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HEALTH

BY JUAN D. MIRANDA

[Matters not in this Title, treated elsewhere in this Work, see Cross References infra p 241]

ANALYSIS

I. DEFINITIONS [88 1-5] p 241

A. Health [ 1] p 241
B. Healthy [§ 2] p 242
C. Sanatory [§ 3] p 242
D. Sanitary [§ 4] p 242

E. Sanitation [§ 5] p 242

II. SOURCE OF POWER [§ 6] p 242

III. CREATION AND ORGANIZATION OF SANITARY AUTHORITIES [§§ 7-28] p 243
A. By Federal Government [§ 7] p 243

B. By State or Local Government [§§ 8-9] p 243

1. In General [§ 8] p 243

2. Municipalities [9] p 244

C. Sanitary Districts [§§ 10-14] p 244

1. Nature [§ 10] p 244

2. Power to Create and Abolish [11] p 244

3. Territorial Extent [§ 12] p 244

4. Proceedings for Organization [§ 13] p 244

5. Powers [ 14] p 244

D. Boards and Officers [§§ 15-28] p 245

1. Nature [§ 15] p 245

2. Appointment [§§ 16-19] p 245

a. In General [§ 16] p 245

b. By State or County Authorities [§ 17] p 245
c. Subordinate Officers or Agents [§ 18] p 246

d. Delegation of Authority [§ 19] p 246

3. Qualifications [§§ 20-24] p 246

a. In General [§ 20] p 246

b. Nonresidents [§ 21] p 246

c. Electors [ 22] p 246

d. Physicians [§ 23] p 246

e. Women [§ 24] p 246

4. Term of Office [§ 25] p 246

5. Removal [§ 26] p 247

6. Compensation [§§ 27-28] p 247

a. In General [§ 27] p 247

b. Amount of Compensation [§ 28] p 247

IV. POWERS AND DUTIES OF SANITARY AUTHORITIES [§§ 29-91] p 248

A. In General [§ 29] p 248

B. Construction of Powers [§ 30] p 248

C. Rules and Regulations Generally [88 31-36] p 248

1. General Rule [§ 31] p 248

2. Limitations [§ 32] p 249

3. Extraterritorial Acts [§ 33] p 250

4. Delegation of Powers [§ 34] p 251

5. Proceedings, Orders, and Other Decisions [§§ 35-36] p 251

a. In General [§ 35] p 251

b. Record of Proceedings [§ 36] p 251

D. Particular Powers and Regulations [§§ 37-68] p 251

1. In Dealing with Contagious Diseases [§§ 37-56] p 251

a. In General [§ 37] p 251

b. Closing Public Places [§ 38] p 252

c. Vaccination [§§ 39-40] p 252

(1) In General [§ 39] p 252

For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number.

(2) Students in State Institutions [§ 40] p 252 d. Quarantine [§§ 41-51] p 252

(1) In General [§ 41] p 252

(2) Power of State and Local Boards [§ 42] p 253

(3) Effect of Federal Immigration Acts [§ 43] p 254

(4) Venereal Diseases [§ 44] p 254

(5) Extent and Period of Quarantine and Place of Isolation [88 45-48] p 254 (a) In General [§ 45] p 254

(b) Persons Subject to Quarantine [§ 46] p 254

(c) Place of Isolation [§ 47] p 255

(d) Period of Detention or Confinement [§ 48] p 255

(6) Proceedings to Establish [§§ 49-51] p 255

(a) In General [§ 49] p 255

(b) Order, Notice, and Hearing [§ 50] p 255

(c) Warrant [§ 51] p 255

e. Disinfection of Property [§ 52] p 255

f. Impressment [§§ 53-54] p 256

(1) In General [§ 53] p 256

(2) Compensation [§ 54] p 256

g. Notice to Health Officers [§ 55] p 256

h. Other Precautions [§ 56] p 257

2. Dealing with Nuisances and Other Offensive Conditions [§§ 57-61] p 257

a. Licenses Granted by Sanitary Authorities [§ 57] p 257

b. Orders or Resolutions Declaring Nuisances [§§ 58-61] p 258

(1) In General [§ 58] p 258

(2) Nuisances Created by Municipal Action [§ 59] p 259

(3) Nuisances Created by County Action [§ 60] p 259

(4) Notice and Hearing [§ 61] p 259

3. Unhealthful or Unsafe Buildings [

a. In General [§ 62] p 260

62-64] p 260

b. Destruction and Repair of Dangerous Buildings [§ 63] p 261

c. Fire Escapes [§ 64] p 261

4. Qualifications for, and Conduct of, Occupation or Business [§ 65] p 262

5. Registration of Births and Deaths [§ 66] p 264

6. Burial Permits and Transportation of Dead Bodies [§ 67] p 264

7. Miscellaneous Powers and Regulations [§ 68] p 265

E. Enforcement of Orders or Resolutions [§§ 69-83] p 266

1. In General [§ 69] p 266

2. Penalties [§§ 70-75] p 266

a. In General [§ 70] p 266

b. Nature and Form of Remedy [§ 71] p 266

c. Jurisdiction [§ 72] p 266

d. Defenses [§ 73] p 266

e. Pleading [§ 74] p 266

f. Evidence [§ 75] p 266

3. Criminal Prosecutions [§§ 76-81] p 267

a. In General [§ 76] p 267

b. Indictment and Information [§ 77] p 267

c. Evidence [§ 78] p 267

d. Trial [§ 79] p 267

e. Appeal [ 80] p 267

f. Judgment and Conviction [§ 81] p 267

4. Injunctions [§ 82] p 268

5. Abatement [§ 83] p 268

F. Remedies against Action of Sanitary Authorities [§§ 84-91] p 269

1. In General [§ 84] p 269

2. Appeal [85] p 269

3. Certiorari [§ 86] p 269

4. Habeas Corpus [§ 87] p 269

5. Injunction [§ 88] p 270

6. Action for Damages [§ 89-91] p 270

a. In General [§ 89] p 270

b. Liability of Individual Officers [§ 90] p 270

c. Liability of Incorporated Board of Health [§ 91] p 271

V. CONTRACTS [§§ 92-115] p 271

A. In General [§ 92] p 271

B. Manner or Method of Execution [§§ 93-94] p 271

1. In General [§ 93] p 271

2. Ratification of Contract of Member or Subordinate [§ 94] p 271

C. Medical Supplies and Services [§§ 95-97] p 272
1. In General [§ 95] p 272

2. Implied Contracts [§ 96] p 272

3. Financial Ability of Patient [§ 97] p 272

D. Support of Persons Quarantined [§ 98] p 273

E. Personal Claim against Person Quarantined [§ 99] p 273
F. Contracts with Health Officers [§ 100] p 273

G. Liability of Patient [§§ 101-102] p 273

1. In General [§ 101] p 273

2. Character and Extent [§ 102] p 273

H. Liability of Municipalities [§§ 103-107] p 273
1. In General [§ 103] p 273

2. Necessity of Prior Appropriation [§ 104] p 274
3. Approval of Contract and Bids [§ 105] p 274
4. Legal Residence of Patient [§§ 106-107] p 274
a. In General [§ 106] p 274

b. Character and Extent of Liability [§ 107] p 274
I. Liability of County [§§ 108-113] p 274

1. In General [§ 108] p 274

2. Constitutionality of Statutes [§ 109] p 275

3. Character and Extent of Liability [§§ 110-111] p 275
a. In General [§ 110] p 275

b. Financial Ability of Patient [§ 111] p 275

4. Audit and Allowance [§§ 112-113] p 276

a. In General [§ 112] p 276

b. Conclusiveness of Action of Board [§ 113] p 276

J. Liability of State [§ 114] p 276

K. Liability of Vessel or Carrier [§ 115] p 276

VI. ACTIONS [90 116-117] p 276

A. In General [§ 116] p 276

B. Capacity to Sue and Be Sued [§ 117] p 277

CROSS REFERENCES

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Drain for promotion of public health see Drains § 5.
Form and sufficiency of local legislation see Municipal
Corporations [28 Cyc 347].

Judicial notice of health facts see Evidence § 14.
Liability of:

County for care of diseased pauper see Paupers [30
Cyc 1127].

Master for injury to health of servant see Master
and Servant [26 Cyc 1076].

Municipality for tortious act of health officer see
Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 1269].
Pauper for expense of treatment for
disease see Paupers [30 Cyc 1138].

contagious

Municipal department of health see Municipal Corpo-
rations [28 Cyc 536].
Power of county:

To contract to pay for building destroyed for sani-
tary reasons see Counties § 241.

To levy tax for suppression of epidemic see Counties § 348.

Power of municipal corporation:

To establish pesthouse see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 704]. Under general grant of authority to legislate for public health see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 705, 709]. Presentation of claim against county see Counties § 361.

Protection of health of children see Infants [22 Cyc 525].

Regulation and control of:

Cemeteries §§ 2-4.

Druggists § 4.

Food §§ 2-24.

Physicians and Surgeons [30 Cyc 1539].

Restraining act of officer see Injunctions [22 Cyc 879].

School health regulations see Schools and School Dis-
tricts [35 Cyc 1116].

Vaccination of school children see Schools and School
Districts [35 Cyc 1117].

Various related topics:

Adulteration 2 C. J. p 1.
Cemeteries 11 C. J. p 49.

Food 26 C. J. p 748.

Intoxicating Liquors [23 Cyc 43].

Nuisances [29 Cyc 1143].

Poisons [31 Cyc 896].
Words including contagious
Slander [25 Cyc 326].

disease see Libel and

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the condition of the body. It means freedom from disease, sickness, or pain; that condition of a liv

v. Paterson, 45 N. J. L. 310, 46 AmR 772].

1. Health of insured see Accident | Co., 20 N. Y. 293. Insurance § 61 et seq; Health In[a] "It is said to be derived from surance post p 278; Life Insurance an Anglo-Saxon word, of which we [a] Similar definitions. (1) [25 Cyc 810]. yet retain a trace in the word 'hale, "Freedom from pain or sickness.' and which may be rendered 'whole' Bouvier L. D. [quot Hubbard v. Pator 'sound'" Hubbard V. Paterson. erson, 45 N. J. L. 310, 312, 46 AmR 45 N J L. 310, 312, 46 AmR 772 772]. (2) "Soundness of body." 4. Worcester D. [quot Hubbard | Worcester D. [quot Hubbard v. Pat

"Hygiene" defined see Hygiene. 2. Peacock v. New York L. Ins. Co., 20 N. Y. 293.

3. Peacock v. New York L. Ins.

[29 C. J.-16]

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5.

33

34

To

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erson, 45 N. J. L. 310, 312, 46 AmR | In re Werner, 129 Cal. 567, 62 P 97.1 Edison Co., 159 App. Div. 786, 144 772]. [a] The word "sanitary," in a NYS 707; Brooklyn v. Nassau ElecCentury D. [quot Reg. v. Cov-city charter providing for the con- tric R. Co., 44 App. Div. 462, 61 NYS entry, (N. W. Terr.) 3 CanCrCas 541, struction of sewers, embraces every- 33. 543]. thing pertaining to the health of the inhabitants. Eyerman v. Blaksley, 78 Mo. 145, 151.

6. Bouvier L. D. [quot Hubbard v. Paterson, 45 N. J. L. 310, 312, 46 AmR 772].

7.

Cedartown v. Brooks, 2 Ga. A.

583 59 SE 836.

8. Green v. Houston Electric Co., 40 Tex. Civ. A. 260, 89 SW 442. [a] "Healthy, able-bodied person."-Starksboro v. Hinesburgh, 15 Vt. 200, 208.

9. Bell v. Jeffreys, 35 N. C. 356, 357 [quot Harrell v. Norvill, 50 N. C. 29, 32]. See Marlborough v. Sisson, 26 Čonn. 57, 59.

10. Bell v. Jeffreys, 35 N. C. 356, 357 [quot Harrell v. Norvill, 50 N. C. 29, 321.

11. Nelson v. Biggers, 6 Ga. 205, 206 ("We do not say a person has a healthy mind, when we wish to convey the idea of a sound intellect, nor do we say a person has an unhealthy mind, when we wish to convey the idea of a weak intellect"). 12. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180].

13. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180]. 14. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180].

15. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N B. 161, 180].

16. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180]. 17. See infra § 4.

18. Sanitary district see § 10.

24. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180]; Webster D [quot Peo. v. Nelson, 133 Ill. 565, 579. 27 NE 217].

25. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180].

26. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180]. "Sanatory" defined see supra § 3. 27. Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161. 181.

28. Webster Int. D. See In re Werner, 129 Cal. 567, 62 P 97; Townsend v. Smith. 144 Ga. 792, 87 SE 1039; Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180.

29. Powers and duties of sanitary authorities see infra §§ 29-91.

30. U. S.-Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 18 SCt 383. 42 L. ed. 780. Ill-Judge v. Bergman, 258 I11. 246, 101 NE 574; Wilson v. Chicago Sanitary Dist., 133 Ill. 443, 27 NE 203.

N. J.-Weil v. Ricord, 24 N. J. Eq. 169. Oh.-Williams v. Scudder, 131 NE

481.

Pa-Dixon v. Sheffer, 46 Pa. Super.

452

Philippine.-Case v. Manila Bd. of Health, 24 Philippine 250, 281.

"It is as much for the interest of infra the State that the public health should be preserved as that life should be made secure." Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 395, 18 SCt 383. 42 L. ed. 780 [quot Case V. Manila Bd. of Health. supra]

19. In re Theresa Drain. Dist., 90 Wis. 301, 305, 63 NW 288 ("It is utterly devoid of any suggestion of numbers or of public or private relation. It imports neither. For such purpose it is strictly neutral and impartial. Without some qualifying word it is inoperative to designate the purpose as a public one or as in the interest of the rublic health").

20. Standard D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180].

21. New England D. [quot Re McClellan, 46 N. B. 161, 180].

[a] "Sanitary purposes."-In re Theresa Drain. Dist., 90 Wis. 301. 305 63 NW 288.

31. U. S. Benson v. Walker, 274 Fed. 622.

Ga.-1Backman Health Resort v. Atlanta, 151 Ga. 507. 107 SE 525.

Mass.-Com. v. Houtenbrink, 235 Mass. 320. 126 HE 669 Coin v. Moore, 214 Mass. 19, 100 NE 1071.

Mich-Peo. V Smith, 108 Mich. 527, 66 NW 382, 62 AmSR 715, 32 LPA 853

Miss.-Hawkins v. Hoye, 108 Miss. 282, 66 S 741; State v. J. J. Newman Lumber Co., 102 Miss. 802, 59 S 923, 45 LRANS 851, 103 Miss. 263, 60 S

22. Century D. [quot In re Ther-215, 45 LRANS 858. esa Drain. Dist., 90 Wis. 301, 305, 63 NW 288].

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Okl.-Kuchler v. Weaver, 23 Okl. 420. 100 P 915, 18 AnnCas 462. Philippine.-Case v. Manila Bd. of Health, 24 Philippine 250.

Tex.-Hanzal v. San Antonio, (Civ. A.) 221 SW 237; Waldschmit v. New Braunfels, (Civ. A.) 193 SW 1077; Hernandez V. State. (Civ. A.) 135 SW 170.

Vt.-State v. Morse, 84 Vt. 387, 80 A 189, 34 LRANS 190, AnnCas 1913B 218.

Wis.-State V. Laabs, 171 Wis. 557, 177 NW 916; Koeffler v. State, 157 Wis. 434, 147 NW 639; Benz v. Kremer, 142 Wis. 1, 125 NW 99. 26 LRANS 842.

See also Constitutional Law § 425. Validity of particular regulations see inf. §§ 37-68.

32. See Commerce § 66; Constitutional Law §§ 333, 412, 603. 857, 1070; Eminent Domain § 6.

33. See infra § 7; Constitutional Law § 417.

34. See infra § 8; Constitutional Law 88 417, 425.

35. See infra § 9; Constitutional Law §§ 418, 425; Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 709].

36. See infra 14; Constitutional Law § 419 et seq.

37. See infra § 15; Constitutional Law §§ 333, 363, 419.

38. See infra §§ 29-91. Delegation of power generally see Constitutional Law § 333.

74,

39. Peo. V. Weiner, 271 III. 110 NE 870, LRA1916C 775, AnnCas 1917C 1065; Portland v. Traynor, 94 Or 418, 183 P 933, 186 P 54, 6 ALR 1410; Kirk v. Aiken Bd. of Health. 83 S. C. 372, 65 SE 387, 23 LRANS 1188; Bonnett v. Vallier, 136 Wis. 193, 116 NW 885, 128 AmSR 1061, 17 LRANS 486.

40. Peo. V. Weiner, 271 Ill. 74, 110 NE 870, LRA1916C 775, AnnCas 1917C 1065; Portland v. Traynor, 94 Or. 418, 183 P 933. 186 P 54, 6 ALR 1410; Kirk v. Aiken Bd. of Health. 83 S. C. 372, 65 SE 387, 23 LRANS 1188; Bonnett v. Vallier, 136 Wis. 193, 116 NW 885, 128 AmSR 1061. 17 LRANS 486.

N. J.-Weil v. Ricord, 24 N. J. Eq. 169. 23. Webster D. [quot Peo. v. Nel- N. Y.-Peo. v. C. Klinck Packing son, 133 Ill. 565, 579, 27 NE 217; Co., 214 N. Y. 121, 108 NE 278, Ann In re Theresa Drain. Dist., 90 Cas1916D 1051 [aff 164 App. Div. Wis. 301, 305, 63 NW 288]. See also97, 149 NYS 504]; Peo. v. New York [a] Illustration.-A statute pro

to the public health does not render an enactment on
the subject valid; but the act must have a more
direct relation as a means to an end, and the end
itself must be appropriate and legitimate.*2 The
criterion is whether the public health in general will
be promoted and not whether it is required to
promote the public health in isolated cases.
44 When
the object of the enactment is to promote the public
health, there is no constitutional invasion, even if
the enforcement of the law interferes to some extent
with liberty or property;5 thus it may be required

of owners of private property that they incur expenses in improving such property so as to remedy unsanitary conditions.46

Inspection of property. The state has power to provide for inspection of premises in the interest of the public health.1

Construction of statutes. Statutes enacted for the purpose of preserving the public health should be liberally construed to carry out such purpose.** Every intendment is to be allowed in favor of their validity.9

III. CREATION AND ORGANIZATION

[7] A. By Federal Government. Legislation by congress establishing, or providing for the establishment of, quarantine and sanitary regulations are valid so far, but only so far, as they relate to foreign and interstate commerce.50 And congress has enacted legislation creating health authorities to enforce such regulations.51 [8] B. By State or Local Government 52-1. In General. The legislature may provide for the establishment of boards of health or the appointment of health officers,53 and this both for the state at large and for local subdivisions of the state." The establishment of a state board of health and conferring jurisdiction thereon in matters relating

hibiting the use of secondhand material in mattresses, quilts, or bed comforters manufactured for sale. Peo. v. Weiner, 271 Ill. 74, 110 NE 870, LRA1916C 775, AnnCas1917C 1065.

41. Wyeth v. Cambridge Bd. of Health, 200 Mass. 474, 86 NE 925, 128 AmSR 439, 23 LRANS 147; In re Jacobs, 98 N. Y. 98, 50 AmR 636; Bonnett v. Vallier, 136 Wis. 193, 116 NW 885, 128 AmSR 1061, 17 LRANS 486

42. Wyeth v. Cambridge Bd. of Health, 200 Mass. 474, 86 NE 925, 128 AmSR 439, 23 LRANS 147; In re Jacobs, 98 N. Y. 98, 110, 50 AmR 636; Bonnett v. Vallier, 136 Wis. 193, 116 NW 885, 128 AmSR 1061. 17 LRANS 486.

"Generally it is for the legislature to determine what laws and regulations are needed to protect the public health and secure the public comfort and safety, and while its measures are calculated, intended, convenient and appropriate to accomplish these ends, the exercise of its discretion is not subject to review by the courts. But they must have some relation to these ends. Under the mere guise of police regulations, personal rights and private property cannot be arbitrarily invaded, and the determination of the legislature is not final or conclusive. If it passes an act ostensibly for the public health, and thereby destroys

or

a

of takes away the property citizen, or interferes with his personal liberty, then it is for the courts to scrutinize the act and see whether it really relates to and is convenient and appropriate to promote the public health. It matters not that the legislature may in the title to the act, or in its body, declare that it is intended for the improvement of the public health. Such a declaration does not conclude the courts, and they must yet determine the fact declared and enforce the supreme law." In re Jacobs, supra.

43. New York Health Dept. V. Rector Trinity Church, 145 N. Y. 32, 39 NE 833, 45 AmSR 579, 27 LRA 710; Benz v. Kremer, 142 Wis. 1. 125 NW 99, 26 LRANS 842.

44. Benz v. Kremer, 142 Wis. 1. 125 NW 99, 26 LRANS 842.

45. U. S.-Hannibal, etc., R. Co. v. Husen, 95 U. S. 465, 24 L. ed. 527. Me.-State v. Robb, 100 Me. 180, 60 A 874, 4 AnnCas 275.

N. J.-Atlantic City v. France, 75 N. J. L. 910, 70 A 163, 18 LRANS 156.

55

OF SANITARY AUTHORITIES

to the public health will not have the effect of depriving local boards of jurisdiction previously vested in them in the absence of legislative enactment clearly to that effect.58 And it has been held that a constitutional provision conferring supervision of matters of public health upon the state board, subject to legislative control, has no application where it is shown that the board declines to interfere with a municipal ordinance.57 The legislature may constitute the medical association of the state the board of health of the state 58 and the county medical association in affiliation with such association as boards of health for their respective counties," although the members and officers of such

N. Y.-Viemeister v. White, 179 | infra § 43. N. Y. 235, 72 NE 97, 103 AmSR 859, 52. Validity of delegation of power 70 LRA 796, 1 AnnCas 334; New by legislature see Constitutional Law York Health Dept. v. Rector Trinity 88 333, 363. Church, 145 N. Y. 32, 39 NE 833, 45 AmSR 579, 27 LRA 710; Peo. v. Raport, 193 App. Div. 135, 183 NYS 589.

S. C.-Kirk v. Aiken Bd. of Health, 83 S. C. 372, 65 SE 387, 23 LRANS 1188.

Tenn.-Kirk v. State, 126 Tenn.
7, 150 SW 83, AnnCas1913D 1239.
Tex.-Hanzal V. San Antonio,
(Civ. A.) 221 SW 237.

Vt.-Thorpe v. Rutland, etc., R.
Co.. 27 Vt. 140, 62 AmD 625.
Wis.-State v. Laabs, 171 Wis. 557,
177 NW 916.

Wyo.-Arbuckle V. Pflaeging, 20
Wyo. 351, 123 P 918.

"Persons and property are sub-
jected to all kinds of restraints and
burdens, in order to secure the gen-
eral comfort, health, and prosperity
of the state." Thorpe v. Rutland,
etc., R. Co., 27 Vt. 140, 150, 62 AmD
625 [quot Hannibal, etc., R. Co. v.
Husen, 95 U. S. 465, 471, 24 L. ed.
527; Hanzal v. San Antonio, (Tex.
Civ. A.) 221 SW 237, 239].
Due process of law see
tutional Law § 1070.

Consti

House

46. New York Tenement
Dept. v. Moeschen, 179 N. Y. 325,
72 NE 231, 103 AmSR 910, 70 LRA
704, 1 AnnCas 439; New York Health
Dept, v. Rector Trinity Church, 145
N. Y. 32, 39 NE 833, 45 AmSR 579,
27 LRA 710; Case v. Manila Bd. of
Health, 24 Philippine 250; State v.
Laabs, 171 Wis. 557, 177 NW 916,
917. See also Constitutional Law
§ 1036; Eminent Domain § 6.
"In the interest of the public gen-
erally, all private rights must yield
the public right, and the
may, as it has provided by the stat-
ute involved here, subject the priv-
ate interest in property to the bur-
dens of paying the expense to keep
such property free from conditions
menacing the public health." State
Laabs, supra.

to

V

state

Abatement of nuisances see infra

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53. See cases infra notes 54, 55. 54. Conn. Keefe V. Union, 76 Conn. 160, 56 A 571. Justices,

136

Mass.-Opinion of
Mass. 578; Sawyer v. State Bd. of
Health, 125 Mass. 182.

Nebr.-Munk v. Frink, 75 Nebr. 172. 106 NW 425.

N. J.-State v. Hudson County Bd. of Health, etc., 85 N. J. L. 13, 89 A

250.

Pa.-Com. v. Sutherland, 3 Serg. & R. 145.

Wash.-State v. King County Super. Ct., 103 Wash. 409, 174 P 973.

55. Conn. Keefe V. Union, 76 Conn. 160, 56 A 571.

Ind.-Wallor v. Wood, 101 Ind. 138. Mass.-Atty.-Gen. v. McCabe, 172 Mass. 417, 52 NE 717; Com. v. Swasey, 133 Mass. 538.

Mich.-Rock v. Carney, 185 NW 798. Minn.-State V. Zimmerman, 86 Minn. 353, 90 NW 783, 91 AmSR 351, 58 LRA 78.

N. J.-Istvan v. Naar, 84 N. J. L. 113, 85 A 1012.

N. Y.-Crayton v. Larabee, 220 N. Y. 493, 116 NE 355, LRA1918E 432; Peo. v. Daley, 37 Hun 461; Peo. v. Roff, 3 Park. Cr. 216.

Wash.-State v. Seavey, 7 Wash. 562, 35 P 389.

[a] "The republic of Venice... established the first board of health. It consisted of three nobles, and was called the council of health. It was ordered to investigate the best means of preserving health, and of preventing the introduction of disease from Its efforts not having been abroad. entirely successful, its powers were enlarged in 1504, so as to grant it 'the power of life and death over those who violated the regulations health.' No appeal was allowed from 91 the sentence of this tribunal." North Am. Rev. p 442 [quot Rock v. Carney, (Mich.) 185 NW 798, 799].

for

[b] Increasing membership.-Under statute village trustees may increase membership of board in any manner showing intention to do so. Towne v. Porter, 128 App. Div. 717, 113 NYS 758.

56. Stone v. Heath, 179 Mass. 385, 60 NE 975. 57. Logan v. Childs, 51 Fla. 233, 41 S 197. 58. Parke v. Bradley, 204 Ala. 455, 86 S 28.

59. Parke v. Bradley, supra.

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