§§ 409-410] HIGHWAYS In power delegated.48 Or. Cole v. Seaside, 80 Or. 73, 156 Pa.-Easttown Tp. v. Merion, etc., Gas, etc., Co., 18 Pa. Dist. 400, 35 Pa. Co. 497. Tenn. Sumner County v. Interurban Transp. Co., 141 Tenn. 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. are not dangerous when properly managed, and which do not interfere with the proper use of the highway in other modes, such new use will not be deemed unlawful in itself. The right to use the highway is not confined to citizens, but extends to It exists in each instrangers and foreigners.55 Lawson V. Ind.-Ft. Wayne Cooperage Co. v. | possession itself not being sufficient. Shreveport Waterworks Page, (A.) 82 NE 83. V. Bryant Asphaltic Co., 111 La. 73, 35 S 390. Iowa.-Law 53. U. S.-Mackall Pav. Co., 175 Iowa 747, 157 NW 175, 82 Fed. 41. 7 ALR 1189. La.-Barbin v. Police Jury, 15 La. Mass.-Parks 218. 19 AmD 322. V. Nichols, 188 34 v. Ratchford, Chicago, 239 III. Ill. Molway v. 486, 88 NE 485, 23 LRANS 543, 16 AnnCas 424 [aff 144 Ill. A. 509]. Ind.-Ft. Wayne Cooperage Co. v. V. Whitson, Miss.-Brahan v. Meridian Light, Page, (A.) 82 NE 83. Iowa.-Roennau Miss. 269, 83 S 467, Iowa 138, 175 NW 849. etc., Co., 121 Mich.-Macomber 469 [quot Cyc]; Covington County v. Mich. 212, 22 AmR 522. Collins, 92 Miss. 330, 45 S 854, 131 Miss. Brahan v. Meridian Light, AmSR 527, 14 LRA 1087. etc., Co., 121 Miss. 269, 83 S 467, 469 [quot Cycl; Covington County v. Col131 92 Miss. 330, 45 S 854, lins, N. H.-Graves v. Shattuck, 35 N. AmSR 527, 14 LRA 1087. V. Essex County N. J.-Barnes H. 257, 69 AmD 536. Park Commn., 85 N. J. L. 70, 88 A 837 [aff 86 N. J. L. 141, 91 A 1019, AnnCas1916E 968]. N. Y.-Galen v. Clyde, etc., Plank Oh. Ferris v. Bramble, 5 Oh. St. 109. S. D.-Kelly v. James, 37 S. D. 272. 157 NW 990. "The highways are the property of the state. Primarily, all legislation respecting their use must come from the state. Only where the state has N. J.-Opdycke v. Public Service delegated its authority in the premises may legislation originate else- R. Co., 78 N. J. L. 576, 76 A 1032, 29 where. Cities, boroughs and town-LRANS 71. ships of the first class may enact ordinances regulating the use by gas and electric companies of the highways within their limits, because the legislature has expressly communicated this power to them; townships of the second class may not do so, because, as to their highways. the state has delegated no such authority, but has retained control, and has granted their use to gas and electric of consent companies, without the the supervisors and without condition. The supervisors are charged with the power and duty to see that the highways are kept clear of oband convenient stacles to easy travel, and by direct supervision they must see that poles are placed and trenches so opened and filled that public travel will not suffer, but this is the extent of their In Pennauthority in the premises. sylvania R. Co. V. Montgomery County Pass. R. Co., 167 Pa. 62, 31 A 468, 46 AmSR 659, 27 LRA 766, the court says: "Townships do not posand under sess municipal powers, existing laws their control over the And in Milpublic roads is limited.' lerstown Borough v. Bell, 123 Pa. 151, 16 A 612, it is decided that even boroughs have power to control by legislation only those matters as to which the legislature has delegated Easttown Tp. v. its authority." Merion, etc., Gas, etc., Co., supra. [a] A county which has only an easement in the highway can neither erect nor maintain a tramway nor another the privilege or grant to right of erecting or maintaining it. Charles v. Phillips, 179 Ky. 838, 201 SW 313. use SO Tenn.-Sumner County v. Interur- W. Va.-Ex p. Dickey, 76 W. Va. N. Y.-Peo. v. Rosenheimer, 209 N. Y. 115, 102 NE 530, 46 LRANS 977, 875, 130 NYS 544]; Adolph v. CenAnnCas1915A 161 [rev 146 App. Div. tral Park, etc., R. Co., 76 N. Y. 530 New York, etc., Brewing Co., 13 App. 167, 43 NYS 259. [aff 43 N. Y. Super. 199]; Burley v. Div. N. C.-State v. Holloman, 139 N. C. 642, 52 SE 408. Oh.-Hamilton, etc., Electric Transit Co. v. Hamilton, 4 OhS&CP 10, 1 OhNP 366. Pa-Lacy v. Winn, 4 Pa. Dist. 409. R. I.-Bennett v. Lovell, 12 R. I. 166, 34 AmR 628. Tenn.-Sumner County v. Interurban Transp. Co., 141 Tenn. 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. Tex.-Patton-Worsham Drug Co. v. [a] Contest for position.-Where "Barring only the reservation that Mich. Daniels v. Clegg, 28 Mich. Miss.-Brahan v. Meridian Light, etc., Co., 121 Miss. 269, 83 S 467, 469 [quot Cyc]. 307. N. H.-Brooks v. Hart, 14 N. H. 64 roads). has court [b] The county power, without legislative authority, to exclude any member of the public of a public from reasonable road. Sumner County v. Interurban Transp. Co., 141 Tenn. 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. [c] The township has no such inor liability terest in, over, power for, the public highways through it as cities and towns over their streets and alleys, as the law imposes no Use of sidewalk by bicyclists and duty and no liability on a township as a corporate body with reference others on city streets see Municipal Gurnsey v. Northern Cal. 52. to such highways, except that it is Corporations [28 Cyc 911]. damages assessed required to pay V. California Power Co., 7 Cal. A. 534, Posey Tp. in specified cases. V. Leavenworth, 15 Senour, 42 Ind. A. 580, 86 NE 440.94 P 858. Tel. Todd Co. V. 48. Christian V. Meridian Light, Com., 156 Ky. 557, 161 SW 543; State v. Little River Drain. Dist., 269 Mo. etc., Co., 121 Miss. 269, 83 S 467, 469 444. 190 SW 897. [quot Cyc]. 49. Cross references: By motor vehicles Kan.-Smith Miss.-Brahan 54. Macomber v. Nichols, 34 Mich. 212, 22 AmR 522; Patton-Worsham Drug Co. v. Drennon, 104 Tex. 62, 133 SW 871 [rev (Civ. A.) 123 SW 705]. of "Persons making use of horses as the means of travel or traffic by the highways have no rights therein superior to those who make use of the locomotion upon the public roads has ways in other modes. It is true that hitherto been chiefly by means horses and similar animals, but persons using them have no prescriptive rights, and are entitled only to the same reasonable use of the ways which they must accord to all others. any shall Improved methods of locomotion are perfectly admissible, if be discovered, and they cannot be excluded from the existing public roads, provided their use is consistMaent with the present methods." comber v. Nichols, 34 Mich. 212, 216, In Louisiana the right of pas-22 AmR 522 (per Cooley, C. J.). Use by motor vehicles see Motor Cyc 25]. sage over a highway is, under Civ. Code art 727, a discontinuous servi-Vehicles [28 be 55. Barbin v. Police Jury, 15 La. tude, which, under art 766, established only by title, immemorial | Ann. 544; Hyde v. Minnesota, etc., R. N. Y.-Shea v. Sixth Ave. R. Co., 62 N. Y. 180, 20 AmR 480 [aff 5 Daly 221]. see Motor Vehicles [28 Cyc 25 et seq]. On city streets see Municipal CorN. C.-State v. Buckner, 61 N. C. porations [28 Cyc 907]. [a] Rights of public in highway gen-558, 98 AmD 83. erally see supra §§ 261, 262. dividual of the public equally with the others,56 and pedestrians have the same right as vehicles.57 Travelers are not liable for injuries to the highway resulting from its ordinary use,58 but an unreasonable use is a trespass." 59 A person may use the highway for the purpose of leading or driving cattle,60 and if the cattle stray upon adjoining unfenced land the landowner has no right of action for injury if reasonable care has been used by those in charge of the cattle.61 So the highway may be used for moving houses or hauling logs,63 or even for sports and diversions, although as to the last there is authority to the contrary.65 But these 62 64 Stopping and standing.73 Travelers may within reason stop temporarily on the highway, but not unreasonably, or to such an extent as to interfere with other travelers or to prevent the free use 130 NW 972, 33 LRANS 403. Ann Cas1912C 495. Co., 29 S. D. 220, 136 NW 92, 40 | Steel House Co., 17 App. Div. 462, 45 LRANS 48. And see Municipal Cor- NYS 277; Telegraph Co. v. Wilt, 1 porations [28 Cyc 9071. Phila. (Pa.) 270; Rice v. Whitby, 25 Ont. A. 191 [rev 28 Ont. 598]. Moving buildings on city streets see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 909]. 56. Ill. Chicago Union Tract. Co. v. Stanford, 104 Ill. A. 99. Ind. Haynes Auto. Co. V. Sinnett, 46 Ind. A. 110, 91 NE 171. Iowa.-Roennau V. Whitson, 188 Iowa 138, 175 NW 849. Mass.-Parks v. 218, 19 AmD 322. Macomber - Boston, 8 Pick. Mich. v. Nichols, 34 Mich. 212. 22 AmR 522. N. Y.-Peo. V. Rosenheimer, 209 N. Y. 115, 102 NE 530, 46 LRANS 977, AnnCas1915A 161 [rev 146 App. Div. 875, 130 NYS 544]; Adolph v. Central Park, etc., R. Co., 76 N. Y. 530 [aff 43 N. Y. Super. 199], 65 N. Y. 554 [rev 33 N. Y. Super. 186]. Pa.-Spangler v. Markley, 39 Pa. Super. 351. Tenn.-Sumner County v. Interurban Transp. Co., 141 Tenn. 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. [a] "So far as the highway is concerned the law recognizes no favorites in its use." Roennau V. Whitson, 188 Iowa 138, 175 NW 849. 57. Cal.-Raymond V. Hill, 168 Cal. 473. 143 P 743. Del. Cecchi v. Lindsay, 24 Del. 185, 75 A 376; Simeone v. Lindsay, 22 Del. 224, 65 A 778. Ill-Wortman V. Trott, 202 Ill. A. 528. 63. Kennamer v. State, 150 Ala. 74, 43 S 482; Com. v. Conly, 10 KyL 875; Brahan v. Meridian Light, etc., Co., 121 Miss. 269, 83 S 467, 469 [quot Cyc]. of 64. Roennau v. Whitson, 188 Iowa 138, 175 NW 849; Lydston v. Rockingham County Light, etc., Co., 75 N. H. 23, 70 A 385 (as to incidental diversions of travelers of mature years, the rule is that the point at which such diversions pass the bounds of legitimate recreation as a proper use of a highway is to be found by solving the question reasonable use as a question of fact). [a] A coaster on a double runner at night has equal rights with a horse-drawn vehicle. Roennau v. Whitson. 188 Iowa 138. 175 NW 849. 65. Vosburgh v. Moak, 1 Cush. (Mass.) 453. 48 Am D 613 (ball game); Brahan V. Meridian Light, etc., Co., 121 Miss. 269, 83 S 467, 469 [quot Cyc]; Ricketts V. Markdale, 31 Ont. 180. 66. Jones v. Brim, 165 U. S. 180, 17 SCt 282. 41 L. ed. 677 [aff 11 Utah 200, 39 P 825, 25 LRA 97]; Polglaise v. Com., 114 Va. 850, 76 SE 897; Wil155,liams v. Main Island Creek Coal Co., 83 W. Va. 464, 98 SE 511. Mass. Crimmins V. Armstrong Transfer Express Co., 217 Mass. 104 NE 457. Mo.-Carradine v. Ford, 195 Mo. A. 684, 187 SW 285. Pa.-Warruna v. Dick, 261 Pa. 602, 104 A 749. Porto Rico.-Peo. v. Blandford, 23 Porto Rico 580. 58. Winston v. Clark County, 178 Ky. 447. 199 SW 51. 59. Hickman v. Maisey, [1900] 1 Q. B. 752. [a] Regulation held reasonable.— (1) The driving of cattle may be limited to certain hours. Cooper v. Schultz, 32 HowPr (N. Y.) 107. (2) Persons driving animals over highways may be made liable for special damages caused. Jones v. Brim, 165 U. S. 180, 17 SCt 282, 41 L. ed. 677 [aff 11 Utah 200, 39 P 825, 29 LRA 97]. (3) The state is sovereign as to the regulation of its dirt roads, and So the legislative requirement that persons engaged in the lumber business shall make a report of the lumber hauled on the county roads in Macon county is valid. Macon La. Stevens v. Mrs. E. D. Bur-County Road Trustees v. Brown, (N. guieres Planting Co., 120 La. 767, 45 S 601. 60. U. S.-Jones v. Brim, 165 U. S. 180, 17 SCt 282, 41 L. ed. 677 [aff 11 Utah 200, 39 P 825, 29 LRA 97]. Ill. Fitzsimmons V. Snyder, 181 Ill. A. 70; Myers v. Lape, 101 Ill. A. 182. Me. Smith v. French, 83 Me. 108, 21 A 739, 23 AmSR 761. Mich. Shipley v. Colclough, 81 Mich. 624, 45 NW 1106, 21 AmSR 546. Miss. Brahan v. Meridian Light, etc., Co., 121 Miss. 269, 83 S 467, 469 [quot Cyc]. N. J.-Chambers v. Matthews, 18 N. J. L. 368. N. Y.-Smith v. Matteson, 41 Hun 216. And see infra note 61. Injuries by animals on highway generally see Animals §§ 322, 323, 329. [a] Regulation held reasonable.A statute declaring that no person shall operate a vehicle in the builtup portions of the city. town, or village at a greater rate than a mile in six minutes, or elsewhere in a city, town, or village at a greater rate than a mile in four minutes, or outside of a city, town, or village at a greater rate than twenty miles an hour, is reasonable. Schultz v. State, 89 Nebr. 34, 130 NW 972, 33 LRANS 403, AnnCas1912C 495. Bicycles see infra § 412. Vehicles on city streets see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 910]. 71. Hale v. Resnikoff, (Conn.) 111 A 907; Gargan v. Harris, 90 Conn. 188, 96 A 940. 72. Bigelow v. Reed, 51 Me. 325; Kidder v. Dunstable, 11 Gray (Mass.) 342; Brahan v. Meridian Light, etc., Co., 121 Miss. 269, 83 S 467, 469 [quot Cyc]. [a] Although a display of fireworks on a highway is unauthorized, a voluntary spectator present thereat cannot recover for injuries from the fireworks not caused by negligence. Scanlon v. Wedger, 156 Mass. 462. 31 NE 642, 16 LRA 395. [b] A child playing in a street is not a trespasser, so far as concerns his right not to be run over by a traveler, so as to make the traveler liable only for willful injury; but he is bound to use due care. O'Brien V. Hudner, 182 Mass. 381, 65 NE 788. [c] Unregistered vehicle. 1 Although the statute makes unlawful the operation of an unregistered vehicle on the public highways, it does not deprive the owner of a right to damages for an injury to an unlicensed vehicle by the negligence of another. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Weir, 63 Fla. 69, 58 S 641, 41 LRANS 307, Ann Cas1914A 126. [d] Driving sleigh without bells. Kidder V. Dunstable, 11 Gray (Mass.) 342. Effect of violation by defendant of ordinance as to city streets see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 914. 915]. 73. Leaving motor vehicle unattended see Motor Vehicles [28 Cyc 30]. On city streets see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 910]. 74. Ind. Birdsell Mfg. Co. v. Loughman, 26 Ind. A. 359, 59 NE 872. Iowa.-Duffy v. Dubuque. 63 Iowa 171, 18 NW 900, 50 AmR 743. La. Mahan v. Everett, 50 La. Ann. 1162, 23 S 883. Md-Murray v. McShane, 52 Md. 217. 36 AmR 367. [a] Certainty and definiteness of regulation.-An order of the commissioners' court fixing a license tax for hauling logs, lumber, or other timber Mass.-Smethurst v. Barton Square over the public roads, which gradu- Independent Cong. Church, 148 Mass. ated the tax according to the char-1261, 19 NE 387. 12 AmSR 550, 2 LRA acter of the vehicle and limited the 695; Britton V. Cummington. 107 duration of the license to one month, was sufficiently definite and certain. Kennamer v. State, 150 Ala. 74, 43 S 482. §§ 410-413] of the road.75 HIGHWAYS [§ 411] 2. Traction Engines and Other Heavy 76 Traction engines or other Vehicles or Equipment." may be heavy equipment," such as steam rollers,78 79 such used on highways under proper regulations," as the requirement of a license,80 or that the person using such equipment shall repair damages to the highway,81 or that the engine be accompanied by a The latter regulation is flagman to warn travel.82 applicable even where horses are going in the same direction as the engine,sa but not where horses are nor to machines not in motion.85 standing, 84 The use must be reasonable,86 and not to the inconvenience of other means of travel or to the damage of 54 App. Div. 621, 66 NYS 419 (to water horses). Oh.-Clark v. Fry, 8 Oh. St. 358, 72 AmD 590./ Pa.-Lacy v. Winn, 4 Pa. Dist. 409, 3 Pa. Dist. 811 (bicycle left temporarily beside street). Eng. Goodman v. Taylor, 5 C. & P. 410, 24 ECL 630; Rex v. Russell, 6 East 427, 102 Reprint 1350. Turner V. 75. V. | 346, 65 NW 306. What constitutes a reasonable use is the road.87 [§ 413] C. Law of Road 94-1. To What Roads Applicable. The law of the road, or general custom regulating the mode of travel on public highways in order to avoid collisions,95 and recognized in 96 extends to all public some jurisdictions by statute, 84. Cudd v. Larson, 117 Wis. 103, 93 NW 810. 85. Keeley v. Shanley, 140 Pa. 213, 21 A 305. 86. Miller v. Addison, 96 Md. 731, 54 A 967; Macomber v. Nichols, 34 Mich. 212, 22 AmR 522; Com. v. Allen, 148 Pa. 358, 23 A 1115, 33 AmSR 830, 16 LRA 148; Com. v. Dennison, 141 Tenn. Holtzman, 54 Md. 48 Pa. Super. 293; Sumner County v. Interurban Transp. Co., 148, 39 AmR 361; Lippincott Lasher, 44 N. J. Eq. 120, 14 A 103; 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. [a] If the use is reasonable a use nor Rex v. Jones, 3 Campb. 230; Rex v. Cross, 3 Campb. 224; Martin v. Lon-county cannot enjoin such V. Interurban Sumner County don County Council, 80 L. T. Rep. N. recover damages resulting therefrom. S. 866. Transp. Co., 141 Tenn. 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. [a] Stopping to unload is not permissible if it prevents the use of the highway to the extent allowed by law. Atty.-Gen. v. Brighton, etc., Co-op. Supply Assoc., [1900] 1 Ch. infra [b] What L. J. Q. B. 618. Frightening horses see infra § 425. 88. Macomber v. Nichols, 34 Mich. 89. 212, 22 AmR 522. On city streets see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 908]. Use on city sidewalk see Munici90. Ill. North Chicago St. R. Co. pal Corporations [28 Cyc 911]. v. Cossar, 203 Ill. 608, 68 NE 88. Ind.-Holland v. Bartch, 120 Ind. 58 46, 22 NE 83, 16 AmSR 307. V. Dodge, Minn.-Thompson Minn. 555, 60 NW 545, 49 AmSR 533, 28 LRA 608. R. I.-State v. Collins, 16 R. I. 371, 17 A 131, 3 LRA 394. Eng. Hatton v. Treeby, [1897] 2 Application of law of the road see infra § 414. Pa.-Densmore v. Erie City, 7 Pa. 276. 911]. 77. Macomber v. Nichols, 34 Mich. 212, 22 AmR 522; Com. v. Doughty, 55 Pa. Super. 88; Sumner County v. Tenn. Interurban Transp. Co., 141 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. Unreasonable use see infra notes 86-88. 78. Kelley v. New York State R. Co., 207 N. Y. 342, 100 NE 1115. Unreasonable use see infra note 86 [b] (2). 79. Iowa.-State v. Kowolski, 96 N. Y.-Kelley v. New York State Tenn.-Sumner County v. Interurban Transp. Co., 141 Tenn. 493, 213 SW 412, 5 ALR 765. [a] Illustration.-A steam roller used in repairing a highway is within the statute as fully as if it were on a journey from one end of the township to the other; and the township's officers and servants in control of the machine are bound to the performance of the duties prescribed Dixon v. Snyder Tp., by the statute. 49 Pa. Super. 148. [b] Regulations Forbidding operating cleats or spikes on wheels. Doughty, 55 Pa. Super. 88. 80. In re Highways, 22 Pa. Dist. 1019. 81. held proper.- Winston v. Clark County, 178 Ky. 447, 199 SW 51. of steam [a] Transportation shovel. Winston v. Clark County, 178 Ky. 447, 199 SW 51. 96 Iowa 82. State Kowolski, V. 346, 65 NW 306; Buchanan v. Cranford Co., 112 App. Div. 278, 98 NYS 378. Iowa v. Kowolski, 96 83. State 87. Ky.-Winston v. Clark County, 77 Care required see infra § 421. Perkins, 91. Md.--Twilley v. Md. 252, 26 A 286, 39 AmSR 408, 19 LRA 632. Mass.-Richardson v. Danvers, 176 Mass. 413, 57 NE 688, 79 AmSR 320, 78 V. Bradford, State Minn. 50 LRA 127. 387, LRA 81 NW 202, 47 144. Minn. N. C.-State v. Yopp, 97 N. C. 477, 2 SE 458, 2 AmSR 305. Pa.-Radnor Tp. v. Bell, 27 Pa. Super. 1; Densmore v. Erie City, 7 Pa. Dist. 355, 20 Pa. Co. 513. [a] But a bicycle is not a car34 riage within the meaning of a statRichardCol-ute relating to carriages. son v. Danvers, 176 Mass. 413, 57 NE 131 688, 79 AmSR 320, 50 LRA 127. Perkins, 77 Md. 92. Twilley v. 252, 26 A 286, 39 AmSR 408, 19 LRA v. Bell, 27 632. Radnor Tp. Super. 1. 94. Application to motor vehicles 95. See infra this note and infra sec Motor Vehicles [28 Cyc 28]. "In order to prevent collisions and the greatest degree of $$ 414-420. upon roads and streets, it is necessafety and freedom from interruption A sary that certain rules should be observed by all who use such ways. custom or system of rules regulating which may properly be called 'the travel upon highways has grown up, [a] Rule applied.-To run a trac-law of the road,' although this extion engine, drawing unusually large pression is usually applied to but one loads, back and forth several times of the several rules on the subject." 96. a day over an ordinary country high- Elliott on Roads and Streets § 1078. See statutory provisions; and: way, to the inconvenience and danIowa.-Riepe v. Elting, 89 Iowa 82, ger of all other travelers and the the of road and bridges, 56 NW 285, 48 AmSR 356, 26 LRA damage which were constructed for ordinary 769. Ky.-Johnson v. Small, 5 B. Mon. and probable use, constitutes a pubCom. v. Allen, 148 Pa. 25. Me.-Kennard v. Burton, 25 Me. lic nuisance. 358, 23 A 1115, 33 AmSR 830. 16 LRA 39, 43 AmD 249. 148. highways however created," and may also be applicable to roads not public highways, if used for travel.98 But it has been held that the law does not apply to a speedway in a park, elliptical in shape, used for exercising and racing horses." 99 [§ 414] 2. To What Modes of Travel Applicable. The law of the road applies to all vehicles,1 including bicycles, and motor vehicles. It has also been held applicable to a lawn mower pushed along the highway.* The rule does not apply to the case of a building which is being moved along the road,5 nor to a meeting of teams left unattended. Unless the statute so provides, the rule is not applicable to a horseman meeting another horseman or vehicle, although the contrary has been held in England. The rule is not strictly applicable as between 8 N. J.-Hageman v. Van Doren, 6 N. J. L. J. 310. N. Y.-Savage v. Gerstner, 36 App. Div. 220, 55 NYS 306; Wright v. Fleischman, 41 Misc. 533, 85 NYS 62 [mod 99 App. Div. 547, 91 NYS 116]. And see cases infra §§ 414-420. 97. City streets see Municipal Corporations [28 Cyc 913]. 98. Danforth v. Durell, 8 Allen (Mass.) 242; Jaquith v. Richardson, 8 Metc. (Mass.) 213; Com. v. Gammons, 23 Pick. (Mass.) 201. [a] The rule extends to all places appropriated either de jure or de facto, to the purpose of passing with carriages, etc., whether they are so appropriated by public authority or by the general license of the owners thereof, express or implied; and such owners themselves, while using their land as a road, must conform to this law. Com. v. Gammons, 23 Pick. (Mass.) 201. 99. Eckert v. Levinson, 91 Conn. 338, 99 A 699. 1. 2. See infra § 415 et seq. Ala. -Morrison v. Clark, 196 Ala. 670, 72 S 305. Ill- -Fahrney v. O'Donnell, 107 Ill. A. 608. Ind.-F. W. Cook Brewing Co. v. Ball, 22 Ind. A. 656, 52 NE 1002. Iowa. -Cook v. Fogarty, 103 Iowa 500, 72 NW 677, 39 LRA 488. N. Y.-Clarke v. Woop, 159 App. Div. 437. 144 NYS 595; Quinn v. Pietro, 38 App. Div. 484, 56 NYS 419. Okl.-Tulsa Ice Co. v. Wilkes, 54 Okl. 519, 153 P 1169. Pa-Foote V. American Product Co., 195 Pa. 190, 45 A 934, 78 AmSR 806, 49 LRA 764; Hall v. Herr, 16 Pa. Dist. 667; Com. v. Dooley, 6 Pa. Dist. 381, 19 Pa. Co. 367; Taylor v. Union Tract. Co., 20 Pa. Co. 238. R. I.-Pick v. Thurston, 25 R. I. 36, 54 A 600; State v. Collins, 16 R. I. 371, 17 A 131, 3 LRA 394. 3. See Motor Vehicles [28 Cyc 28]. 4. Fahrney v. O'Donnell, 107 Ill. A. 608. 5. Graves v. Shattuck, 35 N. H. 257, 69 AD 536. 6. Broult v. Hanson, 158 Mass. 17, 32 NE 900." 7. Hubbard v. Bartholomew. 163 Iowa 58, 144 NW 13, 49 LRANS 443 (statutory provision that persons on horseback or vehicles meeting shall give one half of road, turning to right); Marton v. Pickrell, (Wash.) 191 P 1101. 8. Payne v. Nelson, 16 KyL 239; Dudley v. Bolles, 24 Wend. (N. Y.) 465. And see Mooney v. Trow Directory, etc., Co.. 2 Misc. 238, 21 NYS 957 (where it was said that it was extremely doubtful whether the law of the road applied to any one but drivers of vehicles). vehicles and pedestrians, 10 the latter having the right to walk on any part of the road," and to pass on either side of a vehicle.12 But a pedestrian should not compel a vehicle to leave the beates track.13 [§ 415] 3. To What Situations Applicable-a. Meeting-(1) In General. While in England 1 and in some of the provinces of Canada 15 the law of the road requires vehicles on meeting to turn to the left, the general rule in the United States is that in such case each shall turn to the right,16 and there is generally a statutory provision to this effect requiring each vehicle to turn to the right of the other, or to the right of the centre line of the highway or of the traveled part thereof.17 A statute providing that the vehicle shall go to the right of meeting other horseman or vehicle Nev.-Weck v. Reno Tract. Co., 38 see infra § 416. Nev. 285, 149 P 65. 9. Turley v. Thomas, 8 .C. & P. 103, 34 ECL 633. 10. Ind. Apperson V. Lazro, 44 Mass.-Brown v. Thayer, 212 Mass. 1101. Eng.-Lloyd v. Ogleby, 5 C. B. N. 11. See infra § 422. 12. See cases supra note 10. V. Okl.-Tulsa Ice Co. v. Wilkes, 54 Eng. -Turley v. Thomas, 8 C. & V. 15. Stout v. Adams, 35 N. B. 118. Ill.-Williams v. Louis, 204 Ill. A. Ind. Reitz v. Hodgkins, 185 Ind. Hamilton V. Young, 185 Kan.-Giles v. Ternes, 93 Kan. 140, 143 P 491. La. Potter v. Glassell, 146 La. 687, 83 S 898; Schick v. Jenevein, 145 La. 333, 82 S 360, 361 [cit Cycl; Lee v. Foley, 113 La. 663. 37 S 594; Loyacano v. Jurgens, 50 La. Ann. 441, 23 S 717. Me.-Neal v. Rendall. 98 Me. 69, Md. Vonderhorst Brewing Co. v. Mich.-Buxton V. Ainsworth, 138 Miss.-Palotta V. Jackson Light, N. H.-Brooks v. Hart, 14 N. H. 307. N. Y.-Wright v. Fleischman, 41 Misc. 533, 85 NYS 62 [mod 99 App. Div. 547, 91 NYS 116]; Simmonson v. Stellenmerf, 1 Edm. Sel. Cas. 194. Okl.-Tulsa Ice Co. v. Wilkes, 54 Okl. 519, 153 P 1169. Pa.-Foote V. American Product Co., 195 Pa. 190, 45 A 934, 78 AmSR 806, 49 LRA 764; Hall v. Herr, 16 Pa. Dist. 667; Com. V. Dooley, 6 Pa. Dist. 381, 19 Pa. Co. 367; Brooks v. Thomas, 17 Phila. 45. R. I.-Angell v. Lewis, 20 R. L 391, 39 A 521, 78 AmSR 881. Tex. -Auto Sales Co. v. Bland, (Civ. A.) 194 SW 1021. Wash.-Matson v. Pierce County, 94 Wash. 38, 161 P 846. [a] The turn must be in such season that neither shall be retarded by reason of the other occupying his half of the way. Neal v. Rendall, 98 Me. 69, 56 A 209, 63 LRA 688. [b] Both vehicles on same side of highway. The rule covers the case of vehicles passing on the same side of roads and streets so wide that there is no necessity to go to the right of the center of the road in order to pass safely. Wright V. Fleischman, 41 Misc. 533, 85 NYS 62 [mod 99 App. Div. 547, 91 NYS 116]. Cross references: Automobiles see Motor Vehicles [28 Cyc 28]. Meeting at cross roads see infra § 417. Turning across road and stopping see infra § 420. 17. Cal. Diehl V. Roberts, 134 Cal. 164, 66 P 202; Slaughter v. Goldberg, etc., Co., 26 Cal. A. 318, 147 P 90. Del.-Wilson v. Rockland Mfg. Co., Ida. Cupples Mercantile Ind. Decatur v. Stoops, 21 Ind. A. 397, 52 NE 623: Walkup v. May, 9 Ind. A. 409, 36 NE 917. Iowa.-Roennau V. Whitson, 188 Iowa 138, 175 NW 849; Baker v. Zimmerman, 179 Iowa 272, 161 NW 479; Needy v. Littlejohn, 137 Iowa 704. 115 NW 483; Cook v. Fogarty, 103 Iowa 500, 72 NW 677, 39 LRA 488; Riepe v. Elting. 89 Iowa 82, 56 NW 285, 48 AmSR 356, 26 LRA 769. Ky.-Johnson v. Small, 5 B. Mon. 25. Me.-Ricker v. Gray, 118 Me. 492. 107 A 295; Bragdon v. Kellogg, 118 Me. 42, 105 A 433, 6 ALR 669: Neal v. Rendall, 98 Me. 69, 56 A 209. 63 LRA 668; Kennard v. Burton, 25 Me. 39, 43 AmD 249: Palmer v. Barker, 11 Me. 338. Mass.-Perlstein v. American Express Co., 177 Mass. 530, 59 NE 194, Rights and duties of horseman etc., Co., 107 Miss. 61, 64 SW 938. 52 LRA 959; Broult v. Hanson, 158 $415] HIGHWAYS the meeting and passing of traffic. Provided there the "centre of the road" has been construed to V. Minn. Terrill v. Virginia Brewing N. H.-Brooks v. Hart, 14 N. H. 307. N. J.-State v. Unwin, 75 N. J. L. 500, 68 A 110 [aff 73 N. J. L. 529, 64 A 163]. N. Y.-Wright v. Fleischman, 41 N. C.-Goodrich v. Matthews, 177 R. I.-Pick v. Thurston, 25 R. I. S. D.-Schnabel v. Kafer, 39 S. D. 70, 162 NW 935. Tenn.-Price-Bass Co. v. Dawson, 7 Tenn. Civ. A. 192. meeting a Effect of violation of rule. Each traveler has the right to assume that the driver of the other vehicle will obey the law and turn to the right, and to act on such assumption,28 and one who fails to observe Brooks v. Thomas, 17 Phila. 45. S. C.-Sims v. Eleazer, 106 SE 854; Walker v. Lee, 106 SE 682. 18. Earing v. Larsingh, 7 Wend. (N. Y.) 185. 19. Clark v. Com., 4 Pick. (Mass.) [a] The "traveled part" is the Tenn.-Young v. Cowden, 98 Tenn. St. R. Co., 4 Tenn. Civ. A. 481. Sales Co. V. Bland, 577, 40. SW 1088; Knox v. Memphis Tex.-Auto (Civ. A.) 194 SW 1021. Wash.-Marton v. Pickrell, 191 P V. Lawrence, 1101; Segerstrom Wash. 245, 116 P 876. Eng. Aston 533. V. 2 Heaven, 64 Esp. And see supra § 410. [a] Justifiable ignorance of the which a collision occurs, is sufficient approach of another vehicle, with excuse for not being on the right Walkup v. May, 9 Ind. A. 409, 36 NE 917; Cook v. side of the road. 11 Allen, Metc. Fogarty, 103 Iowa 500, 72 NW 677, Com. (Mass.) 403; Jaquith v. Richardson, 39 LRA 488; Lyons v. Child, 61 N. H. 8 Metc. (Mass.) 213; Smith v. Dy-72; Crampton v. Ivie, 124 N. C. 591, 32 SE 968. Metc. 11 Allen, gert, 12 Barb. (N. Y.) 613. 21. Com. V. (Mass.) 403. 20. V. 138 [a] Thus, a driver need not turn Nebr. 24. Hackett V. Alamito Sanitary Dairy Co., 90 Nebr. 200, 133 41 LRANS 337, AnnCas NW 227. R. I.-Angell v. Lewis, 20 R. I. 1913A 829. Lasater, 96 Wash. Hartley v. 391, 39 A 521, 78 AmSR_881. Lawrence, 64 Wash. 245, 116 P 876. Wash. 407, 165 P 106; Segerstrom v. Eng.-Fluckwell v. Wilson, 5 C. & P. 375, 24 ECL 612. Que-White v. Gnaedinger, 7 Que. Q. B. 156. 25. Andrews v. Dougherty, (Conn.) 112 A 700. 26. Shockley v. Shepherd, 14 Del. 270, 32 A 173; Angell v. Lewis, 20 R. I. 391, 39 A 521, 78 AmSR 881; Chaplin v. Hawes, 3 C. & P. 554, 14 ECL 711: Cruden v. Fentham, 2 Esp. 685; White v. Gnacdinger, 7 Que. Q. B. Me. Ala.-Morrison v. Clark, 196 Mercantile 25. Iowa.-Hubbard Ky. Johnson v. Small, 5 B. Mon. La.-Schick v. Jenevein, 145 La. 333. 82 S 360. Me.-Dunham v. Rackliff, 71 Me. 345; Foster v. Goddard, 40 Me. 64; Palmer v. Barker, 11 Me. 238. Wis.-Luedtke v. Jeffery, 89 Wis. V. Bartholomew, 136, 61 NW 292; Wood v. Luscomb, 23 Wis. 287; O'Maley v. Dorn, 7 Wis. 163 Iowa 58, 144 NW 13, 49 LRANS 236. 73 AmD 403. [a] Vehicle bicycle.-443; Riepe v. Elting, 89 Iowa 82, 56 NW 285, 48 AmSR 356, 26 LRA 769. Under a statute providing that Kan. Ternes v. Giles, 93 Kan. 435, person traveling with a vehicle on a highway shall seasonably turn to 144 P 1014. the right of the center of the traveled road on meeting any other person so traveling, a person injured by collision with a carriage while riding the left of the road a bicycle on must show a sufficient excuse for being there, to attribute negligence to Pick v. the driver of the carriage. Thurston. 25 R. I. 36. 54 A 600. [b] Vehicle meeting sled.-A statute making it the duty of persons on horseback or vehicles meeting in the highway to give half the road by seasonably turning to the right applies to a meeting in the road between a rider of a sled or coaster and a person operating or driving a of vehicle other description, whose duty it is to turn to the right Roennau to permit the sled to pass. v. Whitson, 188 Iowa 138. 175 NW 849. any [c] In Connecticut, the statute Mass.-Smith v. Gardner. 11 Gray 32. Mich.-Daniels v. Clegg, 28 Mich. N. H.-Clifford v. Tyman, 61 N. H. Oil 27. Dunham v. Rackliff, 71 345. V. Standard Ala. Cook 28. son v. Clark, 196 Ala. 670, 72 S 305. Co., 15 Ala. A. 448, 73 S 763; Morriv. Broadwater, 30 Del.-Lemmon Del. 472, 108 A 273. V. Iowa.-Baker Iowa 272, 161 NW 479. Md.-Vonderhorst Brewing Co. v. Amrhine, 98 Md. 406, 56 A 833. Mich. Daniels v. Clegg, 28 Mich. [a] Rule applied. The person injured will not be precluded from resulting from the other's want of care covering damages for a collision reN. C.-Crampton v. Ivie, 124 N. C. and skill, merely because, when first observing him approaching, the in591, 32 SE 968. Pa-Grier v. Sampson, 27 Pa. 183;jured party had ample space to pass |