! 1 cities monarchists were mobbed, and the offices of Conservative newspapers were wrecked. In March Conselheirota bands appeared in Sergipe, Piahuy, Pernambuco, and Minas Geraes. Saraiva, a lieutenant of Conselheiro, attempted to start an insurrection in Rio Janeiro province. Conselheiro himself had 10,000 or 12,000, and Plato Diniz about 1,500 in the northern provinces. The Government proposed to double the strength of the army, and there were threatening demonstrations in Rio against President Moraes, who expressed a willingness to resign. After the last engagement, in which Col. Moreira Cesar was killed, a fresh Government force of 7,000 men was sent up to Canudos from Rio and Pernambuco. Gen. Cantuzia was dispatched to Bahia with a large force of artillery. These forces, commanded by Gen. Arthur Oscar, attempted no rash movements, but advanced slowly against Canudos, where the fanatics were regularly intrenched. Their progress was impeded at every point of the 250 miles from Bahia. Well-guarded outworks stopped them, and fanatic bands of men and women rushed upon them from hiding-places. The arduous march took two months. Early in June the Brazilian troops, under Gen. Oscar, defeated 8,000 fanatics, killing 300. Before the end of the month they had driven them within their fortifications, and were victorious in several skirmishes. On June 27 and the following days a series of assaults on the town were repelled, with the loss of more than 1,000 of the Federal troops and higher losses on Conselheiro's side. The Government troops were re-enforced until they outnumbered the town's defenders three to one. The bombardment was kept up day after day, and in a final assault on July 7 the town was captured after a fierce battle lasting four hours. The troops destroyed churches and other buildings in which the fanatics took refuge. Conselheiro's forces concentrated in five villages in the Canudos district, which Gen. Arthur Oscar proceeded to invest. Further re-enforcements of 4,000 men were forwarded. On July 23 the Brazilian troops occupied two of the villages. Before the main position was attacked the Government army consisted of 15,000 men. Fighting occurred constantly, and the fanatics frequently held the road between Monte Santo and the front, and interrupted the transport of ammunition and stores. In the mean time fresh bodies of fanatics appeared in the States of São Paulo and Paraná. The force in the Canudos district was still 8,000 strong, and was well intrenched, In the petty engagements that took place during August 2,400 Brazilians were wounded in the handto-hand conflicts. In the beginning of October Conselheiro's position was at last captured after continuous fighting for several days. Admiral Barboza directed the final operations, during which Conselheiro was slain with thousands of his followers. The fanatic leader was a man of powerful build and stern and commanding presence, who possessed unusual military talents as well as a gift of magnetic oratory. He was very good and humane to his mixed troops, who obeyed him like children. Many soldiers deserted froin the Brazilian army to Conselheiro. While the victorious battalions were undergoing review on their return to Rio Janeiro a soldier made an attempt on the life of President Moraes, killing Col. Moraes, who intercepted the dagger. Immediately afterward a shot struck Gen. Machado Bethencourt, the Minister of War. The capital was declared under martial law. BRITISH COLUMBIA. This portion of the Dominion of Canada has come prominently before the public of other countries during the past year on account of the mineral discoveries and mining development. It extends about 700 miles north from the international boundary line, and nearly 500 miles east and west. Its area is 383,000 square miles, which includes part of the ranges of the Rocky mountains and the Selkirks, the Queen ·Charlotte Islands, Vancouver island, and a great variety of forests, valleys, mountains, lakes, and water ways. The chief harbors are Esquimaultthe headquarters of the British Pacific squadronVictoria and Nanaimo, on Vancouver island. Coal Harbor and English Bay, in connection with Burrard Inlet, are the ports on the mainland. The dry dock at Esquimault is 450 feet long, with a width of 90 feet, while the fortifications, which are partly built at British and partly at Canadian cost, are considerable. Political. There were no political changes during the year 1896-'97, excepting the share which the province took in the Dominion elections. Lieutenant Governor the Hon. Edgar Dewdney retired at the end of his term, in November, 1897, and was succeeded by Senator McInnes. William Templeman, a local newspaper editor, was called to the Dominion Senate in place of the latter. The Executive Council at the end of 1897 included J. H. Turner as Premier, Minister of Finance and Agricuture; Hon. Charles E. Pooley as President of the Council; D. M. Eberts as Attorney-General; James Baker as Provincial Secretary and Minister of Mines and Immigration; G. B. Martin as Commissioner of Lands and Works. The Legislature met on Feb. 8 and adjourned on May 8. The budget speech showed an estimated revenue for 1897 of $1,283,000, and expenditure of $1,566,000. During 1896 the receipts were $989,765, and the expenditure $1,614,723. The Government's railway policy was the lending of $25,000 to various small development lines at the rate of $4,000 a mile. The question of retaliation against the United States was discussed and a parliamentary committee reported in favor of a law for prohibiting aliens from mining in the province. But the central topic of discussion in the province was the Dominion policy of subsidizing the Canadian Pacific Railway to build a branch line through the Crow's Nest region into the heart of the mining districts. The province wanted an independent and competing line, but the continental road won the battle. The following were the terms accepted by the Canadian Pacific Railway in return for a Dominion grant of $11,000 a mile for 330 miles of road from Lethbridge through the mountains to Nelson: 1. Running powers over the Crow's Nest Railway are conceded to other railways at a rental to be fixed by the Dominion Government. 2. The freight rates are to be under the control of the railway committees of the Privy Council. 3. Freights from points on the Crow's Nest Railway to points on any other part of the Canadian Pacific system, and vice versa, are to be under control of the Railway Committee, or of any railway commission to be hereafter appointed. 4. Rates on certain classes of freights on the eastern portion of the Canadian Pacific Railway-that is, from Fort William eastward-are to be reduced by from 10 to 33 per cent. at the beginning of 1898. 5. Rates on wheat and flour from Manitoba and farther west are to be reduced 114 cents per hundred, beginning in 1898, and an additional Î14 cents per hundred, beginning in 1899. 6. Fifty thousand acres of picked coal lands are transferred to the Government. 7. Coal is to be put on the cars at the mines at not more than $2 a ton. 8. The sale and price of timber lands, in the lands granted to the company, are to be subject to the regulation of the Governor General in Council. Resources.-The bituminous coal, of which this region is the Pacific coast center, has steadily increased in production and sale. Large quantities are sent to San Francisco, the Hawaiian Islands, and China. The city of Vancouver is the mainland terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and from its harbor the Canadian Pacific Railway steamships run to China, Japan, and Australia. During recent years fruit-growing in the New Westminster district has been very successful, and apples, plums, cherries, pears, and even figs, have been produced with profit. In the Fraser river delta wheat has been grown to the extent of 62 bushels an acre, and oats 90 bushels to the acre. The Lilloet district during the past two years has come to the front as a gold region, and considerable milling gold has been found near the town of Lilloet, where the Golden Cache and other well-known mines are situated. There is good grazing land. The population in 1897 was still sparse and scattered. The Yale district contains a mixed population of farmers, ranchmen, lumbermen, and miners. In it is the Okanagan valley, which is perhaps the best agricultural and pastoral section of the province, and the Nicola valley, where there are large areas of bituminous coal and iron ore and platinum. The chief towns are Agassiz, Yale, Kamloops, North Bend, Vernon, and Ashcroft, along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway or its branches. West Kootenay has become known during the past two years for its richness in minerals. It runs north and south from the Columbia river to the international boundary. During 1896-'97 the mining camps of Trail Creek, Rossland, Kaslo, and Nelson were developed into centers of population, and the output of ore during 1896 amounted to $6,000,000. These mining districts are reached from Revelstoke, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, by a branch line to Arrowhead, at the head of the Upper Arrow lake, from which a recently established line of steamers runs to Nakusp, where rail communication is had with New Denver, Sandon, and other mining centers. Steamers have also been placed on the route to Robson, at the mouth of the Lower Kootenay, whence the Canadian Pacific Railway runs to Nelson, Rossland, and other points. The latter place was a small camp in 1894, and in January, 1897, had 6,000 people and a well-organized municipal system. The Slocan section of this district, north of Rossland, includes the best silver-producing mines. Near Nelson are the Silver King mines, purchased recently by an English company for $1,500,000. During the summer of 1896 new and rich discoveries of gold, silver, and copper were made all through this Kootenay district. The wages of laborers are from $2.50 to $3 a day, of miners from $3 to $3.50, of mechanics from $3 to $4. The East Kootenay district comprises the larger part of the region known by the name of "Kootenay," and is entered from the east by the Canadian Pacific Railway at Golden. It is a rich mineral country, but has not yet been worked to any extent. Within its bounds is a valley 300 miles in length containing the lakes from which the river Columbia has its rise, and providing excellent grazing resources. It contains much big game, and has large undeveloped oil fields. Field, Donald, and Port Steele are the chief centers of population. Mineral Production.-In the Cariboo districts are the famous mines from which $50,000,000 in placer gold has been taken since the early "fifties." During the past three years a new impetus has been given to mining in this region, and various costly hydraulic plants introduced and operated. The district covers a large area with varying climates, and has no settlements of importance. It contains one creek-the Williams-from which $20,000,000 in gold has been taken within a distance of 2 miles. The Cassiar district occupies the whole western portion of the province. It contains some rich gold mines and large fish-canning es tablishments. At the beginning of 1897 there were over 50 shipping mines in the Kootenay region. Large iron deposits also have been discovered recently on Texada island, and copper abounds at many points throughout the mainland. A ledge of cinnabar is being operated at Kamloops lake. Bituminous coal, as already noted, exists in large seams at various places, and anthracite is being worked on the Canadian borders of the province at a place called Anthracite. The following figures, prepared by the provincial Bureau of Mines, show the total mineral production from 1858 to the beginning of 1897: Gold (placer), $57,704,855; gold (quartz). $2,177,869; silver, $4,028,224; lead, $1,606,427; copper, $254.802; coal and coke, $33,934,427; building stone, $1,200,000; other materials, $25,000; total, $100,931,604. Fisheries.-The salmon fisheries of British Columbia are very valuable. During the seasons of the "runs broad expanses of river, or deep pools, may be seen packed with masses of fish making their way to the spawning grounds. The greater number of the canneries where these fish are put up for export are on Fraser river, but there are some in the more northern part of the province. There are 55 canneries in the province, each employing about 500 men during the season. Each cannery costs from $30,000 to $40,000, equipped, so that about $2,000,000 are thus invested. In 1876 the catch amounted to $104,697 in 1880 to $718,355; in 1885 to $1,078,038; in 1890 to $3,487,432; in 1894 to $3,954,228. To this should be added the catch of halibut, sturgeon, herring, colachan, trout, cod, etc. The total fishery production of the province in 1895 amounted to $3,732,717. Crown Lands.-Crown lands in British Columbia are classified as either surveyed or unsurveyed, and may be acquired by entry at the Government Lands Office by pre-emption or purchase. They may be pre-empted by any person who is the head of a family, a widow, or a single man over eighteen years of age and a British subject. Aliens may preempt Crown lands on making a declaration of their intention to become British subjects. The quantity of land that may be recorded or pre-empted must not exceed 320 acres northward and eastward of the Cascade or Coast mountains, or 160 acres in the rest of the province. No person can hold more than one pre-emption claim at a time and prior record or preemption of one claim, and all rights under it, are forfeited by subsequent record or pre-emption of another claim. Land recorded or pre-empted can not be transferred or conveyed till after a Crown grant has been issued. Such land, until the Crown grant is issued, is held by occupation, and the occupation must be a bona fide personal residence of the settler or his family. The settler must enter into occupation of the land within thirty days after recording, and must continue to occupy it. Continuous absence for a longer period than two months consecutively of the settler or family is deemed cessation of occupation; but leaves of absence may be granted not exceeding four months in any one year, inclusive of two months' absence. Homestead Regulations.-Farms and buildings when registered can not be taken for debt incurred after the registration, and are free from seizure up to a value not greater than $2,500. Goods and chattels are also free up to $500, while cattle farmed on shares are also protected by an exemption act. Dominion Lands.-All the lands in British Columbia within 20 miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway line are the property of the Dominion, with all the timber and minerals they contain (except the precious metals). This tract of land, with its timber, hay, water powers, coal, and stone, is now administered by the Department of the Interior of Canada, practically according to the same laws and regulations that control the public lands in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories, except that the homesteads must not only be resided upon and cultivated for not less than six months in each of the three years after entry, but they must also be paid for at the rate of $1 an acre. Dominion lands in the province may also be acquired by purchase, free from settlement conditions. Agencies for the disposal of these lands have been established at Kamloops in the mountains and New Westminster on the coast. The minerals in this tract, other than coal and stone, are administered by the British Columbia Government. Trade and Commerce.-Though the trade of British Columbia is still unimportant when compared with its extent and resources, it has greatly developed during the past few years, and is now the largest in the world per head of population, except that of Holland. In 1871 the imports were $1,789,283 and the exports $1,858,050, and in 1896 there were $5,526,490 of imports and $10,576,524 of exports. The exports include fish, coal, gold, silver, timber, masts and spars, furs and skins, fish oil, and hops. A large portion of the salmon, canned and pickled, goes to Great Britain, eastern Canada, the United States, South Africa, and Australia; the States and the Hawaiian Islands consume a large share of the exported coal; and great quantities of timber are shipped to Australia, some to South Africa, China, and Japan, and to places in South America. To Great Britain, China, and the United States are sent the valuable furs and peltries of land animals and the much-prized seal and otter. Valuable shipments of fish oil, principally obtained from dogfish at the Queen Charlotte Islands, are consigned to the States annually, and also to the Hawaiian Islands. Gold and silver ore is shipped annually to the smelters in the United States. Minerals. Including coal, the total output of the mines for 1895 was $5,655,302, and for 1896 it was $7,146,425. In 1895 the value of placer gold amounted to $481,683, and in 1896 to $544,025; gold quartz, 1895, $785,271, and in 1896 $1,244,180: silver, 1895 $47,642, and 1896 $190,926; lead, 1895 $532,255, and 1896 $721,384; coal, 1895 $2.818,962, and 1896 $2,327,145; coke, 1895 $2,260, and 1896 $3,075; other minerals, 1895 $10,000, and 1896 $15,000. For the past two years the production of coal has been decreasing by reason of the increasing competition of British and American coal in the Pacific coast market of the United States, where most of the coal is sold. Timber. British Columbia probably possesses the greatest compact reserve of timber now left in the world, and of this but a fringe has yet been cut. The coast districts claim the greater proportion of good accessible timber, and among this, the climate being humid, the ravages of forest fireswhich have in part depleted the thinner and less valuable woodlands of the interior dry belt of the mainland-have not been severe. The timber limits of the coast follow the rugged shore line, fringe the mountain sides, and extend even to Alaska, while there is also much good timber in the Cowichan, Chemainus, Nanaimo, and other districts of Vancouver island, and on several of the gulf islands. Large and serviceable timber of lighter growth than on the coast also extends over wide regions of the mainland interior. Among the province's principal timbers is the Douglas fir, widely distributed from the coast to the Rocky mountain tops. This grows to exceptional proportions on the coast, where it sometimes rises 300 feet in height and has a base circumference of 50 feet. A good average is about 130 feet clear of limbs and 5 feet in diameter. A timber license may be granted for 1,000 acres for four years, on payment of $10 annually and 15 cents for each tree (except hemlock); and no person not licensed may cut timber on Crown lands except for farming and mining. Only one license at a time is obtainable, and this is not transferable. A special license, for 1,000 acres for one year may be obtained by application in the "Official Gazette" and payment of $50 to the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Education. The following were the educational figures of the last two years in the common schools: There were 26 graded schools, with 139 teachers and 8,257 pupils, in 1896. The high schools numbered 4, with 460 pupils. The expenditure upon teachers' salaries in 1895 was $169,448, and in 1896 $185,998, and the total expenditure by the Government upon education was respectively $208,000 and $234,335. Miscellaneous.-The gross debt of the province was $6,469,768 in 1896, with assets of $1,798,456, and a yearly debt allowance from the Dominion Government of $583,021. The seagoing tonnage of the province in 1896 was $2,167,797, compared with $2,228,047 in 1895. There were 800 miles of railway at the end of 1896. BULGARIA, a principality in eastern Europe under the suzerainty of Turkey, formerly a Turkish province. It was created an autonomous, tributary principality by the Treaty of Berlin, signed on July 13, 1878. Eastern Roumelia, which was constituted an autonomous province, expelled the Governor General nominated by the Porte and proclaimed its union with Bulgaria on Sept. 17, 1885, and on April 6, 1886, the Sultan, after a conference of representatives of the signatory powers, issued a firman confiding the administration of the province to the Prince of Bulgaria and appointing him Governor General. Since then the two parts of Bulgaria have practically formed one nation. The Mussulman districts of Kanjali and Rhodope were retroceded to the Porte as a condition of the Sultan's acceptance of the de facto union of North and South Bulgaria. The legislative power is vested in a single Chamber, called the Sobranje, the members of which are elected by the votes of all adult male Bulgarians, in the ratio of 1 member to 20,000 inhabitants, for the term of five years. A specially elected Grand Sobranje must be convened to decide on the succession to the throne or amendments to the Constitution. The Prince of Bulgaria is Ferdinand, Duke of Saxony, the youngest son of Prince August of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Princess Clementine of Bourbon - Orleans, daughter of Louis Philippe, King of the French. He was elected by the Grand Sobranje on July 7, 1887, after the deposition of Prince Alexander, and was finally recog nized by the powers in March, 1896. The heir to the throne is Prince Boris, born Jan. 30, 1894, son of Prince Ferdinand and Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon, eldest daughter of Robert, Duke of Parma. Prince Boris was baptized in the faith of his parents, who are Roman Catholics, but on Feb. 14, 1896, was received into the Greek Orthodox Church, The Cabinet at the beginning of 1897 was composed as follows: President of the Council and Minister of the Interior, Dr. C. Stoiloff; Minister of Foreign Affairs and of Worship, G. D. Nachevich; Minister of Public Instruction, C. Velichkoff; Minister of Finance, Ivan E. Gueshoff; Minister of War, Col. R. Petroff; Minister of Public Works, J. Madjaroff. chief imports are textile goods, iron, and coal. The total value of the imports in 1895 was 69,020,295 lei, of which 22,552,000 lei stand for textiles, 7,805,000 lei for metals, 4,508,000 lei for colonial goods, 4,248,000 lei for timber and furniture, and 3,961,000 lei for machinery. The exports of grain to England, Germany, France, and Turkey amounted to 60,473,000 lei out of the total sum of 77,685,546 lei for all exports. The exports of live stock amounted to 5,082,000 lei. The attar of roses of commerce is largely made in Bulgaria. Other exports are butter and cheese, skins, flax, and timber. The trade with foreign countries in 1895 is shown in the following table, which gives the values in lei : Area and Population.-The area of the original principality is estimated at 24,360 square miles, and that of Eastern Roumelia, now called South Bulgaria, at 13,500 square miles. The total population at the census of Jan. 1, 1893, was 3,309,816, of whom 992,386 lived in South Bulgaria. The total population comprised 2,504,336 Bulgars, 569,728 Turks, 60,018 Greeks, 51,754 gypsies, 27,351 Jews, 3,620 Germans, and 1,379 Russians. Sofia, the capital, has 47,000 inhabitants, and Philippopolis, the capital of Eastern Roumelia, 36,033. The number of marriages in 1893 was 31,640; of births, 141,320; of deaths, 92,100; excess of births, 49,220. The population was divided in 1893 in respect of religion into 2,605,905 Greek Orthodox, 643,242 Mohammedans, 27,351 Israelites, 22,617 Roman Catholics, 6,643 Armenian Gregorians, and 2,384 Protestants. There are 3,844 elementary schools, where free education is provided for children between the ages of United States eight and twelve, the expense being borne in equal shares by the state and the communes. Fewer than half the boys and not one in six of the girls of school age attend school. Finances. The revenue for 1896 was estimated at 91,439,100 lei, or francs; the expenditure at 90,957,609 lei. Of the revenue 33,777,895 lei were derived from direct taxes, and direct taxes produced 34,260,000 lei. The chief expenditures were 22,474,671 lei for the army, 18,174,709 lei for the public debt, 9,242,924 lei for education, and 8,326,160 lei for the interior. The preliminary estimates for 1897 make the revenue and the expenditure balance at 83,320,000 lei. The public debt on Jan. 1, 1897, amounted to 169,814,404 lei, against which the Government shows assets in railroads, harbors, etc., valued at 157,200,806 lei. The debt statement does not include the debt of £1,000,000 due to Russia on account of the war of deliverance, nor the unpaid East Roumelian tribute, nor the Bulgarian tribute, of which none has been paid, nor the share of the Turkish debt to be charged to Bulgaria. The Army. All able-bodied Bulgarians are liable to be called into military service. Of about 40,000 who reach the age of twenty annually 16,000 are taken by lot, and are required to serve two years in the infantry or three years in the other arms. The peace effective is 39,320 officers and men. The war strength of the army is about 175,000. The infantry arm is the Mannlicher rifle. The artillery is armed with 144 field guns and 12 mountain guns on the peace footing, with an equal number of field guns and twice as many mountain guns in reserve. Commerce and Production.-The Government retains the legal title to the land, as under the Turkish régime, and the landholders have perpetual leases, descending in their families by inheritance. They pay to the Government a tithe of the agricultural produce, often collected in kind. Most of the farms are less than 6 acres. Pasture and woodland are attached to the communes and used in common. There are 9,770,700 acres under cultivation and 13,651,000 acres more suitable for cultivation. Wheat is raised extensively for export. Other products are wine, tobacco, flax, and silk. There were 7,060.300 sheep, 1,453,500 goats, and 441,000 hogs in 1892. Coal, iron, and salt are the principal mineral products. All mines belong to the Government. Greek, Roumanian, and Austrian merchants have most of the foreign trade. The COUNTRIES. Great Britain.. Other countries. Total.... Navigation.-There were 767 vessels, of 457,902 tons, entered at the port of Varna during 1895, and 773, of 455,411 tons, cleared; at Bourgas 575, of 279,128 tons, were entered. Communications.-There were 522 miles of railroad in 1896. The state telegraph lines have a length of 3,034 miles, with 6,042 miles of wire; in 1894 the number of messages sent was 1,203,094. The number of letters, newspapers, etc., that passed through the post office in 1894 was 9,617,000. The receipts of the postal and telegraph services were 2,303,474 lei, and expenses 2,534,264 lei. Political Events.-While the trial of the murderers of Stambuloff was proceeding the widow of the murdered statesman, when brought reluctantly into court to testify, demanded why, instead of the miserable tools, the real assassins, the men who form the present Government of Bulgaria, were not placed on trial. The trial was concluded at the beginning of January, 1897, with the conviction of the actual perpetrators. On Jan. 2 the Sobranje passed a decree granting an amnesty to all Bulgarian officers who deserted and took service under the Russian flag after the deposition of Prince Alexander. A bill introduced by the Minister of War restores their pensions to officers who entered the Russian service subsequent to Aug. 9, 1886 and have served ten years in both armies. Pending the coming into operation of the new customs treaties on May 1, 1898, a provisional import tariff was imposed on all goods coming from abroad. The Minister of Finance, in presenting the budget, said that Bulgaria had no floating debt, and was under no necessity of contracting new loans, although an additional railroad would be built which will serve as a supplementary guarantee for the whole debt. consisting of the Russian occupation debt, the East Roumelian tribute, and three loans amounting to 169,814,404 francs, of which Bulgaria had received the net sum of 152,310,500 francs. The total assets of the state were 157,200,806 francs, consisting of completed railroads worth 92,368,523, railroads and harbors in the course of construction on which 22.846,430 francs had been expended, and 41,985.853 francs invested in the National Bank and laid out on public buildings. During the Greek war some bands of Bulgarian insurgents crossed the Macedonian frontier. The Government took prompt steps to check the agitation. The Bulgarian Government declined to recall its representative from Athens when called upon to do so by the Porte as suzerain. The Bulgarian agent in Constantinople demanded the issue of berats for five more Bulgarian bishops in Macedonia, threatening in the event of refusal that the Bulgarian army would be mobilized at once. The Sultan promised to grant the berats, but asked the Bulgarian Government to have patience until the termination of the war with Greece. The influence of Russia restrained Bulgaria from taking any advantage of Turkey's difficulty. When the war was ended the Austrian and Russian governments addressed an identical note to the Balkan states expressing satisfaction at their correct attitude during the crisis. In August Prince Ferdinand visited the Sultan in Constantinople, and received from him satisfactory assurances regarding the CALCULATING MACHINES. Machines for simplifying arithmetical processes and for performing the mechanical work incidental to addition, multiplication, division, and subtraction have been employed for many years in astronomical observatories, institutions of learning, and business houses. The basic principle of mechanism in nearly all these is the gearing of wheels to the ratio of one to ten. Sometimes figures, from 0 to 9, are placed directly on these wheels and brought to an opening, so that the answers may be read; sometimes they are arranged to print at a certain point, so that the answer appears on a slip of paper; and sometimes the wheels direct pointers on dials to give the required visual results. The illustration shows a mechanism of the first-named character. berats. The Prince had previously visited other courts and had conferences with the Kings of Servia and Roumania. Capt. Boitcheff, the Prince's aid-de-camp, was convicted of murdering an Austrian actress, and a few days later newspapers printed interviews with Dr. Stoiloff, imputing political animosity as the motive of the Austrian Government for insisting on his punishment. The Austro-Hungarian agent, Baron Call, was consequently withdrawn from Sofia until the Bulgarian Premier denied the offensive expressions. A ministerial crisis was settled by the reconstruction of Dr. Stoiloff's Cabinet on Sept. 7. Gueshoff, Minister of Finance, retired, and Theodoroff, previously Minister of Justice, took his portfolio, being succeeded by Zgureff, his chief subordinate, while Velitchkoff was appointed Minister of Commerce and Agriculture, transferring the portfolio of Public Instruction that he held before to Vasoff, a Deputy. C DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF FIGURE WHEELS FOR CALCULATING ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION. The gear wheels, a, b, and c, each have 100 teeth and bear 100 pins, p, p, p, on their faces. The pinions 1 and 2 each have 10 teeth, as do also the pinions 3, 4, and 5 of the figure wheels, and the idle gears 6, 7, and 8. Circular graduated scales or dials are indicated at d, d, and d. One tenth of a rotation of the crank a turns a one tenth of its circumference and brings 10 pins in contact with the pinion 3, causing the figure wheel a" to make a complete rotation; at the same time the pinion 1 turns the gear 6 one tooth, and a pin on b turns the pinions 6 and 4 and causes the figure wheel b" to turn one figure. A complete rotation of a' is required to turn the figure wheel c" one figure. The figure wheels may be arranged with springs and stops so as to make one tenth of a rotation instantaneously when a pin bears on the pinion, so that c", which represents hundreds, will turn only at the completion of 10 turns of b" instead of turning one tenth of a figure at each turn of b". If it be desired to add, say 149 and 546, with these wheels, they are first set at 149, as here illustrated, and the dial of a' is set at zero. If, then, b' be turned around five times (or c' be given half a turn-either scores 500), and then b' turned to 46 on its dial, the figure wheels will be so rotated as to have carried around 546 more points, or to 695, which is the answer. It will be apparent that subtraction may be accomplished by a reverse process. By an extension of this principle some of the most difficult arithmetical problems may be solved mechanically. One of the best known of these machines of recent design is that introduced by Dorr E. Felt, of Chicago, in 1889, and improved in 1896. This is in use at Cornell University and other scientific institutions. The operation is made extremely simple by the introduction of a keyboard, which may be manipulated like that of a typewriter. The keys are placed so as to form rows in two directions, numbered from left to right, and also to and from the operator. This machine will not only perform the four principal arithmetical operations, but will also extract a cube root. In no case is it necessary to strike more keys than there are figures in the problem given to the machine to solve, and in the latest machines the answer is delivered on a printed card. If there is any doubt in the mind of the operator as to whether he struck the keys correctly in setting up the problem, he has only to repeat the operation, and see whether he gets the same result. In adding, one set of figures is struck on a row in one direction, and the other set on a row at right angles. In multiplying three figures by three figures the operator has only to select three certain keys, which may be done very promptly as soon as the keyboard is memorized. The Thomas machine is commonly used in France, and the Tate machine, which is an improved form of the Thomas, is much used in Great Britain. The Odhner machine has been used to some extent in Poland. Babbage's difference machine, which cost £20,000, is used in England for trigonometrical and logarithmic calculations. The machine devised by George R. Grant, of Cambridge, Mass., has found considerable sale. This, like most of the foreign machines, is operated by a small hand crank. It employs a series of adding rings, registering wheels, and pointers. Both add |