HABENDUM. Literally "To have."'10 In conveyances. The clause usually following the granting part of the premises of a deed, which defines the extent of the ownership in the thing granted to be held and enjoyed by the grantee.11 In wills. That clause in a will, the function of which is, not to bequeath or devise, but to define the title and tenure of the legatee or devisee constituted such by the direct words of gift.12 HABENDUM ET TENENDUM. Literally "To have and to hold.''13 Formal words in deeds of land from a very early period.14 15 HABENDUM IN CHARTA VEL AUGET RESTRINGIT; SED NON NOVUM INDUCIT.1 HABER A UNO POR CONFESO. In Spanish law to declare in default.16 9917 HABERE FACIAS POSSESSIONEM. Literally "You cause to have possession. A writ of execution for the successful plaintiff in ejectment to recover possession of the lands. 18 HABERE FACIAS SEISINAM. Literally "You cause to have seisin.''19 A writ to give plaintiff in a real or mixed action possession of the freehold. 20 HABERE FACIAS VISUM. as the best witness a confessing defendant." Bouvier L. D. [cit Foster Cr. L. p 243; Phillips Ev. p 397]. [a] Applied in: State v. Bowe, 61 Me. 171, 177. 10. Burrill L. D. son Literally "You cause to have view. ''21 A writ that lay in divers cases in real actions, as in formedon, etc., where a view was required to be taken of the lands in controversy;22 a writ to cause the sheriff to take a view of lands or tenements.23 HABET ALIQUID EX INIQUO OMNE MAGNUM EXEMPLUM, QUOD CONTRA SINGULOS, UTILITATE PUBLICA REPENDITUR.24 HABIL. In Spanish law, qualified or capacitated.2 HABILITAR. In Spanish law to confer or acquire capacity.26 28 34 33 HABIT. 27A word with a clear and well understood meaning;' a customary state; 29 a disposition acquired by frequent repetition;30 a fixed or established custom;31 an ordinary course of conduct;32 aptitude by doing frequently the same thing; established manner; the customary conduct of a person, to pursue which he has acquired from frequent repetitions of the same act;35 the disposition of a person toward a certain thing;36 usage.* HABITABLE. As applied to a dwelling, the quality of being reasonably fit for the occupation of a tenant of the class which occupies it.38 HABITACION. In Spanish law the right of 19. Burrill L. D. 21. Burrill L. D. 22. Rapalje & L. L. D. Black L. D. 11. Black L. D. See New York Indians V. U. S.. 170 U. S. 1, 20, 18 SCt 531, 535, 42 L. ed. 927; Dickv. Wildman, 183 Fed. 398, 403, 105 CCA 618; Montgomery v. Sturdivant, 41 Cal. 290; Bessemer Irr. Ditch Co. v. Woolley, 32 Colo. 437, 76 P 1053, 1055, 105 AmSR 91; Manning v. Smith, 6 Conn. 289, 292: Glenn v. Gross, 185 Iowa 546, 170 NW 783, 784; Yeager v. Farnsworth, 163 Iowa 537, 541, 145 NW 87; Sumner v. Williams, 8 Mass. 162, 175, 5 AmD 83; Hart v. Gardner, 74 Miss. 153, 156, 20 S 877; Spaulding v. Abbot, 26. Escriche Diccionario. 55 N. H. 423, 425; Brown v. McMan-pacity 9 C. J. p 1275. ter, 21 N. H. 528, 533, 58 AmD 223; Redstrake v. Townsend, 39 N. J. L. 372, 377, 378; Clapp v. Byrnes, 3 App. Div. 284, 286, 287, 38 NYS 1063, 1067; Jackson v. Ireland, 3 Wend. (N. Y.) 99, 102; Bryan v. Eason, 147 N. C. 284, 61 SE 71, 73; Hafner v. Irwin, 20 N. C. 570, 571. 34 AmD 390; Miller v. Graham, 47 S. C. 288, 25 SE 165, 168; Stockton v. Martin, 2 S. C. L. 471, 473; Horn v. Broyles. (Tenn. Ch. A.) 62 SW 297, 306; Pack v. Whitaker, 110 Va. 122, 65 SE 496, 498; Purdy v. Porter, 38 N. B. 465, 491. A maxim meaning "Every great example of punishment has in it something of injustice; but the sufferings of individuals are compensated by the service rendered to the public.' Tayler L. Gloss. 25. Escriche Diccionario. See Capacity 9 C. J. p 1275. [a] The "reddendum" clause distinguished.-Freudenberger Oil Co. v. Simmons, 75 W. Va. 337, 341, 83 SE 995, AnnCas1918A 873. Habendum clause in deed: Office of see Deeds § 72. 12. 27. Habit: See Ca Usages Evidence of see Evidence § 838. Of drinking as ground for divorce see Of drunkenness see Drunkards § 1. 29. State v. Savage, 89 Ala. 1, 8, In re Tamargo, 220 N. Y. 225, S 30, 311; Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. 115 NE 462. 464. 13. Black L. D. A.) 180 SW 419. 422. To like effect 14. Black L. D. [cit Bracton 7b].83 P 385. 37 146 Ind. 430, 444, 45 NE 662; Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422 ("When a person has repeatedly acted in a particular way at intervals, either regular or irregular, for such length of time that we can predict with reasonable assurance that he will continue to so act, we may affirm that this is his habit"). 33. State v. Savage, 89 Ala. 1, 8, 7 S 183, 7 LRA 426 [quot State v. Robinson, 111 Ala. 482, 485, 20 S 30, 31; Marks v. Herren, 47 Or. 603, 83 P 385]; Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422. 34. State v. Savage, 89 Ala. 1, 8, 7 S 7, 183, 7 LRA 426 [quot State v. Robinson, 111 Ala. 482, 485, 20 S 30, 31; Marks v. Herren, 47 Or. 608, 83 P 385]. 35. Knickerbocker L. Ins. Co. v. Foley, 105 U. S. 350, 354, 26 L. ed. 1055; State v. Skillicorn, 104 Iowa 97, 73 NW 503; Lester v. Sampson, To like (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422. effect Metropolitan L. Ins. Co. v. Shane, 98 Ark. 132, 136, 135 SW 836 ("The habit of a person contemplates a course of conduct which is customary and shows that he has acquired a tendency to pursue that course of conduct from frequent repetitions of the same It acts. does not contemplate occasional or exceptional acts"). [a] Similar definition.-"Habit... imports a disposition or condition of the body or mind acquired by custom, or a frequent repetition of the same act; or, to express it otherwise, the customary conduct to pursue which one has acquired a tendency from the frequent repetition of the same act." Provident Sav. L. Assur. Soc. v. Macon Exch. Bank, 126 Fed. 360, 361, 61 CCA 310. [b] Distinguished from single or occasional acts.-Lynch v. Bates, 139 Ind. 206, 212, 38 NE 806; Supreme. Lodge K. P. v. Foster, 26 Ind. A. 1,333, 59 NE 877, 880; Puls v. Grand Lodge A. O. U. W., 13 N. D. 559, 102 NW 165, 166. 8, 7 S 183, 7 LRA 426 [quot State 15. A maxim meaning "The hab- v. Robinson, 111 Ala. 482. 485, 20 endum in a deed either increases or S 30. 311: Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. restricts; but induces nothing new.' A.) 180 SW 419, 422. To like effect Peloubet Leg. Max. [cit Halkerstone Marks v. Herren, 47 Or. 603, 608, Max. p 52]. 83 P 385. 16. Escriche Diccionario. Default 18 C. J. p 455. 17. Burrill L. D. See 31. Tatum v. State, 63 Ala. 147, 152; Conner v. Citizens' St. R. Co., 146 Ind. 430, 444, 45 NE 662; Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422. 18. Stimson L. Gloss. See Gilmer V. Poindexter, 10 How. (U. S.) 257, 265, 13 L. ed. 411; Den v. Johnson, 12 [a] "Habit" is nearly the same N. J. L. 275; Doe v. Henderson, 18 as "custom."-Lynch v. Bates, 139 N. B. 16, 22; McKenzie v. Fairman, Ind. 206, 38 NE 806, 808 [quot Marks 1 U. C. C. P. 50, 55; Stewart v. Hor- v. Herren, 47 Or. 603, 608, 83 P 385]. See See also Customs and Usages § 1. ton, 2 Grant Ch. (U. C.) 45, 48. generally Assistance, Writ of 5 C. J. 32. Tatum v. State, 63 Ala. 147. p 1315; Ejectment 19 C. J. p 1021. 152; Conner v. Citizens' St. R. Co., 36. Zeigler v. Com., 10 Pa. Cas. 404, 14 A 237, 238. See Macarty v. Bagnieres, 1 Mart. (La.) 149, 150. 37. State v. Savage, 89 Ala. 1, 8, 7 S 7, 183, 7 LRA 426 [quot State v. Robinson, 111 Ala. 482, 485. 20 S 30, 31; Marks v. Herren, 47 Or. 603, 608, 83 P 385]. 38. Miller v. McCardell, 19 R. I. foot v. Hart. occupying another's dwelling. 39 It differs from that of use (uso) in not including the right to receive income; but in other respects it is governed by the r. es applicable to use and usufruct, and it is extinguished for the same causes as the latter as well for abuse of the premises.42 If the occupancy includes the whole dwelling the occupant, like a usufructuary, must pay ordinary repairs, maintenance, and taxes; but he is liable only for the difference between such expenses and the income if the occupancy is but partial.* The right of habitacion cannot now be leased or alienated.** .47 43 HABITANCY or INHABITANCY.45 A word difficult to define, 46 but recognized everywhere as at least presupposing an element of more or less permanency;" a fixed and permanent abode, a dwelling place for the time being, as contradistinguished from a mere temporary locality of existence; ;48 the fact of residence at a place, with the intent to regard it and make it a home." "Habitancy" or "inhabitancy" may be affirmed either of the United States, a state, or a subordinate locality. 50 "Residence," "habitancy" or "inhabitancy," and "domicile" are generally used as 39. Escriche Diccionario. 40. Spain. Civ. Code art 524. Philippine.-Civ. Code art 524. Porto Rico.-Civ. Code art 524. 41. Spain. Civ. Code art 528. Phillippine.-Civ. Code art 528; Relova v. Lavarez, 9 Philippine 149, 152. Porto Rico.-Civ. Code art 528. See generally Landlord and Tenant [24 Cyc 845]. 42. Spain. Civ. Code art 529. Philippine.-Civ. Code art 529. Porto Rico.-Civ. Code art 529. 43. Spain.-Civ. Code art 527. Philippine.-Civ. Code art 527. Porto Rico.-Civ. Code art 527. 44. Spain.-Civ. Code art 525. : Philippine.-Civ. Code art 525. Porto Rico.-Civ. Code art 525. [a] Formerly it could be.-Escriche Diccionario. 45. Habitancy of corporation see Corporations § 408 et seq; Federal Courts § 67 et seq. 46. Lyman V. Fiske, 17 Pick. (Mass.) 231, 234, 28 AmD 293 [quot Borland v. Boston, 132 Mass. 89, 98, 42 AmR 424]. 47. Ex p. White, 228 Fed. 88, 93. [a] "Inhabitancy is .. a matter of intention, and is a question of fact." In re Seymour, 177 NYS 702, 703. 43. In re Wrigley, 8 Wend. (N. Y.) 134, 140 [quot Barney v. Oelrichs, 138 U. S. 529, 533, 11 SCt 414, 34 L. ed. 1037; Way v. Way, 64 Ill. 406, 413; Drew v. Drew, 37 Me. 389, 391; Crawford V. Wilson, 4 Barb. (N. Y.) 504, 520]; Dignam v. Shaff, 51 Wash. 412, 98 P 1113, 1115, 22 LRANS 996. 49 208, 47 P 1079. To like effect Crawford v. Wilson, 4 Barb. (N. Y.) 504, 522 [quot Peo. v. Platt, 50 Hun 454. 462, 3 NYS 367; Houghton v. Ault, 16 HowPr (N. Y.) 77, 85]. [a] "Inhabitancy" and "residence" synonymous.-Harding V. Standard Oil Co., 182 Fed. 421, 425; Lee v. Boston, 2 Gray (Mass.) 484, 490; Crawford v. Wilson, 4 Barb. (N. Y.) 504, 520; Ensign v. Ensign, 54 Misc. 289, 105 NYS 917, 921; In re Sturmer, 24 Ont. L. 65, 74, 2 OntWN 1116, 1227, 19 OntWR 255, 430, [quot Durant v. Carter, L. R. 9 C. P. 261, 268]. "Domicile" defined see Domicile § 1. "Residence" defined see [34 Cyc 1647]. 52. Thorndike v. Boston, 1 Metc. Mass. 242, 245 [quot Houghton V. Ault, 16 HowPr (N. Y.) 77, 85]. [a] "Residence" compared. "Permanence is declared to be more strongly imported by the term 'inhabitancy' than by 'residence.' Residence, nevertheless, and even domicil, is a quality which endures when once acquired, until changed animo et facto." In re Hughes, Tuck. Surr. (N. Y.) 38. 53. Crawford v. Wilson, 4 Barb. (N. Y.) 504, 522. 54. Ex p. White, To like effect In re 475, 479. 228 Fed. 88, 93. Hector, 24 NYS 55. Lyman V. Fiske, 17 Pick. (Mass.) 231, 234, 28 AmD 293 [quot Borland v. Boston, 132 Mass. 89, 98, 42 AmR 424]. 56. Lyman V. Fiske. 17 Pick. (Mass.) 231, 234, 28 AmD 293 [quot Borland v. Boston, 132 Mass. 89, 98, 42 AmR 424]; Harvard College V. Gore. 5 Pick. (Mass.) 377; Hairston V. Hairston, 27 Miss. 704, 711, 61 AmD 530. 57. In re Wrigley, 8 Wend. (N. Y.) 134, 140 [quot Barney v. Oelrichs, 138 U. S. 529, 533, 11 SCt 414, 34 L. ed. 1037; Way v. Way, 64 Ill. 406, 413; Drew v. Drew, 37 Me. 389, 391; Crawford v. Wilson, 4 Barb. (N. Y.) 504, 520]; Dignam v. Shaff, 51 Wash. 412, 98 P 1113, 1115, 22 LRANS 996. 49. Lyman V. Fiske, 17 Pick. (Mass.) 231, 234, 28 AmD 293 [quot Borland v. Boston, 132 Mass. 89, 98, 42 AmR 424] ("In general terms, one may be designated as an inhabitant of that place, which constitutes the principal seat of his residence, of his business, pursuits, connexions, attachments, and of his political and municipal relations. It is manifest, therefore, that it embraces the fact of residence at a place, with the intent to regard it and make it his home. The act and intent must concur and the intent may be inferred from declarations and conduct'). See Abington v. North Bridgewater, 23 Pick. (Mass.) 170, 177, 178; Hairs- | Cyc 64]. ton v. Hairston, 27 Miss. 704, 711, 61 AmD 530; Isham v. Gibbons, 1 Bradf. Surr. (N. Y.) 69, 83. 50. Galveston, etc., R. Co. v. Gonzales, 151 U. S. 496, 14 SCt 401, 405, 38 L. ed. 248. 58. See also Inhabitant. 60. Habitation of dwelling as a necessary element of crime see Arson § 14; Burglary § 31; Larceny [35 61. Holmes v. Oregon, etc., R. Co., 5 Fed. 523, 527, 6 Sawy. 276; Nowlin v. Scott, 10 Gratt. (51 Va.) 64, 65. To like effect Goodhue v. Pennell, 164 App. Div. 821, 823, 150 NYS 435. [a] "The constitutional definition of 'habitation' is the place where a 71 man dwells or has his home; in other words, his domicile." Harvard College v. Gore, 5 Pick. (Mass.) 370, 372. Distinguished from "domicile" see Domicile § 1. 62. Atkinson v. Washington, etc., College, 54 W. Va. 32, 46 SE 253 [cit Drake Attachm.]. 63. Black L. D. See Habitacion ante p 199. 64. Brentwood School Dist. No. 2 v. Pollard, 55 N. H. 503, 504. To like effect Spragins v. Houghton, 3 Ill. 377, 397 [quot Terrill v. Terrill, 2 Alaska 475, 477]. 65. Brentwood School Dist. No. 2 v. Pollard, 55 N. H. 503, 504. 66. Spragins v. Houghton, 3 Ill. 377, 379 [quot Terrill v. Terrill, 2 Alaska 475, 477]; Brentwood School Dist. No. 2 v. Pollard, 55 N. H. 503, 504. 67. Brentwood School Dist. No. 2 v. Pollard, 55 N. H. 503, 504. 68. Spragins v. Houghton, 3 Ill. 377. 397 [quot Terrill v. Terrill, 2 Alaska 475, 477]; Brentwood School Dist. No. 2 v. Pollard, 55 N. H. 503, 504. Drunkenness: Generally see Drunkards § 5. As ground for divorce see Divorce § 137 et seq. Insanity see Insane Persons [22 Cyc 1113]. Intemperance: Generally see Drunkards § 5 note 21 [a]. As constituting cruelty and ground for divorce see Divorce § 106. 70. Collum v. State, 10 Tex. A. 708, 710. 71. Moering v. Falk Co., 155 Wis. 192, 193. 144 NW 207. 72. Webster D. [quot Lester V. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422; Peltz v. Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. See Marks v. Herren, 47 Or. 603, 83 P 385. [a] "The word 'habitual' in the definition of residence, does not mean presence in a place either for a long or short time; but the presence there for the greater part of the period, whatever that period may be (whether ten years or ten days) referred to in each particular case." HABITUALLY.87 A word with a definite and fixed meaning in law;58 meaning by frequent practice or use; 89 90 customarily. It does not necessarily mean "entirely, ''91 or 'exclusively.' '92 Phrases: "Habitually associated with prosti993 habitually earns a living, tutes, 1994 "'habitually engaged in any 1995 avocation. 66 HACIENDA. In Spanish law, farm, plantation.96 Hacienda publica. A public treasury or its administration. 97 HACIMIENTO DE RENTAS. In Spanish law, Dicey Conflict of Laws [quot In re 73. Webster D. [quot Lester V. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422; Peltz v. Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. 74. Webster D. [quot Peltz V. Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. See Wright v. Market Bank, (Tenn. Ch. A.) 60 SW 623. 75. Webster D [quot Lester V. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422; Peltz v. Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. 76. Webster D. [quot Peltz Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. 77. V. Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419. 422; Hilton v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. 190, 53 SW 113, 115 [quot Cordill v. State, 83 Tex. Cr. 74, 201 SW 181, 182]. 78. Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422; Hilton v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. 190, 53 SW 113, 115 [quot Cordill v. State, 83 Tex. Cr. 74, 201 SW 181, 183]. 79. Webster D. [quot Peltz V. Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. 80. Webster D. [quot Lester v. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422; Peltz v. Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. 81. Webster D. [quot Lester V. Sampson, (Mo. A.) 180 SW 419, 422; Peltz v. Printz, 186 Pa. 347, 40 A 486]. 82. State v. Shipley, 98 Md. 657, 57 A 12. 83. State v. Carroll, 30 S. C. 85, 8 SE 433, 14 AmSR 883; Boswell v. State, 48 Tex. Cr. 47, 85 SW 1076, 1077, 122 AmSR 731; Collum v. State, 10 Tex. A. 708, 710. See generally Adultery 2 C. J. p 10; Fornication § 2; Lewdness [25 Cyc 215]. 84. Johns v. Johns, 57 Miss. 530, 531, 532; Ruckman v. Ruckman, 58 How Pr (N. Y.) 278, 279; Pillar v. Pillar, 22 Wis. 658, 659. See also Divorce § 82. 85. Provident Sav. L. Assur. Soc. v. Macon Exch. Bank, 126 Fed. 360, 361, 61 CCA 310. 86. Bevan v. Hayden, 13 Iowa 122, 125. 87. See Habit ante p 199; Habitual ante p 200. 88. Ellis v. State, 65 Tex. Cr. 480, 145 SW 339. 89. Webster D. [quot Stanton v. French, 91 Cal. 274, 277, 27 P 657, 25 AmSR 174]. See Swick v. Home Ins. Co., 23 F. Cas. No. 13,692, 2 Dill. 160. 90. Webster D. [quot Stanton v. French, 91 Cal. 274, 277, 27 P 657, 25 AmSR 174]. See Marks v. Herren. 47 Or. 603, 83 P 385, 386 (the use in the court's charge of the words "habitual" and "habitually," to qualify the alleged conduct of the husband in dealing with his wife's land, did not require the husband's acts to be so often repeated as to form a habit, but they meant that, if the wife ratified all contracts assumed to have been made by the 98 the farming out of the public revenues. HACK HORSE. A term which may include a thoroughbred horse, bona fide used by a hackman in the ordinary course of his business.2 HACKMAN.3 The driver of a hack, or carriage for public hire.* HACKNEY. As a noun, a carriage let for hire; a hack; a horse for ordinary riding or driving, as distinguished from a war horse, a hunter, a race horse, etc.5 As an adjective, devoted to common use; let for hire.7 Hackney carriage. A word which conveys the idea to the mind of a coach standing in the street for hire; every carriage with two or more wheels, which is used for the purpose of standing or plying for hire in any public street or road in any place" within the limits enumerated in the statute;11 a husband, his agency might be im- 93. Ellis v. State, 65 Tex. Cr. 480, 94. See cases infra this note. 95. State v. Shipley, 98 Md. 657, 96. Escriche Diccionario. See 97. Escriche Diccionario. 99. Webster Int. D. See also Car- 1. Webster Int. D. See also Hack Horse post this page. 2. Robinson V. Provincial Exhi- 3. Hackman: Regulation of see Carriers § 1075 Use of carrier's premises by see Car- 10 cab rank for his licensed carriages. A party of nine persons came on to the stand and wished a carriage to take them all. There was no licensed carriage there sufficient for this, but the cab proprietor in question stated to the party that he had at his stables a waggonette suitable for their purpose. The party accordingly went there and engaged the waggonette, which was unlicensed, for a drive. It was held that the cab proprietor had not plied for hire with the waggonette within the meaning of the Towns Police Clauses Act (1847) § 45. Cavill v. Amos, 64 J. P. 309. (4) The term "hackney carriage" in the Towns Police Clauses Act (1847) § 38 includes every wheeled carriage which is in fact used from time to time for the purpose of "standing or plying for hire" in the street. The time during which such a carriage is to be deemed a hackney carriage is not limited to the periods during which it is actually standing or plying for hire. Hawkins v. Edwards, [19011 2 K. B. 169. 10. [a] "Place" (1) means a public place, streets and roads, or thoroughfares. Skinner v. Usner, L. R. 7 Q. B. 423. 427. (2) "Place" includes the interior of a railway station, although the private property of the railway company. Ex p. Kippins, [1897] 1 Q. B. 1. 11. St. 1 & 2 Wm. IV c 22 § 4 [quot Case v. Storey, L. R. 4 Exch. 319, 321]. See Rex v. Fletcher, 21 Cox C. C. 578 (construing Towns Police Clauses Act [1847] § 45, and Public Health Act of 1875, and Towns Police Clauses Act [1889] § 3); Willingale v. Norris, [1909] 1 K. B. 57 (construing London Hackney Carriage Act [1850] § 4, and London Hackney Carriage Act [1853] § 19); Jones v. Short, 19 Cox C. C. 472 (construing Towns Police Clauses Act [1847] § 3). 6. Webster D. [quot State v. Jarvis, 89 Vt. 239, 95 A 541, 543]. [a] Statutory definitions.-(1) A 7. Webster D. [quot State v. Jar-carriage for the conveyance of pasvis, 89 Vt. 239, 95 A 541, 543]. sengers, which plies for hire within 8. Masterson v. Short, 33 HowPr limits prescribed by the statute. St. (N. Y.) 481, 486. 32 & 33 Vict. c 115 § 4 [quot Allen 9. [a] "Plying for hire" (1) in v. Tunbridge, L. R. 6 C. P. 481, 482]. "any street or place" does not include (2) A carriage plying for hire in a hackney carriage while on the prem- any public street or road. St. 1 & 2 ises of a railway company by their Wm. IV c 4 § 4 [quot Ex p. Kippins, leave for the accommodation of pas- [1897] 1 Q. B. 1, 3]. (3) Any carsengers by their trains. Case V.riage standing or plying for hire. Story, L. R. 4 Exch. 319, 323 [cit 51 & 52 Vict. c 8 8 4 subs 1 [quot Allen v. Turnbridge, L. R. 6 C. P. Hickman v. Birch, 24 Q. B. D. 172 481, 484 (where it was held that a (an ordinary omnibus running along brougham at a railway station whose a fixed route is a "hackney carriage' driver solicits passengers is a "hack- within the meaning of the act)]. ney-carriage plying for hire")]. (2)❘ (4) Every carriage constructed with The plying for hire must be in some less than four wheels used for paspublic street or place, and does not sengers, except a stage carriage, or apply to an open uninclosed piece any carriage known as Hansom's of private ground, to which the pub- Patent Safety Cab, which shall be lic had access, but over which there used for the purpose of standing or was no public right of way. Skinner plying for hire in any street or road v. Usher, L. R. 7 Q. B. 423, 426 [cit or any place within the limits enumCase v. Storey, L. R. 4 Exch. 319, erated in the act. 17 & 18 Vict. c. 323]. (3) A cab proprietor, the 45 10. (5) Every carriage, exowner of licensed and unlicensed car- cept a stage carriage, which shall riages, solicited customers on the stand on hire or ply for a passenger coach let for hire, commonly at stands in the streets.12 Hackney coach. A coach let for hire, whether standing in the streets, or kept in stable for hire. 13 HAD.14 HÆC EST CONVENTIO. Literally "This is an agreement. ''15 The words with which agreements anciently commenced.16 18 HÆC EST FINALIS CONCORDIA. Literally This is the final agreement. ''17 The words with which the foot of a fine commenced.1 HÆREDE ABDUCTO. An ancient writ that lay for the lord who, having by right the wardship of his tenant under age, could not obtain his person, the same being carried away by another person. 19 HÆREDE DELIBERANDO ALTERI QUI HABET CUSTODIUM TERRÆ. An ancient writ, directed to the sheriff, to require one that had the body of an heir, being in ward, to deliver him to the person whose ward he was by reason of his land 20 HÆREDEM DEUS FACIT, NON HOMO.21 HÆREDEM EJUSDEM POTESTATIS JURISQUE ESSE CUJUS FUIT DEFUNCTIS CONSTAT.22 HÆREDE RAPTO. An ancient writ that lay for the ravishment of the lord's ward. 23 HÆREDES SUCCESSORESQUE SUI CUIQUE LIBERI, ET NULLUM TESTAMENTUM-SI LIBERI NON SUNT, PROXIMUS GRADUS, IN POSSESSIONE, FRATRES, PATRII, AVUNCULI.24 HÆREDI FAVETUR.2 for hire at any place within the limits of the city of London and the liberties thereof, and the metropolitan police district. 6 & 7 Vict. c 86 § 2 [quot Skinner v. Usher, L. R. 7 Q. B. 423, 427]. (6) Every wheeled carriage standing or plying for hire in any street within the prescribed distance, and every carriage standing in any street, having thereon a numbered plate as required by this or any special act. 10 & 11 Vict. c 89 § 37. See also Bateson v. Oddy, 43 L. J. M. C. 131, 133. [b] As defined by municipal ordinance. Every vehicle used, or to be used, for the conveyance of persons for hire from place to place within certain limits, except a horse car. Com. v. Page, 155 Mass. 227, 230, 29 NE 512. [c] "A light railway carriage is not a hackney carriage." Yorkshire Electric Tramways, Ltd. v. Ellis, [1905] 1 K. B. 396, 402. [d] "A tramcar is not a hackney within the meaning of the Act of 1847." Blackpool, etc., Tramroad Co. v. Bailey, [1920] 1 K. B. 380, 385. HÆREDI MAGIS PARCENDUM EST.20 HÆREDITAS, ALIA CORPORALIS, ALIA IN- NATURALITER DECENDIT, NUMQUAM NATURALITER ASCENDIT."1 HÆREDITAS NUNQUAM ASCENDIT.53 HÆREDITUS N'EST PAS TANT SOLEMENT ENTENDUE LOU HOME AD TERRES OU TENEMENTS PER DISCENT D'ENHERITAGE, MES AUXI CHESCUN FEE SIMPLE OU TAIL QUE HOME AD PERSON PURCHAS PUIT ESTRE DIT ENHERITANCE PUR CED QUE SES HIERS LUY PURRONT ENHERITER.54 HÆREDUM APPELLATIONE VENIUNT HÆREDES HÆREDUM IN INFINITUM.55 HÆRES. (Spanish, heredero; French, heretier; English heir). [1] A. Definition. The term "hæres" in the civil law,56 or heredero" in the Spanish law, meaning not only one who takes by intestate's succession but also the one named as beneficiary in a will,58 has a wider signification than 57 used by the owner to carry passen- [b] The term does not include a 14. See Have post p 215. 16. 191]. . Black L. D. [cit 6 Edw. II c 17. 19. Rapalje & L. L. D. [cit O. N. 20. Black L. D. [cit Reg. Orig. p 161]. [e] "The several terms 'hackney 21. A maxim meaning carriages,' 'hackney coach,' 'car- not man, makes the heir.' riages' and 'carriage,' whenever used L. D. [cit Bracton p 62b; in the acts enumerated shall] be deemed to include every omnibus." 52 & 53 Vict. c 14 § 4 (1). 12. Webster D. [quot Masterson v. Short, 33 HowPr (N. Y.) 481, 486]. To like effect Bouvier L. D. [quot State v. Jarvis, 89 Vt. 239, 242, 95 A 541 ("This is the meaning uniformly given to the term by the courts of England")]; Hawkins V. Edwards, [1901] 2 K. B. 169, 13. Masterson v. Short, 33 HowPr (N. Y.) 481, 486 [eit Webster D.]. [a] Distinguished from "stage coach."-"The statute recognizes a distinction beween pleasure coaches or hackney coaches on one hand, and stagecoaches on the other. A hackney coach is a coach which is hired out. A stagecoach is one which is p 7b]. 22. "God and Bouvier Coke Litt. A maxim meaning "The heir has all the powers and privileges of him of whom he is heir.' Morgan Leg. Max. 23. Black L. D. [cit Reg. Orig. p 163]. 24. A maxim meaning "The children of every man are his heirs and successors, if there be no will-if there be no children, the next of kin, as brothers. paternal or maternal uncles succeed to the possession." Tayler L. Gloss. 25. A maxim meaning "An heir is to be favored." Peloubet Leg. Max. [cit Halkerstine Max. p 52]. 31, 1, 47]. 27. A maxim meaning "To the next heir, whether a relation or a stranger, certainly a dangerous guardian, let no one be committed." Bouvier L. D. [cit Coke Litt. p 88b]. 28-48. A maxim meaning "Inheritance, some corporeal, others incorporeal: corporeal is that which can be touched and seen; incorporeal, that which can be neither touched nor seen." Peloubet Leg. Max. 49. A maxim meaning "Inheritance is the succession to every right which the deceased had." Wharton L Lex. [cit Coke Litt. p 2371. 50. A maxim meaning "Inheritance from half blood is not granted." Peloubet Leg. Max. [cit Lofft Max. p 353]. 51. A maxim meaning "An inheritance naturally descends, never naturally ascends." Tayler L. Gloss. 52. A maxim meaning "The right of inheritance is nothing else than the faculty of succeeding to all the rights of the deceased." Bouvier L. D. [cit Dig. 50, 17, 62]. 53. A maxim meaning "The right of inheritance never lineally ascends." Broome Leg. Max. [cit Glanville lib 7 c 11. 54. A maxim meaning "An estate by inheritance is not only one which has been, but also includes one which can be. taken by inheritance." Morgan Leg. Max. [cit Coke Litt. p 26]. 55. A maxim meaning "By the title of heirs, come the heirs of heirs to infinity. Bouvier L. D. [cit Coke Litt. p 91. 56. Adams v. Akerlund, 168 Ill. 632, 639, 48 NE 454. 57. Escriche Diccionario; La. Rev. Civ. Code art 884. [8. Adams v. Aukerlund, 168 Ill. 632, 639, 48 NE 454. "In the Roman law and in the modern civil law, haeres or heir has a more extended significance than in 26. A maxim meaning "Much is the common law. The term is apto be tolerated and forgiven in an plied to all persons entitled to sucheir." Morgan Leg. Max. [cit Dig.ceed to the estate of one deceased, HERES the term "heir" in the English law.59 whether by act of the party or by 64 66 68 and heredero beneficiario;7 heredero presuntivo 69 Legal or intestate and testamentary or instituted. The most important division70 of hæredes or herederos, however, is into legal or intestate"1 and testaIn Spanish law a legal or mentary or institued. "2 73 heredero intestate heir may be heredero legitimo," Forfeiture of rights: 72 other, termed "hæres fiduciarius," by Under will see Wills [40 Cyc 1051 | benefit an estate was given to anet seq]. will. Answering nearly to the cestui of trust the English law. Black L. D. And see Fideicommisque sarius 25 C. J. p 1087. By descent see Descent and Distri- Under wills see Wills [40 Cyc 1051 59. See Heir post this volume. [b] Hæres de facto.-In old Eng- a as a [c] The fidei commissa were testamentary form of precative Sohm Rom. L. (3d ed) 597 trusts. Lobingier Evolution Civ. L. Lect. et seq; Muirhead Rom. L. § 70. See XV, XXIV. See also Fidei-Commissum 25 C. J. p 1087. 64. Escriche Diccionario (one who takes the title without the usufruct 65. Escriche Diccionario (one who of the hereditary property). enjoys the income for life or a definite period with the obligation to transmit the consolidated title). 66. Escriche Diccionario (one who accepts the inheritance with all its burden of debts, although the latter may exceed the former's value). 67. Escriche Diccionario (one who assumes no obligation beyond such value). 68. Escriche Diccionario (one who, by reason of near relationship, it is presumed, will succeed). 69. Escriche Diccionario (one who, in good faith, purports to be the heir and enjoys the privileges of one but is really not such). Escriche Diccionario (one who succeeds the deceased generally). 61. Escriche Diccionario (one who takes a certain share or class of the from property) quoted." distinguished [a] "Heir" An heir is one who "legatee."—(1) succeeds under a universal title; a who succeeds under 70. "There are three kinds of heirs Spanish Civ. Code legatee one particular title. which correspond with the three speart 660; Philippine Civ. Code art 660; (2) cies of successions described in the Porto Rico Civ. Code art 660. An heir to whom a specific thing is preceding articles, to wit: Testamenleft is considered a legatee. Span- tary or instituted heirs; Legal heirs He who is the nearest relaish Civ. Code arts 768, 789; Philip- or heirs of the blood; and, Irregular pine Civ. Code arts 768, 789; Porto heirs. (3) tion to the deceased, capable of inThis Rico Civ. Code arts 768; 789. is called the presumptive heir. The universal (testamentary) heir heriting, is presumed to be heir, and Sen- quality is given to him before the has preference over a legal one as decease of the person from whom regards inoperative legacies. tence Spanish Supr. Trib., Sept. 27, Diccionario. (4) he is to inherit, as well as after the 1845; Escriche has accepted or renounced it. Heirs "Jacinta Llorente had not been named opening of the succession, until he by her mother, Martina Avalle, are divided into two classes, accordthe legatee of any determined kind of property; she is therefore neither ing to the manner in which they aca devisee nor a legatee, within the cept successions left to them, to wit: are those who any reservation. meaning of section 758, nor a legatee Unconditional and beneficiary heirs. an inventory, under the Civil Code, but a general Unconditional heirs without making heir like her other legitimate chil- inherit without whether their acceptance be express dren, and, following the principles or or tacit. Beneficiary heirs are those of the Civil Code, there is an essential difference between instituting a La. Code Rev. Civ. made." legatee and instituting an heir, be- who have accepted the succession uncause the latter succeeds by general der the benefit of an inventory reguTo same effect Spanish Llorente v. arts 879-883. 658; Philippine Civ. right and the former by special right. | larly (Civil Code, art 660)." 668 of the Code art 658; Porto Rico Civ. Code Rodriguez, 10 Philippine 585, 589. Civ. Code art (5) "Applying article art 658. 71. See infra text and notes 73-74. Civil Code, we must hold that any 72. See infra text and notes 76-82. interest which the plaintiff may have taken in the share of Dona Luisa [a] Partly testate and partly inwith the accordance The testate.-"In under the will of Don Nicolas he took as an heir and not as a legatee. law a citizen may die partly testate distinction between the two is constantly maintained throughout the and partly intestate (art. 764 Civil Code, and their rights and obligations Code)." Escuin v. Escuin, 11 Philip(Arts. 660, 668, pine 332, 339. The legatee differ materially. 768, 790, 858, 891, 1003.) can demand his legacy from the heir or from the executor, when the latter (Art. 885)." is authorized to give it. Del Rosario v. Del Rosario, 2 Philippine 321, 327. v. Chio-Taysan, 12 Philippine 13, 20. By descent see Descent and Distri- Under will see Wills [40 Cyc 1051]. By descent see Descent and Distri- 62. Escriche Diccionario (one who (one 73. Escriche Diccionario (legitimate heir). lawful [a] Hæres legitimus.—A heir; one pointed out as such by the Black L. D. the civil Hæres natus.-In [b] marriage of his parents. one made heir law, an heir born; one born heir, as distinguished from (hæres factus), an heir at law, or by intestacy (ab intestato); the next Black L. D. [cit Story Conflict of kin by blood, in cases of intesof L. § 507; 3 Blackstone Comm. p 224]. [c] Hæredes proximi.-Nearest or The children or descendnext heirs. Black L. D. ants of the deceased. remotiores.-More [d] Hæredes kinsmen The heirs. remote than children or descendants. tacy. 63. Escriche [b] other Black |