Turkish, which is as different from Arabic and Persian as AngloSaxon dialects are from Hebrew or Hungarian. In fact pure Turkish is Turanian, while Arabic is Semitic and Persian Aryan, and the resulting modern Ottoman-Turkish is compounded not only of three languages but of representatives of the three great families of languages. The original Turkish tongue, which is called Chaghata (Jagatai), was somewhat barbarous, but extremely forcible and concise when spoken. The adoption of Arabic and Persian words is arbitrary. To master the language it is necessary to have at least an elementary knowledge of the Arabic and Persian languages. It is an extraordinary and lamentable fact that the language of the Turks has hitherto received little or no attention in England, although it is spoken by millions of people belonging to a vast empire with which we are closely connected by mutual vital interests, and is more or less used, in official circles, from Tunis in Africa to the walls of China. It is the court language of Persia, and in many provinces of that country, of South Russia and Afghanistan is spoken as much |