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the Democrats and Greenbackers together had control of the State. Nevertheless he was elected by the largest majority ever given to a Republican candidate. This triumph made him a conspicuous figure in national politics and a possible candidate for the presidency. He held no other office, however, until President McKinley selected him for the post of Secretary of War.

John Davis Long was born in Buckfield, Maine, Oct. 27, 1838. He entered Harvard College when he was only fourteen years of age, but was graduated second in his class, of which he was chosen to be the poet at commencement. He was master of a school for a short time, then studied law, began his professional life in Boston in 1862, and rose to an eminent position at the bar. He entered the State Legislature in 1875, and in 1876 was a candidate for Speaker. In 1879 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, and he was re-elected for the two succeeding terms, defeating Gen. Benjamin F. Butler both times. Subsequent to this he was elected to Congress, in which he sat for three successive terms. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate. Secretary Long has long resided at Hingham, and in intermissions of his professional and business pursuits he has cultivated literature, producing a volume of light verse and a translation of Virgil's "Eneid."

Joseph McKenna was born in Philadelphia in 1855, was taken to California in childhood, was

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JOSEPH MCKENNA, ATTORNEY-GENERAL.

graduated at St. Augustine College, Benicia, studied law, and after admission to the California bar served one term as district attorney, and was then, in 1875, elected to the Legislature, where he delivered a notable speech on the proposal to create the State Board of Railroad Commissioners. He was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress, was at last elected, and served for four terms, after which he was appointed a judge of the United States Court of California in 1892. In Congress he was a political friend and associate of William McKinley, whom he assisted in framing the tariff bill. When he formed his Cabinet, President McKinley appointed Judge McKenna Attorney-General.

CORNELIUS N. BLISS, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

removed with his family to Maryland while very young, was graduated at Allegheny College, and went into mercantile business in Baltimore in his father's firm, of which he afterward became the

head. He connected himself with various corporations that achieved success, and for a number of successive terms was President of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association of Baltimore.

Cornelius Newton Bliss was born in Fall River, Mass., in 1834. He went to New York city to embark in a mercantile career early in life became an active and prominent dry-goods merchant, the head of the firm of Bliss, Fabyan & Co., and has long been prominent also as a leader in local politics, though unwilling to accept public office until President McKinley appointed him Secretary of the Interior. He has often been a delegate to State political conventions, and was chairman of a committee of the New York Chamber of Commerce that in Chicago urged the nomination of President Arthur in 1884.

James Wilson is a native of Scotland, but was educated in this country. He was born in 1835, came to the United States in 1851, passed through an academy, and became a farmer in Iowa of re

JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.

pute for practical and scientific knowledge, and a representative of agricultural interests in the State Legislature, of which he was a member for six years, serving one term as Speaker. He was elected next to Congress, where he sat for three terms. He is Secretary of Agriculture.

Area and Population.-The total area of the United States, including three Territories represented in Congress and the Indian Territory, but excluding Alaska, is 3,025,600 square miles, of which 55,600 square miles are covered with water. The area of Alaska is estimated at 531,400 square miles. The total population in 1890 was 62,831,900, including 179,321 in the Indian Territory and 30,329 in Alaska. The total population on Dec. 31, 1897, was estimated at 77,705,622.

The number of immigrants for the year ending June 30, 1897, not including those from Canada or Mexico, was 230,832, of whom 46,198 were laborers, 23,739 domestic servants, 22.560 farmers, 3,454 tailors, 3,325 shoemakers, 2,503 carpenters, 1,747 clerks. 1,743 miners, and 1,137 blacksmiths. The total number of skilled laborers was 33,161; of professional men, 1,732; of miscellane

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The infantry weapon is the modified Krag-Jörgensen repeating rifle of 76 millimetres caliber. The cavalry is armed with Krag-Jörgensen carbines, sabers, and Colt revolvers. The artillery forces consist of 50 batteries of foot artillery and 10 mounted batteries, the latter having each 4 pieces. The field guns are breechloaders of a new system, having a caliber of 8-2 centimetres. The organized militia of the States and Territories had on Dec. 31, 1897, a strength of 1,391 staff and general officers, 5,290 cavalry, 4,906 artillery, and 101,873 infantry, giving a total authorized strength of 116,125 officers and men. The number in actual service was 113,460. The total population capable of bearing arms and liable to military service in case of war was estimated at 10,139,788.

The Navy.-The United States navy on Dec. 31, 1897, contained 11 armored battle ships built or building as follows: The "Maine," built in 1888, of 6,682 tons displacement, 9,293 horse power, 174 knots speed, a main battery of 4 10-inch and 6 6inch breech-loading rifled cannon, and a secondary battery of 7 6-pounder and 8 1-pounder rapidfiring guns [destroyed in the harbor of Havana, Feb. 15, 1898]: the "Texas," begun in 1889, of 6,315 tons displacement, 8,000 horse power, giving a speed of 17 knots, a main battery of 2 12-inch and 6 6inch breechloaders, and a secondary battery of 6 1-pounders, 4 3.7-centimetre quick firers, and 2 Gatlings; the "Massachusetts" and "Oregon," begun in 1891, of 10,288 tons displacement, 9,000 horse power, a speed of 15 knots, and a main armament of 4 13-inch, 8 8-inch, and 4 6-inch breechloaders, with an auxiliary armament of 20 6-pounders, 4 1-pounders, and 4 Gatlings: the "Indiana," a sister ship to these, launched in the same year and having the same dimensions, protection, and armament, with engines of 9.738 horse power, developing a speed of 15.54 knots; the "Iowa," begun in 1893, of 11,410 tons displacement, with engines of 11,000 horse power, making 16 knots, and carrying 4 12inch, 8 8-inch, and 6 4-inch guns in the main battery, with a minor armament of 20 6-pounders, 4 1-pounders, and 4 Gatlings; the sister ships "Kearsarge" and "Kentucky," laid down in 1896, of 11,525 tons, with engines of 11.000 horse power, giving a speed of 16 knots, a main battery of 4 13-inch and 4 8-inch breechloaders, and a secondary battery of 14 5-inch, 20 6-pounder, and 6 1-pounder rapid firers, 4 Gatlings, and a field piece; and the "Alabama," "Illinois," and "Wisconsin," still on the stocks, the most expensive of all, costing $3,750,000 each, having a displacement of 11,000 tons, to be engined for a speed of 16 knots, and built to carry 4 13-inch and 14 6-inch guns in the main batteries and a subsidiary armament of 16 6-pounders, 4 1pounders, 4 Gatlings, and a field gun. There were 2 armored cruisers, the "New York," begun in 1890, having a displacement of 8.200 tons, with engines of 17,400 horse power, developing a speed of 21 knots, and carrying a main battery of 6 8-inch

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ana 12 4-inch guns, and a minor armament of 8 6pounders, 4 1-pounders, and 4 Gatlings; and the Brooklyn," laid down in 1893, with 16,000-horsepower engines and a speed of 20 knots, carrying a main armament of 8 8-inch and 12 4-inch cannon, and a secondary armament of 12 6-pounders, 41pounders, and 4 Gatlings. The cruiser ram "Katahdin," launched in 1891, of 2,155 tons, with 4,800 horse power, is capable of making 17 knots, her sole armament besides the great ram consisting of 4 6pounder rapid-fire guns. For coast defense the navy was provided with a large number of monitors, 6 with double turrets and 13 with single turrets. Of the former the "Amphitrite." "Miantonomah," "Monadnock," and "Terror," begun in 1874, have a displacement of 3,990 tons each, with 12 to 14 knots speed, and armed with 4 10-inch, 2 6-pounder, 2 3-pounder, and 2 1-pounder rapidfire guns, besides which the " Amphitrite" and the Monadnock " carry 2 4-inch breechloaders and 2 3-7-centimetre quick-firing guns. The "Puritan," begun in 1875, has a displacement of 6,060 tons, a speed of 124 knots, and an armament of 4 12-inch and 2 4-inch guns, with 6 6-pounders, 4 Gatlings, and 2 3.7-centimetre machine guns. The "Monterey," of 5,244 tons, can steam 13-6 knots, and is armed with 2 12-inch and 2 10-inch guns, with a subsidiary armament of 6 6-pounders 4 1pounders, and 2 Gatlings. The old monitors, built in 1862, are each armed with 2 15-inch smoothbore cannon. The protected cruisers number 13, besides which there are 3 unarmored cruisers. The "Atlanta" and "Boston," of 3,000 tons, begun in 1883, have a speed of 156 knots, and carry 6 6inch and 2 8-inch guns, with 14 quick firers and machine guns; the "Chicago," of 4,500 tons, launched at the same time, steams 15.1 knots, and carries an armament of 4 8-inch, 8 6-inch, and 17 smaller guns; the "Charleston," of 3,730 tons, launched in 1887, can make 18.2 knots, and is armed with 2 8inch, 6 6-inch, and 14 smaller guns; the Baltimore," of 4,413 tons, launched in 1887, can make 20 knots, and is armed with 4 8-inch and 6 6-inch guns, besides a subsidiary armament of 14 guns: the Newark," "Philadelphia," and "San Francisco," laid down in 1888, can make from 19 to 194 knots, and are armed with 12 6-inch breechloaders and from 15 to 17 quick-firing and machine guns; the Raleigh," of 3,213 tons, begun in 1889, can make 19 knots, and carries 10 5-inch, 1 6-inch, and 10 smaller quick-firing guns; the "Detroit," "Marblehead," and "Montgomery," unprotected cruisers, laid down in 1890, have a displacement of 2.089 tons, speed ranging from 184 to 194 knots, and an armament of 9 5-inch rapid-fire guns, 8 smaller ones, and 2 Gatlings; the "Cincinnati," built at the same time, has a displacement of 3,213 tons, a speed of 19 knots, and an armament of 10 5-inch, 16-inch, 8 6-pounder, and 2 1-pounder rapid-fire guns, and 2 Gatlings; the "Columbia." begun in 1890. of 7,375 tons, is a commerce destroyer able to steam 22.8 knots, 1 8-inch breechloader, carrying 2 6-inch, 8 4-inch, 12 6-pounder, and 4 1-pounder quick firers, and 4 Gatlings: the "Minneapolis," her sister ship, laid down in 1891, made 23:07 knots in her trial trip; the "Olympia," of 5.870 tons, begun in 1891, has a speed of 216 knots, and carries an armament of 4 8-inch breechloaders, 10 5-inch rapid-firing guns, and 20 smaller ones, besides 4 Gatlings. Of modern gunboats there are the "Yorktown," "Petrel,” “Bennington,” “Concord," "Castine," Machias," "Wilmington," "Helena," and "Nashville." of 892 to 1,710 tons displacement, built between 1887 and 1894, and armed with 6-inch and 4-inch guns, and strong secondary batteries. The composite gunboats "Annapolis," "Vicksburg," "Newport," "Princeton," "Marietta,"

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and "Wheeling," of 1,000 tons, laid down in 1896, are designed for a speed of 12 knots, and will carry 6 4-inch, 4 6-pounder, and 2 1-pounder rapid-fire guns. The training ship "Bancroft" is armed with 4 4-inch and 7 smaller rapid-fire guns, the dispatch boat" Dolphin" with 2 4-inch and 6 smaller ones. The dynamite cruiser Vesuvius," built in 1887, has a speed of 21:4 knots, and is armed with 3 15inch pneumatic guns capable of sending dynamite projectiles 4 miles. A torpedo cruiser is in course of construction. The torpedo boats "Cushing," "Ericsson,' Stiletto,' Foote," Rodgers."" Winslow," "Porter," "Du Pont," and "Rowan," the last 6 built in 1896, have 3 ejectors for 18-inch Whitehead torpedoes. The latest have a length of 175 feet and a speed of 274 knots. The submarine-torpedo boat Plunger" was also built in 1896. In 1897 the keels of the Dahlgren," "Craven," and 'Farragut were laid, which are designed for a speed of 30 and 30 knots, also of the "Davies," "Fox," and " Morris," and the smaller "Gwin," "Talbot," MacKensie," and McKee." steaming 20 and 221⁄2 knots, and of the "Stringham," "Goldsborough," and "Bailey," built to carry the first 7, and the others 4 6-pounders, besides 2 torpedo tubes, and to make 30 knots an hour.

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Pensions.-The number of invalid ex-soldiers receiving pensions under the general pension act on June 30, 1897, was 336,299; of nurses, 663; of widows, etc., 94,618; of navy pensioners, 4,788; of sailors' widows, etc., 2,375. Under the act of June 27, 1890, the number of army invalids was 378,609; of widows, etc., 110,593; of navy invalids, 13,831; of widows, etc., 5,766. There was an increase during the year of 123 nurses and a decrease of 8,504 ex-soldiers, 2,513 widows and dependents of soldiers, 33 ex-sailors, and 14 widows and dependents of sailors under the general law, and an increase of 8,122 army invalids, 8,954 soldiers' widows, etc., 500 navy invalids, and 302 sailors' widows, etc., under the law of June 27, 1890, making a net increase of 5,336, and bringing the total number of pensioners on the roll up to 976.014, not including 6,852 original pensions and 762 restorations and renewals issued during the year but not yet mailed to the pension agents at its close. The number of widows of soldiers of the Revolutionary War was 7; that of surviving pensioners of the War of 1812 was 7 and of widows of soldiers of that war 2,810; of pensioners of the Mexican War, 10,922 survivors and 8,072 widows: of pensioners of the Indian wars, 2,373 survivors and 4,288 widows. The number of claims allowed during 1897 was 3,726 for invalids and 4.612 for widows, etc. There had been filed 2,185,416 claims up to June 30, 1897, and allowed 1,526,676. The payments during the year amounted to $140,845,772, distributed among 746.829 invalids and 229,185 widows and dependents. The total disbursements from 1861 to the end of 1897 have been $2,138,360,926. The expenses of disbursing the pension fund during 1897 were $3,309,387. There were 50,101 new pensions added to the rolls during the year and 3,971 pensioners whose names had been dropped were restored, a total of 54,072, while 31,960 names fell away from the rolls through death, 1,074 through remarriage of widows and mothers, 1,845 through the coming of age of minors, 2,683 through failure to claim pension for three years, and 3,560 from other causes, making a total of 41,122. The total number of pension certificates issued during the year was 94,454, while 76,234 claims were disallowed, not including applications for an increase of pensions.

Public Lands.-The homestead entries during the year ending June 30, 1897, embraced 4,452.289 acres, and entries under the timber-culture act 646 acres. The total area of lands patented by the

United States up to that date was 95,741,638 acres, viz., 4,433,073 acres to States for canal purposes, 1,987,027 acres to States for wagon roads, 1,406,211 acres under river improvement grants, and 87,915,327 acres to States and corporations for railroad purposes. The railroad selections during the year 1897 were 1,538,463 acres. The area of public lands vacant and subject to entry on June 30, 1897, was 591,343,953 acres, of which 319,949,833 acres were surveyed and 272,294,130 acres unsurveyed. The total area of public land surveyed up to June 30, 1897, was 1,061,075,643 acres, and the total area of land remaining unsurveyed was 754,448,745 acres, inclusive of Indian and other public reservations, unsurveyed private land claims and surveyed private claims in California, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico, the sections reserved for public schools, unsurveyed railroad, swamp land, and other grants, and unsurveyed mountain, lake, river, and other unproductive areas.

The Patent Office.-The number of applications for patents during the calendar year 1896 was 42,077; for design patents, 1,828; for reissues, 77; for registration of trade-marks, 2,005; for registration of labels, 59; for prints, 36; number of caveats filed, 2,271; total, 48,353. The number of patents granted, including designs and reissues, was 23,373; of trade-marks registered, 1,813; of labels, 1; of prints, 32; total, 25,219. There were 4,736 patents withheld for nonpayment of fees. The number of patents that expired was 12,133. The total number of applications filed since 1837 was 1,040,035, and the number of caveats filed was 107,415, while the total number of original patents granted, including designs, was 577,539. The receipts of the Patent Office during 1896 were $1,324,059, and the expenditures $1,113,413.

The Indians.-The appropriations of Congress for the Indian Bureau in 1896 were $727,640 for current and contingent expenses, $2,982,147 for treaty obligations to the Indians, $695,625 for miscellaneous support and gratuities, $82,050 for incidental expenses; $549,903 for miscellaneous purposes; $2,056,515 for support of schools, $9,870 for interest on trust funds, and $1,660,000 for purchase of Indian lands; total, $8,763,751. The total Indian population of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, but including 32,567 taxable Indians counted in the general census, was 249,273 in 1890. The number of Indians on reservations, which was 256,127 in 1880 and 243,524 in 1890, was estimated at 248,815 in 1897. The number of births for the year ending June 30, 1897, was 4,326 and deaths 4,058. The area of the Indian reservations has been reduced from 241,800 square miles in 1880 to 162,991 in 1890, and 129,323 in 1897.

Immigration.-The immigration in 1897 was 230,832, of which number 1,954 were Bohemians, 15,025 Hungarians, and 16.052 other Austro-Hungarians, other than Poles, making the total from Austria-Hungary, except Poles, 33,031; 760 were Belgians, 2,085 Danes, 2,107 French, 22,533 Germans, 571 Greeks, 59,431 Italians, 890 Dutch, 5,842 Norwegians, 4,165 Poles, 1,874 Portuguese, 791 Roumanians, 22,750 Russians other than Poles, 3,066 Spanish, 13.162 Swedes, 1,566 Swiss, and 152 European Turks; 9,974 were English, 28,421 Irish, 1,883 Scotch, 870 Welsh, and 25 British not specified, making the total number from the United Kingdom 41,173 and the total from all Europe 216,397; 290 were from British North America, 91 from Mexico, 6 from Central America, 4,101 from the West Indies and Miquelon, and 49 from South America, making a total of 4,537 from America; 3,363 were Chinese and 6,299 other Asiatics, making 9,662 from Asia; 199 came from Oceanica, and 37 from Africa.

Commerce. The total value of the imports and exports of merchandise for the year ending June 30, 1897, was $1,815,723,968, compared with $1,662,331,612 in 1896 and $1,539,508,130 in 1895. In 1885 the volume of trade was $1,319,717,084; in 1875, $1,046,448,147; in 1865, $404,774,883; in 1855, $476,718,211. The excess of imports over exports in 1897 was $286,263,144; in 1896, $102,882,264; in 1895, $75,568,200. The total value of imports in the fiscal year 1897 was $764,730,412, compared with $779,724,674 in 1896, $731,969,965 in 1895, $577,527,329 in 1885, $567,406,342 in 1875, $238,745,580 in 1865, and $257,808,708 in 1855. The value of domestic exports was $1,032,007,603, the highest figure ever reached, having increased from $863,200,487 in 1896 and $793,392,599 in 1895, yet not much exceeding the total of $1,015,732,011 for 1892, to which the domestic exports had gradually risen from $683,862,104 in 1888. The exports of domestic merchandise in 1885 were $726,682,946 ; in 1875, $499,284,100; in 1865, $136,940,248; in 1855, $192,751,135.

The values of the articles or classes of articles imported in 1897 are given in the following table: IMPORTS.

Agricultural implements..
Animals, free of duty.
Animals, dutiable..

Antimony, ore and regulus or metal..

Asbestus, unmanufactured. Asphaltum or bitumen, free. Bark, hemlock..

Beads and bead ornaments

Value. $11,469

300,436

3.985.019

4,464,608

Articles, the produce of the United States, returned, free..

3,970,107

Articles specially imported, free.. Art works..

684,102

4,424,533

191,097

395,554

133,051

979.283

43,339

199,470

124,931

138,633

136,909

76,303

212,385

224.039

147,067

1,806,476

1,373,230

147.130

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385

2,774,763

1,216,794

782.802

Buhrstones

23,569

Buttons and button forms..

950,061

Cement, Portland, Roman, and other hydraulic. Chalk..

2,972,350

48,954

Alizarin colors and dyes, natural or artificial Argol, or crude tartar..

1,022,970

1,967,042

Cinchona bark, etc.

142,512

Coal-tar colors and dyes...

3,196,478

Cochineal..

41,943

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