priated by this State or the United States, and of all lands or other property given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purpose, and of all estates of deceased persons who have died without leaving a will or heir, are to be securely invested and sacredly preserved as a State School Fund, and the annual interest and income of said fund, together with such other means as the General Assembly may provide, are to be faithfully appropriated for the purpose of establishing and maintaining free public schools, and for no other purposes or uses whatever.

CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

The constitution directs that institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, and the poor, shall always be fostered and supported by this State, and shall be subject to such regulations as the General Assembly may enact. The Directors of the Penitentiary are to be elected or appointed as the General Assembly may direct. The Directors of benevolent and other State institutions, created after the ratification of the constitution, are to be appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate; and upon all nominations made by the Governor, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journals.

The respective counties of this State are required to make such provision as may be determined by law, for all those inhabitants who by reason of age and infirmities or misfortunes, may have a claim upon the sympathy and aid of society.

The Physician of the Lunatic Asylum, who is Superintendent of the same, is appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate. All other necessary officers and employees are appointed by the Governor.

Lunatic Asylum, Columbia. J. W. PARKER, M. D., Superintendent. Number in Asylum, Nov. 1, 1866, 142; received during the year, 85, making a total of 227. Discharged-cured, 25; eloped, 2; removed, 3; died, 11; total, 41. Remaining, Jan. 1, 1867-males, 88; females, 99; total, 187. Of these, there are-paying class, 61; paupers, 126; total, 187.

Expenditures for Charitable Institutions. Expenditures in building South Carolina Penitentiary-from Nov. 14, 1866 to Oct. 31, 1867, $66,942.86; from Nov. 1, 1867 to Oct. 31, 1868, $80,112.42; total, $147,055.28. Expenditures of the Lunatic Asylum-for 1866, $47,344.91; for 1867, $39,503.95; for 1868, $58,024.15; total, $144,873.01.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population of this State at each decade since 1790 was as follows:

The large increase of the colored population of this slaves, from 1790 to 1860 is particularly noticeable.

the white population was but 107 per cent. in 70 years, the increase of colored persons was more than 275 per cent., and though less than 44 per

State, both free and While the increase in

cent. in 1790, it was greater than the white population in 1820, and in 1860, constituted more than 58 per cent. of the whole population.

This State has been largely engaged in agriculture, the amount of its chief products in 1860, being-wheat, 1,285,637 bushels; Indian corn, 15,065,606 bushels; oats, 936,974 bushels; rice, 119,100,528 lbs. ; and cotton, 141,265,200 lbs. It was the seventh State in the product of cotton, and its product of rice exceeded that of all the other States together by more than 50,000,000 lbs. The value of live stock in 1860, was $23,934,465. At that time there were in the State, 12,165,049 acres of improved, and 11,623,860 acres of unimproved lands.

The effects of the late war were to depreciate the value of real estate, and especially agricultural property, and to change the system of labor and cultivation. The partial failure of the cotton crop, and the entire failure of the grain crops in some parts of the State in 1866, following so soon after the destruction of property caused by the war, left much of the State in an impoverished condition. A joint resolution of Congress authorized the distribution by the officers of the Freedmen's Bureau of large supplies of food, which relieved the immediate wants of the people, but the general indebtedness, the scarcity of money, the want of reliable laborers, and the unsettled condition of the country, have prevented a general and successful development of the resources of the State; and if to these facts there be added the great depreciation in the price of cotton, some of the difficulties which have attended industrial occupations may be comprehended. The natural resources of the State are, however, good, and the determination to accept the changed condition of things and develop these resources, with the inducements offered to immigrants will, it is believed, attract capital and enterprise which will be successfully employed. Governor Scott in his message to the Legislature urges prompt provision for the extinguishment of the State debt, rigid economy and equitable taxation, to insure the regular payment of accrued and coming due interest.

The valuation and assessment of lands and improvements is to be made prior to the meeting of the General Assembly in 1870, and every fifth year thereafter. The real and personal property of a woman, held at the time of her marriage, or acquired afterwards, is not subject to levy and sale for her husband's debts, but is held as her separate property.

Gold has been found in several places, and the mines have been worked successfully in the Abbeville and Edgefield districts. These mines were neglected for a time, but work was resumed on them in 1866, with satisfactory results. The first mint deposits from South Carolina were $3,500 in 1827; the aggregate of such deposits to June 30, 1866, was $1,353,663.98.

The manufacturing interest of the State is increasing in importance. Several cotton and paper mills have been supplied with new and improved machinery and put in successful operation.

Products for 1866. Corn, 6,026,242 bushels, value, $9,521,462; wheat, 642,815 bushels, value, $2,050,580; rye, 53,454 bushels, value, $105,839; oats, 655,881 bushels, value, $728,028; potatoes, 158,714 bushels, value, $163,475; hay, 70,069 tons, value, $1,541,518.

Banks. The number of National Banks, September 30, 1868, was 3, with a capital of $685,000.

32. TENNESSEE.

Capital, Nashville. Area, 45,600 square miles. Population, (1860,) 1,109,801. Tennessee was first settled at Fort Donelson, in 1756, by emigrants from Virginia and North Carolina; it originally formed a part of the latter State, but was ceded to the United States in 1784. A constitution was adopted February 6, 1796, and the State admitted into the Union June 1, of the same year.

At the time the other southern States were seceding from the Union, or on the 9th of February, 1861, the question of a convention for the State was submitted to the people, when a majority of 64,114 voted against a convention. An extra session of the Legislature called by the Governor, convened on the 25th of April, 1861, and on the 9th of May passed an ordinance of secession, which was repealed in February, 1865. The State was restored to her former relations to the Union, and admitted to representation in Congress, by a resolution which was approved by the President, July 24, 1866.

The Governor is elected by the people, by a plurality vote, for two years. The Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, and Attorney General, are chosen by the Legislature on joint ballot, the Secretary of State for four years, the others for two years. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial. The members of both houses are elected for two years.

The constitution adopted in 1834, gave the elective franchise to every free white man of the age of 21 years, being a citizen of the United States, and for six months a resident of the county; provided, that all persons of color who are competent witnesses in a court of justice against a white man, may also vote.

By the amendment of 1866, the qualifications of voters and the limitation of the elective franchise was to be determined by the General Assembly which first assembled under the amended constitution. The General Assembly extended the right of suffrage to the blacks, and excluded certain classes of those engaged in the rebellion.

JUDICIARY.

The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature may from time to time establish. The Supreme Court consists of three Judges, who reside in the three divisions of the State. The inferior courts, so called, are Courts of Chancery, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and Justices' Courts.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

Circuit Judge, Noah H. Swayne. District Judge, C. F. Trigg. District Attorney-Eastern District, Crawford W. Hall; Middle District, H. H. Harrison; Western District, S. L. Warren. Marshal-Eastern District, Blackstone McDaniel; Middle District, Edwin R. Glasscock; Western District, J. M. Tomeny. Clerk of District Court-Middle District, R. McP. Smith. Clerk of Circuit and District Courts-Western District, A. S. Mitchell.

SUPREME COURT.

Judges. Messrs. Milligan, Hawkins, Shackleford. Clerk, Jesse G. Frazier.

CHANCERY COURT.

Chancellor, David Campbell, Franklin. Clerk, Morton B. Howell.

FINANCES.

The Receipts of the Treasury for the fiscal year ending

September 30, 1867, were,

Disbursements,

Expenditures not included in report,

Balance in Treasury,

$2,336,444.94

1,776,517.33

483,004.84

$76,922.77

STATE DEBT.

The entire State liabilities amounted to $32,562,323.58, of which $23,601,000 was represented by bonds loaned to railroads.

EDUCATION.

The first public institution for higher education west of the Alleghanies, was organized in East Tennessee in 1780 or 1781, at Salem in Washington county. Washington College, Greenville College, Blount College at Knoxville, now East Tennessee University, were all incorporated at about the same time, (1794 or 1795,) and have exerted an important influence in the cause of education in this State. The State University at Nashville and several Academies and Schools of a higher order in different parts of the State, afford facilities for higher education.

The cause of Public Education has received a new impulse by the system of Free Schools which has been established since the war. The State Superintendent has the general supervision of public schools. County Superintendents have been appointed in the different districts, and by their efforts and co-operation with the State Superintendent have done much towards organizing a successful school system. The State Library has about 17,000 volumes, of which 7,000 are duplicates.

CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

The principal charitable institutions are the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Knoxville, the Institution for the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane, at Nashville.

These institutions were much injured during the war by the destruction of fences and furniture, and damage to the buildings. The Hospital for the Insane has been much improved, and several additions and outbuildings

have been completed, but increased accommodations are much needed. Provision was made by the Legislature in 1865 and 1866 for the erection of a hospital for the colored insane.

The School for the Deaf and Dumb, first established in 1845, was in a prosperous condition in 1861, when it was closed, and the pupils separated to their homes; the building was used for hospital purposes by both armies in turn. At the close of the war, it was again placed in the hands of the Trustees, repairs were made, and it was re-opened Dec. 7, 1866. The number of pupils is steadily increasing.

The State Penitentiary at Nashville, went into operation in 1831. It is conducted on the silent system.

Tennessee Hospital for the Insane, Nashville. W. P. JONES, M. D., Superintendent. Number in hospital April 1, 1865-males, 94; females, 76; total, 170. Admitted from April 1, 1865 to Oct. 1, 1867-males, 163; females, 100; total, 263. Discharged-recovered, 92; improved, 44; unimproved, 5; eloped, 9; died, 36; total, 186. Remaining Oct. 1, 1867-males, 138; females, 109; total, 247. Of these there are-pay patients, 50; indigent, 197; total, 247. Age of those admitted-20 and under, 20; from 20 to 30, 77; 30 to 40, 69; 40 to 50, 51; 50 to 60, 16; 60 to 70, 11; 70 to 90, 4; unknown, 15. Occupation-farmers, 87; house-keepers, 86; soldiers, 11; merchants, 13; students, 12; miscellaneous and no occupation, 56. Supposed cause of insanity -intemperance, 26; hereditary, 47; religious excitement, 11; epilepsy, 9; war excitement, 27; disappointed affection, 12; over work, 10; injury to head, 7; onanism, 7; ill health, 7; miscellaneous and unknown, 100; total, 263. Nativity-Tennessee, 181; other States, 43; foreign countries, 39; total, 263.

Tennessee Deaf and Dumb School, Knoxville. J. H. IJAMS, A. B., Principal. Number of pupils Nov. 1, 1867-males, 30; females, 26; total, 56.

Tennessee Blind School, Nashville. J. M. Sturtevant, Superintendent. Number of inmates, September 1868, 35.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population of the State as given by the United States Census at different periods, was as follows:

The colored population reported in 1860 was principally in the middle and western portions of the State, there being only about 22,000 or less than one twelfth in East Tennessee. The length of the State is nearly four times as much as its breadth, and it extends over only about one and a half degrees of latitude, yet the peculiarities of its surface are such that it is usually divided into three sections in regard to climate and agricultural capabilities. The Eastern section is much broken by mountains and hills, and before the war was engaged principally in stock-raising, wool-growing, and the production of corn and wheat.

Middle Tennessee is less broken, though a portion of its surface consists of elevated table lands, producing tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, rye, and the vegetables and fruits adapted to the climate.

West Tennessee is more nearly level, and before the war was more exten