Santa Fe. Lead and iron are very common minerals throughout the territory. Much of the lead has sufficient per centage of silver to pay for its separation; but as yet there is little domestic demand for lead, and the cost of transportation to a foreign market would consume it; there is, therefore, none mined or smelted.

Almost the entire amount of salt used in New Mexico is obtained from salt lakes on the plain, 50 to 60 miles east of the Rio Grande. The salt, crystallized by the evaporation of the water by the sun, is deposited upon the bottom of the lake, forming a crust several inches thick, and is shoveled thence directly into the wagons, and dried by the sun. There are some impurities mixed with it, which give it a dark appearance, but when leached, or washed, it becomes white as snow. The supply seems inexhaustible.

46. UTAH TERRITORY.

Capital, Great Salt Lake City. Area, 88,056 square miles. Population, (1860), 40,273. Utah was originally a part of Upper California. It was ceded to the United States by treaty with Mexico in 1848, and erected into a territory, Sept. 9, 1850. It was occupied mostly by wandering tribes until settled by the Mormons in 1847. After their expulsion from their settlement of Nauvoo, in Illinois, they emigrated to this territory, and having located on the borders of the Great Salt Lake, assuined a provisional form of government, and gave to their territory the name of the State of Deseret. In 1850, this form of government was surrendered, and the name of the territory changed to Utah.

The Governor and Secretary are appointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years.

The Legislative Assembly is composed of a Council and House of Representatives and convenes annually at Great Salt Lake City, on the 2d Monday in December. Term of session, forty days. The Council is composed of 13 members elected for two years. The House of Representatives is composed of 26 members, elected annually, on the 1st Monday in August. The compensation of members and officers is $3.00 per day and mileage $3.00 for every 20 miles of travel.

JUDICIARY.

The judicial power of the territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court consists of one Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. The territory is divided for judicial purposes into three judicial districts, in each of which a regular term of the Supreme Court is held every year.

In the First District, at Monti, San Pete county, on the 3d Monday in October. In the Second District, at St. George, Washington county, on the 1st Monday in February. In the Third District, at Great Salt Lake City, on the 2d Monday in March.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, John Wilson of Illinois. Associate Justices, Enos D. Hoge of Utah Territory; Thomas J. Drake of Michigan. Clerk, W. J. Appleby, Great Salt Lake City. Salaries of Judges, $2,500 each.

FINANCES.

We have failed to receive the last report of the Auditor or Treasurer of Utah, but we learn from Gov. Durkee's message in 1868, that the territory is entirely free from indebtedness.

EDUCATION.

The University of Deseret is the principal educational institution in the territory. Congress has granted certain avails of town sites, for the purpose of establishing a school fund, but no regular system of public school education is yet in operation.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population in 1867 was nearly 120,000. It is composed mostly of a religious sect who style themselves Latter Day Saints, and are popularly known as Mormons.

A high and rugged spur of the Rocky Mountains, generally designated the Wasatch Range, though in places known as the Bear and Uinta Mountains, traverses the territory from north to south. At the base of these mountains, on the west, lies Great Salt Lake and the chain of valleys stretching southward for 200 miles. The largest streams are the Green and Grand rivers, which unite and form the Colorado. The general character of the territory is that of mountain and desert. The arable land is not equal in extent to that of the territories lying north of it, but the valleys are fertile and produce some good timber, as do the slopes of the mountains. The melting of the snow in the mountains affords in ordinary seasons, sufficient water to irrigate the valleys.

The summers are very warm and dry; the winters mild and open. The soil, which, to a great extent, is formed of the mountain washings, consists principally of a gravelly loam, and is well adapted to the growth of cereals. Wheat is the great staple product of the territory. In good seasons the average yield per acre is about forty bushels. Oats, barley, rye, and flax are cultivated with success; all kinds of vegetables grow large and of a superior quality. In Washington county, in the southern part of the territory, large fields of cotton are cultivated. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, grapes and currants are produced in great abundance, and of superior quality. Timber is scarce, and, being found only in the mountains, is difficult to obtain. As a consequence, houses are costly and rents are proportionately high.

This territory possesses great advantages for the raising of stock. Horses, cattle and sheep are usually healthy. During the summer months, they are herded in large droves on the open plains, with but trifling expense; while in winter they are easily kept, with a little care and attention.

In addition to flouring and other mills necessary for the support of the territory, woolen and cotton factories are being established in different parts

of the country for home supplies. Great Salt Lake City being near the surrounding mining districts of Montana, Idaho and Nevada, a ready market is afforded for all the surplus products of the soil. The most important buildings in this city are the temple and the tabernacle. The temple block is forty rods square, and contains ten acres. The entire length of the temple is one hundred and eighty-six and a half feet, including towers, and the width ninety-nine feet. On the east or front end, there are three towers, and corresponding to these are three towers on the west or rear end. The north and south walls are eight feet thick, clear of pedestal. The basement of the main building is divided into many apartments, by walls all resting on broad footings. There are four towers, one at each corner of the building, cylindrical in shape, seventeen feet in diameter, within which stairs ascend, five feet wide, with landings at the various sections of the building. The whole house covers an area of 21,850 square feet. The massive blocks of stone on which the foundations of the temple are built, are granite, hauled a distance of nearly twenty miles. The Mormon tabernacle, built for the use of the immense Mormon congregations which meet every Sunday to hear preaching, stands on the temple block, west of the temple. It is oval in shape, two hundred and eighty-two feet long by one hundred and thirty-two wide in the clear. The height from floor to ceiling is sixty-five feet. Running lengthwise of the building are forty-four pillars, averaging fourteen feet in height and three feet thick. The entire tabernacle consumed one and a half million feet of lumber in the building. The institutions of the country have been principally under the control of the Mormons.

Bank. There is one National Bank, with a capital of $150,000.

47. WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Capital, Olympia. Area, 69,994 square miles. Population, (1863), 12,519.

This territory was settled by emigrants from the Northern and Western States. It was taken from the northern part of Oregon, "being all that portion of territory lying and being south of the 49th degree of north latitude, and north of the middle of the main channel of the Columbia river from its mouth to where the 46th degree of north latitude crosses said river near Fort Wallah Wallah, thence east to Snake river; being bounded on the north by the straits of Juan de Fuca and British America, on the east by the territory of Idaho, on the south by Oregon, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean." It was organized as a territory, March 2, 1853.

The Governor and Secretary are appointed by the President of the United States, and the Auditor and Treasurer are chosen under territorial authority.

The Legislative Assembly consists of the Council and House of Representatives, and convenes annually on the 1st Monday in December. The Council is composed of nine members, elected for three years, and the House of Representatives is composed of thirty members, elected for one year.

JUDICIARY.

The Judicial power of the territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, who hold their offices. during a term of four years. One term of the Supreme Court is held annually at the seat of the territorial Government, commencing on the 1st Monday in January. For District Court purposes, the territory is divided into three judicial districts, in each of which one of the Justices of the Supreme Court holds the sessions. The Supreme and District Courts have chancery as well as common law jurisdiction. For each of these districts, a territorial Prosecuting Attorney is elected by the people for a term of two years, who receives a salary out of the territorial treasury of $200 per annum and his fees.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT.

Judge, C. C. Hewitt, Olympia. Marshal, Wm. Huntington, Cowlitz.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, C. C. Hewitt, Olympia. Associate Justices, B. F. Dennison, Port Townsend; J. W. Wyche, Walla Walla. Salaries of Judges, $2,500 each; of Marshal, $250 and fees.

TERMS OF DISTRICT COURTS.

First District, at Walla Walla, on the 4th Monday in April and 2d Monday in October. Second District, at Vancouver, Clarke county, on the 4th Monday in May and 2d Monday in November. Third District, at Olympia, Thurston county, on the 1st Monday in February and 3d Monday in July.

District Courts for the transaction of territorial business are held at Steilacoom, Pierce county, on the 4th Monday in February and 3d Monday in August; Port Townsend, Jefferson county, on the 2d Monday in March and 1st Monday in September; Pinkney City, Spokane county, on the 2d Monday in June; and in the Third Judicial District, for hearing and disposing of Admiralty and Maritime cases, at Olympia, on the 1st Monday of every month except February, July, and September; at Port Townsend, on the 2d Monday in March and 1st Monday in September.

EDUCATION.

An act incorporating the "University of the territory of Washington" was approved January 24, 1862. The term of office of the regents is three years, and three are elected by the Legislature each year. The general Government has donated to the territory for the endowment of the university, 46,080 acres of unoccupied land, which, it is believed, will create a fund of not less than $75,000. The university buildings are located at Seattle, King county. In 1860, according to the United States census, there were 46 public schools, with 879 pupils, $16,176 income, of which $5,957 was from taxation, 6 academies, with 159 pupils and $7,800 income.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population in 1864 was estimated at 14,000, and in 1868, at 30,000. The Cascade mountains divide the territory into the eastern and western

sections which differ from each other in climate, soil and natural and cultivated products. Although occupying higher latitude than Oregon, the climate of the western section is very similar to that state. It is said to resemble also the climate of England, in the amount of rain fall, as well as in the range of the thermometer throughout the year. Properly speaking, there are but two seasons, the dry and the rainy. The grades of temperature and the accompaniments which, in other countries of the same high latitude, are usually associated with the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter, are here in great measure obliterated, or at least so dimly marked that the seasons imperceptibly run into each other, and lose their distinctive line of division. It is not unusual for the three winter months to be mild, without snow or ice, the grass growing meanwhile. The rainy season proper begins late in October or early in November, and may be said to continue till the ensuing April. It frequently happens after the first rains that weeks of weather similar to Indian summer occur, and it is seldom that one or the other of the months of January, February or March does not prove continu ously mild and clear. The summers of this territory are unsurpassed in the world. While many days are exceedingly warm, the nights are always cool and refreshing, as if specially intended for wholesome sleeping.

The western section has an average width between the ocean and the Cascade mountains of 100 miles, and contains about 11,000,000 acres. The. products of this section are like those of the Willamette valley. All the cereals, Indian corn excepted, succeed admirably, the wheat crops being equal to those of the very best wheat-growing countries. In fruits, the apple, pear, cherry, plum, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, blackberry, and currant, yield abundantly. The grape succeeds with little trouble. The land in the valleys is generally excellent, and west of the Cascade mountains, of extraordinary fertility. Much not tillable is first rate for grazing, and all kinds of stock thrive in either section of the territory. In the western part, but little dry fodder is prepared, as the pasturage usually continues through the winter.

East of the Cascade mountains, the country is generally unoccupied, the settlements being confined to several excellent valleys, as the Walla Walla, Colville, Yakama, Columbia, and Palouse valleys. Walla Walla valley contains over a million acres of arable land, producing in abundance, grains, fruits and vegetables, with a population of over two thousand, enjoying a high degree of prosperity as a community, and making rapid progress in agriculture and manufactures. The Colville, Yakama, Columbia and Palouse valleys possess much excellent land, adapted to the cultivation of products similar to those raised west of the Cascade range. In all these valleys except the Palouse, considerable tracts have been surveyed. The extent of grazing tract in these valleys and in the hill country surrounding each, is large.

The extensive forests of pines, firs and cedars covering the Coast and Sierra mountains in California, and the Coast and Cascade in Oregon, extend into Washington, covering a large portion of the territory west of the Cascade mountains, the forest increasing in density and in amount of lumber growing upon an acre of ground in its northern part. Fir trees two hundred