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those of Gomez, and had stationed 8,000 troops in the vicinity of Artemisa to intercept him. Maceo with his usual skill avoided an encounter with these, crossed the line, and was again in Havana without having fired a shot.

Failure of Campos.-The political policy of Campos had been one of conciliation, with a certain amount of reform, but it had failed. His military policy was to meet the insurgents on the field of battle, and with superior numbers and resources end the rebellion. Seconded by officers who had learned the science of warfare at home by planning battles on paper and with boy soldiers who scarcely knew how to carry a gun, his operations in the field had also failed. The beginning of 1896 saw the entire island, except the cities, in the possession of the rebels or else in a turmoil. Where there had been no rebels or tendencies on the part of the people to rebel, the country was rife with insurrection. The very people who had protested against the uprising now hailed the chiefs as harbingers of their independence. Gomez was marching back and forth, distributing his bands throughout Matanzas and Havana provinces, burning sugar estates on the pretense of their having violated some order of his or destroying railroad trains because they transported troops and hanging and shooting his followers as an example to the others. The whole country was claimed by him, and the Spaniards, with the exception of the columns sent in pursuit of Maceo, put themselves on the defensive by rapidly fortifying themselves in the towns and cities or on sugar estates. Burning cane fields illuminated the sky about Havana at night, and the smoke told of the destruction going on by day. Many Cubans, both white and colored, who had previously refused to sanction the conspiracies against the Spanish Crown now took the field, and many of the lower classes joined the rebels in some particular raid, only to return to their homes again and mingle with the Spanish soldiers as unconcernedly as though they were their faithful allies. The great mass of peasants who inhabited the rural districts would not fight, but the Spaniards soon discovered them in coalition with the insurgents, and, pacificos that they were, they misled the Spaniards on every occasion. Soldiers and officers called for their punishment, but Campos refused to make war upon noncombatants. The Conservatives called this weakness, and cried out for more rigorous measures. The Spaniards in Havana, astonished at the rapid march of the insurgents and the inability of the army to check them, with the destruction going on at every hand, coalesced and demanded the recall of Spain's greatest general, and Campos went home, a failure.

Gen. Weyler.-This officer landed as Governor General of the island at Havana, Feb. 10, 1896. He was infamous to the Cubans for the atrocious deeds imputed to him when operating in Camaguey years before in the last war, but regarded by the Spanish Conservative element as a general who would end the strife by most energetic methods. His arrival in Havana was consequently attended with demonstrations of joy on the part of the Spaniards, and he promised to have the immediate provinces shortly cleared of the rebels and the paralyzed industries once more assuming their usual activity. He then proceeded to reorganize the scattered and somewhat demoralized troops, and in doing so he made the grave mistake of trying to locate an insurgent army, using a big map of Cuba as the means of so doing. Scarcely had he assumed his duties in the palace of Havana when Maceo effected his return into Havana province from Pinar del Rio, and, to show his disregard for

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the new Captain General, swooped down upon the comparatively large city of Jaruco, looted and burned it, and then moved away again as rapidly as he had come. Gomez joined him, and the two chiefs discussed future plans, while their detached bands, without discipline or organization, continued to sack and burn villages, houses, and plantations, attack railroad trains, and destroy the stations, culverts, and bridges. By means of mounted messengers these bands were brought together to withstand some concentrated attack or loot a city, and then dispersed again to continue their depredations. Tribute was levied upon the planters who sought to remain friendly to the cause of independence, others were hanged when caught; servants were macheted or shot, and pandemonium seemed to have been let loose. Weyler, like his predecessor, failed to comprehend the movement and check its impetuous ferocity by making himself acquainted with the tactics employed, and, going a step or two farther, issued decrees preventing correspondents learning the true state of affairs, and by his own ridiculous bulletins sought to make the public believe that he was winning victories. He massed his troops to attack an army when no such army existed, and when informed that the insurgents got away because they were mounted, instead of mounting his own soldiers, he ordered them to kill all the horses they could find, whether they belonged to the peaceable farmer or were abandoned by the insurgent. His rigorous measures consisted in giving his officers to understand that war was cruel, and they must kill-kill the enemy; armed or unarmed, it made no difference. Prisoners were a hindrance and expense, and when he was informed by his lieutenants that the pacificos coalesced with the insurgents a significant nod was sufficient to sanction the slaughter which followed his assumption of duties as Captain General. Aware of the protest and clamorings of the people in the United States against this barbarous method of warfare, he sought to quiet them by publishing orders that no sentence of death should be executed without his signature, and persistently denied the massacres that followed. No doubt matters were going bad enough on either side, but Weyler, by his blind policy and mismanagement, his ignorance of facts and want of military skill and sound judgment, prevented the facts becoming known, and by his war upon the newspaper correspondents he created an enmity which had its natural result in the mass of pure fiction that found its way into the American newspapers and stirred the American people almost to the point of demanding intervention on the part of our Government. His attempt to muzzle the press clearly demonstrated either his ignorance or fear of the truth, and his false reports were only surpassed in ridiculousness by those sent via Key West by the American correspondent in Havana. He not only deceived himself as to the true situation

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A SPANISH SENTRY.

in the field, but prevented others learning it, while for every American correspondent expelled two others returned, prejudiced and prepared to work against him. On but one occasion does he seem to have shown any real understanding of the situation, and that was by the issue of a circular announcing that the war was not upon the negro, as had been supposed by the raw recruits and their officers fresh from Spain; and means were accordingly taken to incorporate the Cuban negroes who had not already joined the insurgents into the Spanish ranks. This movement met with success, for the Cuban negro, unlike the peasant, if properly encouraged will fight, and he cares little whether it be for or against the white Cuban or the white Spaniard.

The Occupation.-After the sacking of Jaruco, the Spanish infantry columns pursued the insurgents under Maceo and Gomez back and forth through Matanzas and Havana provinces for nearly a month without arriving at any decisive action other than the slaughter of horses and noncombatants, and a few insurgents. Gen. Weyler having declared the province of Pinar del Rio pacified, Maceo set out to re-enter that province and oceupy it. With a host of followers, he entered the port of Batabanó on the night of March 13, sacking and burning it, and again before Weyler could get his columns of infantry up to him he was well on his way into the pacified province. The scene of war was now suddenly transferred from Las Villas, where Weyler was supposed to have been driving the insurgents, to the western province. Maceo, after one or two sharp fights, took up his headquarters in the mountains, and there bade defiance to the Spaniards. Weyler, instead of sending picked bodies of cavalry to pursue him and using his infantry to occupy the field permanently and cut off his enemy's escape, concentrated his efforts in the construction of a trocha. This line was run between Mariel and Majana, was 18 miles long, and consisted for the most part of the well-constructed cart road between Artemisa and Guanajay. Forts or blockhouses were built at intervals of 500 yards along this road and fences of barbed wire put up to prevent the passing of the insurgent cavalry. Two months were spent in the construction of this line, and it was reported that 30,000 troops were required for its defense. In the meantime Maceo, with his forces distributed in the hills, occupied himself with taking possession of the country. As Maceo's previous march through the province was one of triumph, it now became one of terror. Maceo himself appears to have been desirous of pursuing as humane a policy as circumstances would permit, but the wanton cruelties perpetrated by his lieutenants and their followers were as shocking as any of those imputed to the Spaniards; but, owing to Weyler's shortsighted policy in preventing correspondents mingling with the insurgents, these crimes in many instances were carefully covered up or else the seeker for information had only the word of the Spaniard to depend upon. The agricultural industries of this province were chiefly in the hands of small farmers, among whom figured a large proportion of Canary Islanders, a sober, hard-working people who, having no real grievance against Spain, did not favor the insurrection. But upon Maceo's first sudden and wild rush into the territory these people saw no other remedy than to proclaim for him and independence. Maceo ordered their property and tobacco fields respected, and frequently prohibited the rank and file of his followers entering the towns which had surrendered to him. On several occasions he meted out swift justice to those who violated the common laws of decency and good faith, and their placarded

bodies were left dangling to a tree as a proof that the rebels intended to preserve order. On leaving the province to confer with Gomez he left one Bermudez, an ex-bandit chief, in command. Bermudez at first kept to the hills, but upon the return of Maceo he at once inaugurated a reign of terror throughout the southern part of the province where he was detailed in command. Federico Nuñez, in charge of the district along the trocha, seconded Bermudez in his inhuman and atrocious deeds, on several occasions capturing Spanish soldiers and stringing them up in open defiance of the insurgent orders pertaining to the release of prisoners. Peaceable farmers were hanged without a shadow of reason, and it was a frequent occurrence to fire the peasant's ranch at night, on the pretense that the occupant was not wholly opposed to Spanish rule. Bands rode about the country intimidating the farmer gathering sweet potatoes for his family, and the least show of fear on his part was sufficient evidence to merit his being hanged to the nearest guasima. Tobacco sheds were burned, stone edifices pulled down, and the country desolated and depopulated. "To the trenches or to the mountains!" was the insurgent cry as they rode about the country, and then woe to the poor pacifico who was caught seeking the protection of the Spanish trenches, while Weyler remained on the defensive building his trocha. It has been reported that the march of Bermudez was marked by the bodies hanged to the trees, and the climax was reached when he hanged twenty-odd to a single tree. Those who did make their escape to the Spanish fortified towns were not allowed to remain in safety, for at the least expected moment the insurgents would concentrate, and under the cover of darkness crawl up to the town, or into it, and then, with a wild whoop and flaming torch, set fire to the frail houses and sack and plunder. By May 1, 1896, only four intrenched and fortified cities were left in the hands of the Spaniards in the southern part of the province, and as these were overcrowded with refugees, their condition was pitiful. Appeals were made to Capt.-Gen. Weyler to do something to better their condition, but his only answer was that the sufferers must submit. Operating columns were sent back and forth through the province without making any intelligent attempt to reoccupy the country districts, and although they were massed on several occasions to attack Maceo in his fortified positions in the hills, owing to their lack of correct information and military ability they were discomfited on every occasion. During the summer months that followed operations were at a standstill. with Weyler holding the trocha and Maceo holding the province. The Captain General showed no inclination to take the field in person, and even Weyler's own constituents began to show signs of discontent. To the east of the trocha the rebels continued to hold forth in detached bands, raiding towns and burning cane fields and sugar factories. Operations were continued on the part of the Spaniards by marching small columns from town to town, firing upon pacificos, and having an occasional brush with the armed bands. During these months several insurgent leaders were killed, including Zayas, Mirabal, Sanchez, and José Maceo. Gomez with his escort retired to Santa Clara, and thence into his old territory of Camaguey, where, gathering about 500 followers, he met Gen. Jimenez Castillanos, who had sallied out of Puerto Principe with 2,000 troops. The Spanish general, unable to handle such a body of men, upon finding himself attacked, formed a square, where he was at the mercy of the insurgent fire until he ordered a retreat. His want of practical military knowledge cost him the lives of more than 200 soldiers, against

10 killed on the part of the insurgents. At last, when overwhelming odds were brought to bear upon the Captain General, he opened his autumn campaign by taking the field in person, and with 30,000 troops occupied the province of Pinar del Rio, seeking to starve and drive the rebels out.

Death of Maceo.-During Maceo's occupation of Pinar del Rio he had practically been abandoned by Gomez and the other insurgent chiefs east of the trocha. For months the Cuban laborantes had been looking forward to some movement on the part of the general in chief to concentrate his forces, break away through Weyler's trocha, and join Maceo or allow Maceo to join him; but nothing of the kind took place. Gomez continued in Camaguey, which was practically undisturbed by any operation on the part of the Spaniards after the loss sustained by General Castillanos at Saratoga; Lacret's force had been nearly demolished in Matanzas, and Aguirre's brigade, near Havana, had dwindled down to insignificance. Several small bands were scattered through the western and southern part of Havana, and had fought under the command of Collazo, but separated upon his death. Gen. Bruno Zayas was sent to take command of these detached bands, but he was killed before he could get them together. Maceo, upon finding himself pressed by Weyler in the mountains of Pinar del Rio dispersed his followers through the rugged territory, and with a few of his escort proceeded to the north coast, and there crossed in a small boat the Bay of Mariel and landed safely to the east of Weyler's costly if not formidable trocha. He immediately sent out couriers to the chiefs of all the forces in Havana and Matanzas provinces, ordering them to concentrate at a favorite camping place near Punta Brava. While he was waiting for this concentration, on the afternoon of Dec. 7, some of the bands having already come in, firing was heard upon the outpost. Maceo, as usual, was the first to mount and ride forward with his escort, but this time he counted without his fighting negroes from the east. The insurgents who had already arrived in response to Maceo's summons proceeded to the attack, but the soldiers who had intrenched themselves behind a stone wall, directed their fire at the chief who rode out upon the slope of a hill to watch the engagement. As he saw his men making an attempt to surround the Spaniards, who were behind the stone wall, he said, "It goes well," and then fell, mortally wounded. Upon seeing their chief fall, those at his side fled precipitately, many of them being wounded, and the Spaniards occupied the field. As usual, they proceeded to strip the dead, while the officer in command, satisfied with the victory, returned to headquarters, little dreaming that Maceo, whom they supposed Weyler to be pursuing in the extreme west, had been their victim. The spoils of the dead chief fell to a native guide, who recognized upon the naked body the wounds of many a battle. While the soldiers were still in the act of plundering the dead, Pedro Diaz, learning that Maceo had fallen, came up with a force, and a desperate fight ensued, which resulted in the insurgents getting possession of their chief's body, The Cuban guide escaped with his booty, and, suspecting it to be the belongings of some important chief, he turned it over to the inspection of Major Cirujeda, commander of the Spanish force. It then dawned upon the Spaniards that they had killed Maceo, but as they could not conceive of the possibility of Maceo's crossing the trocha they refused to believe it. Then came the surrender of Dr. Zatucha, Maceo's staff surgeon, who, believing that with the death of his chief the cause of Cuba's freedom had ended, told how Maceo and a few of his

followers had crossed the Mariel Bay at night in a small boat.

The Revolutionary Government.-The scheme of the revolutionary leaders was to organize a civil government in Cuba at once, without waiting for the revolution to develop sufficient force to overthrow the existing government. After the meeting of Gen. Gomez with the leaders in Camaguey the scheme was carried out with the venerable Salvador Cisneros as President, other leaders forming his Cabinet. No attempt was made to establish this Government in a permanent locality, but the President with his Cabinet, surrounded by an armed escort, accompanied Gomez into the province of Las Villas, where later they were joined by Maceo with his invading army from the east at La Reforma. After the concentration at La Reforma and the determination to carry the war to the west the Government followed, with the invading army as a part of its impedimenta, avoiding conflicts with the Spanish troops until arriving at a point of concentration in the vicinity of Sancti-Spiritus. Here the army was reviewed, and a flag embroidered by the beautiful daughters of "Tinima" was presented to Antonio Maceo by the President, and the army proceeded on its western march, leaving the President and his Cabinet with their escort to return to Camaguey. While no attention was paid to this peculiarly formed Government by the Spanish military authorities, its existence was taken up as a basis for the recognition of the belligerency of the Cubans by the United States, and the Cuban laborantes and newspaper correspondents in Havana at once located a capital for it on the Cubitas range 25 miles from Puerto Principe, to which capital they gave the name of Cubitas. All manner of stories were circulated and published about this visionary capital which was generally described as an impregnable position which could not be reached by Spanish artillery. It was said to constitute the chief storehouse and manufacturing establishment of the revolutionists, where were compounded dynamite, giant powder, etc. Notwithstanding the fact that the Spanish columns marched through the range of mountains on several occasions without being able to discover any such stronghold or capital the story was persisted in and accepted as truth in the United States. Reports were also published that a mail service was established by this Cuban Government, and it was claimed that it was the only postal system in operation over two thirds of the island, and for its use an issue of Cuban postage stamps was printed in the United States. The writer, who has spent considerable time in the field with the Cubans, never has been able to discover any of these stamps in actual use in any part of the island. The Government organization did, however, map the island off into zones and formulate a plan to appoint a civil governor with jurisdiction in each zone. The zones were to be subdivided into districts or prefecturas, with a magistrate presiding in each district, to be known as the prefecto, with the rank and pay of a captain in the army. It was the specific duty of the Governor to appoint the prefectos in his particular zone and see that they complied with their duties as specified in the decrees issued by the President and his Cabinet. These duties finally consisted in the prefecto's taking possession of everything in his particular district, in the name of "Free Cuba," and appropriating it to the use of the officers and their followers as needed, who should give a receipt upon its delivery. Maceo seems to have carried the scheme into the extreme west of the island. Gomez used the prefectura system as it suited his convenience, appointing and disposing the prefectos, and even executing them,

according to his personal whims or passions, until called to a halt by the council formed by the President and his staff, upon his return to Camaguey, in June, after he had made the invasion.

The Cuban peasants who did not want war, but who had always looked upon the Spanish military rule in the island as unjust and oppressive, seeing the advantages obtained over the Spanish troops by the insurgents, at once showed a willingness to recognize the Government of his countrymen and obey the decrees and accept the commissions imposed upon them. By these decrees they were prohibited selling any produce for Spanish coin, and as there was no other money they could not sell at all. The prefectos were required to make a list of all the male inhabitants living in their particular district and obtain from each an acknowledgment of the supremacy of the civil Government, upon which they were to issue a certificate of citizenship, after which any one found roaming about the country without such certificate and written authority from their prefecto was to be considered an enemy of the republic. Upon these slight grounds Gomez executed many Cubans while moving about the central provinces with no apparent object except to keep out of the way of the Spanish troops. This he termed the organization of the country; and the levying of tribute by the various detached bands upon the sugar planters, cattle drovers, and fruit venders was termed the collection of taxes; and after these taxes were gathered the payee was very frequently strung up to a tree for having violated the Government decree prohibiting the selling of his products for Spanish gold or taking produce from the country into the city in violation of other decrees.

In some parts of the island where the Spanish columns were unable to operate, owing to their attention being taken up by the activity of the insurgents in other parts, the prefectura system was established with an admirable degree of perfection. Some peasant of superior intelligence was selected as captain-prefecto, and his neighbor peasants were set to work planting crops to supply the insurgents and themselves with food. Again workshops were established within the depths of a forest or among the mountains for the manufacture of shoes, saddles, and other articles. In the execution of their various schemes the Provisional Government does not seem to have considered the necessity of any established force, either to protect the citizens who willingly recognized their authority or to see that their decrees were systematically complied with, but it was left to the good will of the citizens themselves to obey and execute, or to some roving band of armed rebels, frequently at the command of an arbitrary chief, to execute the erring citizen, or, on the other hand, with no adequate force to protect that which the Government had instituted, the citizen was often obliged to submit quietly to the destruction of his cattle and potato fields by the prowling rebels, who despised him because he did not fight. In those parts of the island where the troops were carrying on active operations the unprotected citizen was driven out, butchered, or taken prisoner, and his home and potato field were destroyed that he and his might no longer prove a benefit to the rebels.

Filibustering.-A large amount of war material was purchased by Marti, and vessels were chartered to transport it to Cuba, where arrangements were made for its reception, before the beginning of hostilities, but at Fernandina, Fla., it was seized by the United States authorities. Prior to May 1, 1895, three vessels, the "Amadis," the "Lagonda," and the "Baracoa," are reported as having taken arms and ammunition to Cuba.

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Subsequently the tug "George W. Childs," the Antoinette," the " Lark," the "Attic," and the "Mallory" were all engaged in the service of the insurgents. Besides these, there have been recorded 36 expeditions fitted out in the United States, in spite of the vigilance of the Government at Washington. Of these, 17 are reported as total failures and 5 as partial failures, leaving only 14 as as having successfully landed their supplies on the Cuban coast. Of the unsuccessful expeditions may be mentioned one that attempted to sail from Wilmington, Del. The men and arms were taken out into Delaware river in the middle of the night by a tug belonging to the Wilmington Tug Company, with orders to wait for an outward-bound steamer, which would blow three whistles, aboard which the men and arms were to be put. The expedition was engineered by Col. Emilio Nuñez and Gonzalo de Quesada, and the men being arrested, there were found in their possession letters addressed to Gen. Maximo Gomez, to the Marquis of Santa Lucia, and to the "Chief of Communications at Camaguey"; also presents of stylographic pens for Gen. Gomez and other leaders from Gonzalo de Quesada. It appears that the "Laurada" was outward bound that night, but owing to some accident to her machinery did not start. The arms were returned and ultimately went to Cuba. In the autumn of 1895 the steamer "Commodore" became an object of suspicion at New London, Conn., and when she went to Wilmington, N. C., a cargo came by express to her from the north. It was expressed from Providence, R. I., and from New York to Wilmington, the express charges amounting to $942. The "Commodore " had been cleared for Cartagena, via Southport, N. C., and the captain, being apprehended, stated that he did not know what the articles were which were to be shipped, but he intended to clear the cargo as mining implements and machinery. About the same time a considerable body of strange men arrived in Wilmington, but the men disappeared upon learning that the ship was proceeded against. The cases marked "hardware" and "agricultural implements" were found to be arms and ammunition, including a rapid-firing gun of the most improved pattern. There was no direct evidence that the vessel was fitted out to commit hostilities against Cuba, and it was released. On July 9, 1895, the steamer "James E. Woodall" left Baltimore and subsequently landed a large expedition, under Roloff, Sanchez, and Rodriguez, in the vicinity of Tunas, Sancti Spiritus. Proceedings were instituted in Baltimore against Roloff, one Smith, and Dr. J. J. Luis for the fitting out of this expedition, and Dr. Luis was convicted March 27, 1897. Roloff forfeited his bail, and Smith never was apprehended. Two successful expeditions and six unsuccessful ones are reported as following this. Then came the steamer" Horsa," which left Philadelphia, Nov. 9, landing its boats with men and arms on the coast of Cuba six days later. Some of the arms and ammunition were lost by being thrown overboard, and on the return of the steamer to Philadelphia, the captain, J. H. Wiborg, and his two mates were convicted of violating the neutrality laws of the United States. The case was carried to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the conviction of Wiborg, but reversed that of the two mates. On Dec. 6 an expedition encamped at Cape Sable, Florida, under Enrique Collazo, disbanded on the appearance of a United States revenue cutter. In January, 1896, an attempt to take 300 men and a large quantity of military supplies was made by Gen. Calixto Garcia on the "Hawkins," which foundered Jan. 27 off Long Island. All but five of the men were rescued by various vessels and brought back to New York. On

Feb. 15 the tug "Three Friends," assisted by the schooners "Ardell" and "Mallory," undertook to make its first filibustering trip, but on complaint of Spanish consuls the members of the expedition were detained. No case being found against them, they were liberated, after which, under command of Enrique Collazo, they again sailed for Cuba, where they landed on the beach at Veredero during the night of March 23, with their boats loaded. Being frightened at the proximity of a Spanish fort, the boats were abandoned, the men taking to the woods. The tug, unable to learn their fate, returned to Key West with the rest of the arms and ammunition, where she was detained by the authorities, but for lack of evidence was released. On March 15 the steamship "Bermuda" made her second trip, taking an expedition with Calixto Garcia in command from New York. The men

SPANISH SOLDIERS BREAKFASTING.

patrol boat, came in view from behind an adjacent key and opened fire. The bulk of the arms and ammunition was abandoned by Munzon, who fled with his men into the interior. The sailing master, William Gildea, and the captain of the expedition, Alfred Laborde, a correspondent, Ona Melton, and Dr. Vedia, and one Maza, members of the expedi tion, were captured and taken to Havana. William Leavitt and Charles Barnet, sailors, who were ashore when the firing began, were captured on their way to overtake the fleeing Cubans. There was a hasty court-martial at Havana, in which the Cuban Maza turned Crown evidence, and the prisoners were sentenced to death; but, owing to the interference of the United States consul, the proceedings were set aside, and after an imprisonment of eighteen months the men were released. The steamer"Laurada" made its third expedition, sail

ing from New York, May 9, with men and arms, which were landed in Cuba, May 16. A fine was imposed on this vessel at Kingston, Jamaica. Capt. Dickman and Nuñez were tried in New York, and the jury disagreed. The captain was fined $100 at Charleston, S. C., for violation of customs laws. The "Three Friends" made her second expedition from Jacksonville, Fla., on May 23, with an expedition which was safely landed in Cuba. On June 24 the same steamer undertook a third expedition with the assistance of the steamer"City of Richmond." The vessels were seized by the United States authorities, and the men were arrested before the expedition got away, but the vessels being released and the men discharged from custody, they got away and the expedition was landed between July 1 and July 13. On June 17 the tug "Commodore" made her third successful trip from Charleston, S. C., landing arms and ammunition on June 24. On July 17 the "Three Friends" made her fourth successful trip, landing both men and On Aug. 5 the steamer "Laurada left Philadelphia with the tug "Dauntless," the "Madeira," the "Oriole," and the launch "Richard K. Fox." They went to Navassa island, and thence took a large amount of war supplies to Cuba. Capt. Murphy's return to the United States he was arrested, but was released on bail. Subsequently John D. Hart, owner of the "Laurada," was convicted in Philadelphia for violation of the neutrality laws, Feb. 23, 1897, but appealed, and was liberated on bail, Aug. 15. The tug "Three Friends was seized by the United States steamer Boutwell," and as nothing was found aboard but coal and medical supplies she was released. On Sept. 2 the "Three Friends" again left Jacksonville in disobedience to the Federal authorities. Her cargo of arms and ammunition was safely landed in Cuba, and on her return she was libeled in the district court at Jacksonville. On Oct. 5 the tug "Dauntless" landed successfully at the mouth of the San Juan river a large expedition of arms and ammunition, but owing to cowardice and mismanagement of the commanding officer in charge of the Cubans on shore after the expedition was landed nearly everything, including correspondence from the junta was carried away by the crew of a small Spanish patrol boat. On Oct. 6.

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FORT NEAR MATANZAS.

were landed in Cuba on March 24 with a part of the arms and ammunition. The part of the ammunition which could not be landed was carried to Puerto Cortes, Honduras, where it was seized. Upon their return to New York Capts. O'Brien, Hart, and Nuñez were prosecuted, but were acquitted by the jury. A second trip of the tug "Commodore" with an expedition was attempted from Charleston, S. C., March 12. This expedition, under the command of Braulio Pena, was successfully landed in Cuba. The steamer on its return was libeled for making a foreign voyage, but the proceedings were never brought to trial. On April 20 the steamer "Bermuda" made her third trip, attempting to land in Cuba, but, failing, proceeded to Honduras. The members of the expedition returned in another steamer to Mobile, Ala. When the steamer returned to Philadelphia her British register was revoked. It is said that the arms and ammunition were thrown overboard on this trip by her captain, John G. Riley, who was fined $315 in Honduras for landing certain of the men there. The schooner "Competitor," with arms and ammunition, left Key West on April 23, under command of Munzon, and arrived off the north coast of Cuba near Esperanza. The arms and ammunition had been put ashore when the "Mensajera," a Spanish

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