Analysis of Work in History-Fifth Year, Second Half

By DAVID GOLDWASSER, P. S. 40, Manhattan.

For the grade of 5B the course of study calls for "historical and biographical narratives," but it would be wrong to stop at this and send the boy away from school (for many must stop their elementary education in the fifth and sixth years), with only a collection of dates, stories and bald facts. We should try to trace some of the causal relations which are peculiarly identified with our colonial history. There should not be a series of unconnected tales, but the sequence should be clearly marked.

In the fifth year this tracing of causes and effects must necessarily be elementary and superficial compared to the later study, but a great deal may be done.

Books that are invaluable to the teacher are the earlier Fiske books and, of course, the works of Parkman. I have tried to make full references to the books by the former author under each subject. For New York history the book by Todd is indispensable. Professor Hart's "American History Told by Contemporaries," Vol. I, has a great deal of material valuable for preparation. It is also an interesting supplementary reader for the boys.

In planning the work sixteen weeks have been allowed, giving four weeks for civics and for review.

First Week: 1. Reasons for Exploration. Columbus. Vespucci. 2. De Leon and De Soto. 3. Cortez. Coronado. The Spanish explorers have no effect on the development of the United States.

Second Week: 1. The Cabots. 2. Henry Hudson. 3. Verrazano. Emphasize the fact that the reasons for coming were the search for gold and the search for the passage to India. The tracing of the voyages to find the Northwest Passage forms a very interesting study.

Third Week: 1. The Sea Rovers. (a) Drake. (b) Cutting out of Cadiz. (c) Circumnavigation of the globe. (d) The defeat of the Armada and its effect. References: Fiske, "Old Virginia and Its Neighbors," pp. 1-47. Hart, vide supra, Vol. 1, pp. 75-88.

2. Raleigh and his colony. (a) Early life. Cloak story. (b) Idea of colony due to life in France. (c) Motive. To colonize. (d) Lost colony of Croatan. (e) Failure, due to lack of supervision. (f) Death of Raleigh. Reference: Hart, pp. 89-101.

3. John Smith. Early life.

(Fiske, as above, pp. 94-107.) The aim of this week is to show the diminishing power of Spain and the rising of England. The size and strength of the navy determines colonization.

(a) The character of the settlers. (b) (c) Settlement of Jamestown, 1607. (d) (e) What good did Smith do to the col

Fourth Week: 1. Jamestown.
John Smith, the man of the hour.
Adventures of Smith in Virginia.
ony. Reference: Fiske, pp. 107-183.

2. Further adventures of Virginia. (a) Dale. Abolition of communism and the saving of the colony. (b) Consequent encouragement for the raising of tobacco.

3. Development of Virginia. (a) White slaves. negro slavery, 1619. (c) Sketch the results of this. 1619. Reference: Hart, pp. 200-203; also 206-225.

(b) Introduction of (d) First Assembly, Fiske, pp. 184-228.

Fifth Week: 1. Review of Virginia. Settlers came for gold. Were at first gentlemen or vagabonds. Dale starts a new era. Climate mild; broad rivers, encouraging agriculture, tobacco being the staple product. This gave rise to the plantation life, where, in order that there should be communication and central government, it was necessary to establish the House of Burgesses. English life transplanted and grafted with slavery.

2. Settlement of Massachusetts. (a) The Pilgrims.

3. Story of voyage. (a) The landing. Miles Standish. (b) Early experiences with Indians. Massasoit. Reference: Hart, pp. 340-359. Fiske, "The Beginnings of New England," pp. 59-100.

Sixth Week: 1. Colony of Plymouth. (a) Bradford. Canonicus. (b) Character of Pilgrims. (c) Pequot War. Reference: Hart, pp. 187-190. Fiske, pp. 100-106, 156-162.

2. Puritans. (a) Contrast Puritans and Pilgrims. (b) Winthrop. (c) Flourishing of colony. Salem, Boston, 1630. Harvard College. (d) The town meeting. Compare with Virginia. (e) King Philip's War. References: Hart, pp. 190-196; Fiske, pp. 107-119, 123-129, 133-153, 267-286.

3. Review. Colony established because of persecution. Settlers thrifty and earnest. Land not so fertile. Indians more hostile than in Virginia, therefore settlements. Town meeting. Early attention to education.

Seventh Week: .1. Roger Williams. (a) His opinions. (b) Founding of Providence. (c) Show how his ideas have been carried out in our country. 2. Anne Hutchinson. (a) Religious reasons for banishment. (b) Founding of Newport.

3. Connecticut. (a) Extension of colonists. (b) Eliot. (c) Conflict with Dutch. Reference: Hart, pp. 382-387, pp. 402-406.

Eighth Week: 1. Quakers. (a) Their history. (b) Persecutions in England and America. (c) William Penn. (d) Reasons for choosing Philadelphia, midway Massachusetts and Virginia. References: Hart, pp. 554-558; Fiske, "Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America," pp. 115-194.

2. Maryland. (a) Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore. (b) Colony of St. Mary's. (c) Toleration. (d) Claiborne's Revolution, attempts of Virginians to get power. Reference: Fiske, "Old Virginia," pp. 299-372.

3. New Amsterdam. (a) Settlement, 1623. (b) Peter Minuit, Manhattan Island. (c) The Patroons.

Ninth Week: 1. Peter Stuyvesant. (a) Character. (b) Loss of the colony. (3) Trial and death.

2. Customs of the Dutch. (a) Emphasize transplanting of life in Holland. (b) Battery and Bowling Green. (c) Bowery, Flatbush, Newtown and Harlem.

3. New York under the English. (a) Andros. (b) Sloughter and I Leisler. (c) Trinity and St. Paul. For New York the best books are prob

ably Todd's "History of New York City" and Ullman's "A Landmark History of New York."

Tenth Week: French in America. 1. Cartier, 1534-1535.

(a) Com

pare with Drake. (b) Reasons for coming. (c) Attempt to find passage to India by way of St. Lawrence. (d) Montreal, fort and fur station. Reference: Fiske, "New France and New England," pp. 13-23.

2. Distribution and character of Indians in North America. (a) Algonquins, Canada. (b) Iroquois, Northern United States. (c) Pueblo, Southwest. Iroquois best organized and most powerful. Reference: Fiske, as above, pp. 42-48.

3. Champlain. (a) Early life and character. (b) Motive.. 1. To found an empire. 2. To convert Indians. (c) Alliance with Algonquins, the nearest tribe, with the consequent alienation of the Iroquois. Reference: Fiske, as above, pp. 40-42.

Eleventh Week: 1. Champlain. (a) Battle of Lake George with the Iroquois. (b) Quebec, 1608. (c) Voyages, discovers Champlain and most of the Great Lakes. References: Fiske, pp. 60-70, 83-92; Hart, pp. 125-129. 2. Jesuits. (a) Self-sacrificing bravery. (b) Hennepin. (c) Brébeuf, Lalemant. References: Fiske, pp. 89-91; Hart, pp. 129-136.

3. Joliet and Marquette. (a) Characters. (b) Motive to find waterway to Pacific, not as a passage to India but as an outlet to the colony. (c) The voyage. (d) Discovery of the Mississippi, 1673. References: Fiske, pp. 117-120; Hart, pp. 136-140.

Twelfth Week: 1. La Salle. (a) Character, brave and judicious. (b) Early life. (c) Motive, to found a colony on the Mississippi. (d) Voyage down the Mississippi. References: Fiske, pp. 109-115, 120-124; Hart, pp. 140-145.

2. La Salle. (a) Tonty. (b) Voyage up the Mississippi. (c) Death of La Salle. Reference: Fiske, pp. 125-132.

3. French in America. Review. Came to get furs and convert the Indians. Occupied eastern portion of Canada, shores of the Great Lakes, the Mississippi and the Ohio valleys. In the last two a perfect chain of forts and trading posts had been made.

Thirteenth Week: 1. English colonies. (a) Extent and size. (b) Northern section. Customs and growth. Reference: Hart, pp. 439-512. 2. English colonies. (a) Southern section. Customs, etc. Reference: Hart, pp. 285-310.

3. Comparison of English and French colonies. (a) Claims. (b) Nature of colonies. (c) Extent of territory.

Fourteenth Week: Collision between French and English. 1. King William's War. (a) Frontenac. (b) Massacres in the North. (c) Sir William Phipps and Port Royal. (d) Massacre at Haverhill.

2. Queen Anne's War. (a) Expeditions against Acadia, Montreal and Quebec failures. (b) Massacre at Deerfield.

3. King George's War. (a) Capture of Louisberg. (b) Sir William

Pepperill. (c) Emphasize fact that this war was carried on almost altogether by the colonies. Reference: Fiske, pp. 249-256.

Fifteenth Week: French and Indian War. 1. George Washington. (a) Early life. (b) Embassy through the woods. (c) Fort Necessity. Reference: Fiske, pp. 270-276.

2. Braddock. (a) Franklin's aid. (b) Washington as aide-de-camp. (c) Cause of defeat, 1755. Reference: Fiske, pp. 283-293.

3. Assembly at Albany, 1754. (a) Benjamin Franklin. (b) Purpose of Assembly. (c) Failure due to. 1. Difference of customs, religion and even race. 2. No great idea to unify the colonies. Reference: Fiske, pp. 278-280.

Sixteenth Week: French and Indian War (continued). 1. Sir William Johnson. (a) His life in New York. (b) Influence over Iroquois. (c) Defeat of French at Lake George. (d) Pontiac. (e) Capture of Oswego by Montcalm. Reference: Fiske, pp. 259-264.

2. Montcalm and Wolfe. (a) Victories of Montcalm. (b) Stories of Wolfe. (c) Capture of Quebec. (d) Death of Montcalm and Wolfe, 1759. Reference: Fiske, pp. 303-315, 318-325, 326-361.

3. Effects of the war. (a) Treaty of Paris, 1763. (b) France driven. from North America. (c) Colonies more unified. (d) Cost of the war makes England tax colonies, which in turn causes the Revolution and independence. Reference: Fiske, "American Revolution," pp. 1-17.

BY MARY T. CURRAN.

ELEVENTH WEEK-DETAIL.

For plan of 11th to 14 weeks, see December, 1905, MONOGRAPHS.
SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN.

In 1780, operations in the south commenced with the siege of Charleston by the British. It held out for forty days, during which it suffered a terrific bombardment. Its brave defender, General Lincoln, was at last obliged to surrender the place. He and his army were taken prisoners of

war.

Camden-By great exertions another army was quickly raised in North Carolina and the command given to General Gates. He was utterly unfit for it, and in August of the same year was defeated by Cornwallis at Camden. Never before during the war, had the American army suffered such a crushing defeat.

Marion and Sumter.-These victories of the British would have crushed the South, had not the brave partisan leaders, Marion and Sumter, and others, gathered around them the scattering patriots, and by their daring exploits kept alive the spirit of freedom.

Nathaniel Greene.-Meantime a third army was raised for use in the South and placed under the command of Nathaniel Greene, than whom there was no abler general in the American army. With Greene was Daniel Morgan, who had distinguished himself at Saratoga, and by him a British force under Tarleton was attacked January, 1781, at a place called the Cowpens, and not only defeated, but almost destroyed.

Cornwallis.-Cornwallis, enraged at these reverses, hastened to attack Greene, who, too weak to fight him, began a masterly retreat of 200 miles to Guilford Courthouse. He was joined by Morgan just as the British came up on the opposite side, and Cornwallis gave up the pursuit. Cornwallis now went to Petersburg, Va. The South was practically won back by Greene and his able generals. Throughout this campaign Greene had shown splendid ability as a general. Congress voted him the highest honors for his services.

TWELFTH WEEK.

Crowning Victory, 1781.

The closing event of the war was now at hand. Washington, having the aid of a French army had threatened New York, but hearing that a French fleet had arrived in the Chesapeake, he suddenly changed his plan, and proceeded to attack Yorktown, where Cornwallis had taken position. He was surrounded by Washington and the French fleet and forced to surrender October 19, 1781.

The Treaty of Peace.

The story is told that when Lord North, the Prime Minister of Eng