gation and drainage. It is well wooded in the portions which have been explored by surveying parties and others. The population in 1860 was 4,837, including 2,261 civilized Indians. There were in 1867, about 30,000 uncivilized Indians within the limits of the territory. The absence of any special attractions in the form of rich deposits of the precious metals in the eastern part, has caused the progress of this territory in population or agricultural development to be less marked than that of some others.

During the last two years, the population has increased more rapidly, and was estimated at 25,000 in 1867. The immigrants have been largely those devoted to agriculture and mechanical pursuits, who, upon entering the territory, provided themselves with land sufficient for themselves and children, and have commenced valuable improvements, expecting to make this their home. A very serious obstacle to immigration has been the hostility of the Sioux and other Indian tribes living within the territory, who, in spite of the efforts of the Government backed by a large military force, have maintained a predatory warfare along the great, routes of travel connecting the valley of the Mississippi with the Pacific coast. The Indian troubles in 1867 and 1868, were mostly in the western part, now included in Wyoming. Valuable mineral deposits of gold, silver, iron and copper have been discovered, and coal has been found in the carboniferous formation. Up to June 30, 1867, 2,663,660 acres of public lands had been surveyed, of which, 1,510,760 acres were included in the Dakota and Sioux Indian lands. More than 150,000,000 acres remained unsurveyed at that date; a part of this is now in Wyoming. Valuable pine timber is found in the vicinity of the Black Hills. In the northeastern part of the territory, a valuable quarry of pipe-stone has been opened. In 1867, acts were passed incorporating the Dakota and Northwestern, and the Minnesota and Missouri River Railroad Companies, the corporators of which have since met and fully organized, according to the provisions of the acts. The Northern Pacific Railroad crosses the northern part of this territory, and another road is in contemplation from Sioux City, up the valley of the Missouri to Yankton, a distance of 65 miles. The climate of much of the territory is favorable to health, and the various inducements presented to immigrants will, it is believed, attract many, and cause the population to increase with rapidity.

42. IDAHO TERRITORY.

Capital, Boise City. Area, 90,932 square miles. Population, (1867), 20,000. Idaho was organized as a territory by Congress, March 3, 1863. It was formed from portions of Nebraska, Oregon, Utah, and Washington territories, but its boundaries were changed at the following session of Congress and a portion of the original territory was included in Montana. It extends from latitude 42° to 49°, and from the 33d to the 40th meridian of longitude west from Washington, but it is quite irregular in form, its northern boundary being only about 50 miles long, while its southern boundary is more than 300 miles in length.

The Governor and Secretary are appointed by the President of the United States, for a term of four years. The other officers are elected by the legal voters. A Council of 10 members and a House of Representatives of 20 members, are also chosen by the people, the former for two years, and the latter for one year.

JUDICIARY.

The judicial power of the Territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice, and two Associate Justices, who are appointed by the President of the United States, for a term of four years. One session of the Supreme Court must be held annually, at the seat of the territorial government. For District Court purposes, the territory is divided into three judicial districts, in each of which a Justice of the Supreme Court holds the sessions. The Supreme and District Courts respectively possess chancery as well as common law jurisdiction.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, T. I. Bowers, Idaho City. Associate Justices, Milton Kelly, Lewiston; R. T. Miller, Silver City. United States Attorney, Prickett. United States Marshal, James H. Alvord. Salaries of the Judges, $3,500 each.

DISTRICT COURTS.

1st District, composed of the counties of Nez Perces, Idaho, and Shoshone; Judge-Milton Kelly; District Attorney, W. W. Thayer. 2d District, composed of the counties of Alturas and Boise; Judge, J. R. McBride; Clerk, W. B. Smith; District Attorney, J. J. May. 3d District, composed of the counties of Ada, Owyhee, and Oneida; Judge, John Cummins; Clerk, R. E. Halleck; District Attorney, L. P. Higbee.

TERMS OF COURTS.

1st District, at Lewiston, 1st Monday of April and 2d Monday of October; at Florence, 1st Monday of September.' 2d District, at Idaho City, 2d Monday of February, 1st Monday of July, and 4th Monday of October; at Rock Bar, 1st Monday of June, and 2d Monday of September. 3d District, at Boise City, 3d Monday of April, 1st Monday of November; at Silver City, 1st Monday of June, and 1st Monday of October; at Molud City, 1st Monday of May.

Congress makes an annual appropriation of $20,000 to defray legislative expenses, and $1,000 for incidental expenses, but this amount has been found insufficient for this purpose.

TERRITORIAL INDEBTEDNESS, DEC. 1, 1868.

A Public School system was organized in Idaho soon after its incorporation as a territory. The school law provided for the appointment or election of a State Superintendent of Public Instruction, of a County Superintendent for each county, and of Trustees of school districts. The year after the enactment of the school law, the whole number of persons between 4 and 21 years of age reported, was 1,239, but two counties had not reported; the Superintendent of Public Instruction estimated the whole number of school age at 1,500. In 1866, 8 counties reported in the aggregate 14 schools, with 792 children between 5 and 18 years of age, 436 of whom were registered as attending school. The amount of money raised by these counties that year for the support of schools, was $6,605.19.

PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

The County Jail of Boise County, by act of the third Legislature, 1866, was made the temporary prison for the territory, and it is still so used and occupied. The building has thus far proved adequate for all purposes of confinement, and under the management of Mr. Crutcher, Prison Keeper, has been kept in a cleanly and orderly manner, and with few escapes. The expenses of the Territorial Prison during the year of 1867, were $14,594.63, and for the first eleven months in 1868, $16,961.63, making a total of $31,556.26 under the present laws regulating the same. The law contemplates the employment of the labor of the prisoners, but no feasible project has yet been devised by which their labor could be used so as to pay even a portion of the expense of keeping them.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The discovery of rich mineral deposits in this territory induced many adventurers to emigrate hither, but for the first two years after its settlement, it was considered a place for speculation, where, by enduring the necessary toils and privations, rapid fortunes might be acquired. Few persons ex

pected then to make it a permanent residence, and the territory was first peopled by those whose object was the acquirement of a speedy fortune, and this being done, to return to the older states. As a consequence, agriculture was neglected, and nearly the whole population were engaged in obtaining the precious metals or in those trades and pursuits which were indispensable to successful mining. As the resources of the territory have become better understood, agricultural and mechanical pursuits have been prosecuted with gratifying results; the population has become more permanent, and institutions of society are more firmly planted. In some parts of the territory, the hostile Indians have committed depredations on stock, and by robberies and murders rendered the routes of travel and unprotected settlements insecure. Active and successful efforts have been made to repel the incursions, and the frontier settlements are less disturbed. The population of the territory is now variously estimated at from 30,000 to $50,000.

The office of Surveyor General of the territory was created by an act of Congress, approved June 9, 1866. The initial point of surveys was fixed upon the summit of a rocky butte, standing isolated in the plain, situated between the Snake and Boise rivers, on the parallel 43° 36′ of north latitude, and distant nineteen miles from Boise City, in the direction of south 294 west. Under the appropriation of $10,000 made by act of July 2, 1864, previous to the 30th of June, 1867, 288 lineal miles of the meridian, 138 miles of base, and 105 miles of standard parallels were surveyed.

The altitude of this territory, with its mountains and table lands, renders the winters cold compared with the country lying west, but dry and healthy. The Boise, Payette, and Weiser valleys are sheltered and mild. The soil of the valleys is highly favorable to the growth of cereals, and extensive crops are raised where irrigation is practicable. The extensive table lands are covered with wild grasses and wild rye, and are valuable for grazing. The mountains are clothed with pine and fir timber. The valleys are destitute of timber except a species of cottonwood growing along the banks of the rivers. Farmers are erecting substantial dwellings and making other improvements, paying special attention to the cultivation of fruit trees, such as apple, plum, pear, cherry, and even peach.

Gold is found on the head waters of all the rivers. Rich placer mines have been profitably worked for years on the Clearwater and Salmon rivers. Extensive placer and quartz mines are found on the Boise river and its branches. Many rich quartz lodes of gold and silver have been partially worked; their future development depending upon the reduced cost of transportation and other expenses, which thus far have retarded the growth and prosperity of the country. The quartz and placer mines of Owyhee county, situated in the southwest part of the territory, have proved to be eminently rich so far as developed. Some of the ledges are being worked with valuable machinery, repaying the capital invested, though at an enormous outlay. The quantity and quality of the ore already abstracted are favorable indications of their future wealth. Several thousands of gold and silver quartz claims have been taken up and recorded, more or less prospected,

but the heavy expenses under which the miners have labored has, in general, prevented their successful development. The near approach of the Pacific railroad to the southern borders of the territory will materially reduce the cost of working the mines, when the resources of the country will be more favorably brought into notice. The product of the placer mines has been gradually diminishing, though this falling off will soon be more than made up by the yield of the quartz mines. In 1867, there were twenty-four quartz mills completed and running in this territory, with eight others in course of erection. They carried a total of nearly 400 stamps, cost in the aggregate $1,000,000, and have a united capacity equal to five hundred horses. Of the quartz mills, eight, supplied with 134 stamps, are situate in Alturas county, ten in Owyhee district, and the balance in the counties adjacent; the most being in the southern section of the territory. In the Owyhee District there are very rich deposits of silver ores. There are also several other rich silverbearing claims in the vicinity, though the mines of Idaho consist mainly of auriferous quartz, of which there are great quantities that will yield by the most cheap and expeditious modes of working from $20 to $30 to the ton. The abundance of these ores and the ample supplies of wood and water in the vicinity of the principal mines, give indications that the mineral product of this territory will be steadily and rapidly increased.

Gold and Silver. The entire deposits of gold from this territory, at the mint of the United States and branches to June 30, 1868, amounted to $14,162,970.07; silver, 236,731.29. Bank. There is one National Bank, with a capital of $100,000.

43. INDIAN TERRITORY.

Capital, Tahlequah. Area, 68,991 square miles. Population, (1860), 9,761.

The Indian Territory lies west of the Mississippi River, west of the State of Arkansas, and north of Texas. It forms part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. It embodies a tract of country set apart by the Government of the United States as a permanent home for the aboriginal tribes removed thither from east of the Mississippi River, as well as those native to the territory. The United States exercise no authority over them excepting in certain crimes perpetrated by them against the whites. For this purpose the Indian Territory is annexed to the Judicial Districts of the adjoining states, (viz.: to Arkansas and Missouri), that the Indians may be tried and punished by the United States Circuit and District Courts when sitting in these districts. They are allowed to live under their own laws, follow their own customs, and indulge in their own modes of life. The land has been ceded to the Indians, each tribe owning the portion allotted to it by the United States.

During the late war, many of the Indian tribes took part with the Confederate states against the government. After the termination of the war, several of the tribes sought to make terms with the United States government, and expressed a desire to return to their homes. A commission was appointed to confer with the Indians, and treaties were concluded with several of the tribes, but peace and harmony have not yet been entirely secured.