crossing, however, proceeded without interruption, and was accomplished by 8 A.M, May 6. Lee had already exhausted his ammunition, and made no serious attack on the troops, which thus escaped a still more dreadful catastrophe. Hooker on returning to the position he had occupied during the winter issued a boastful order inconsistent with the plain facts, while Lee, with that true religious feeling which characterized his whole career, thanked his soldiers for their heroic conduct, but ascribed the victory to God. The losses of the campaign, according to the official reports, were, on the Union side, 17,197, of whom 4601 were from the Sixth Corpe (Sedgwick's) and 4039 from the Third Corps (Sickles's); on the Confederate side, 13,019, of whom 8292 were from Jackson's corps.

chancellor from very early times until the breaking out of the Revolution. In New York the power to hold a court of chancery was especially conferred upon the governor by an ordinance of the Lords of Plantatins and Trade passed in 1701. Little business, however was done in this court, owing to a general dislike on the part of the public of its constitution and method of procedure. In New Jersey the governor's court of chancery was first established in 1705. In Pennsylvania the county courts had in the early days of the province a distinct equitable side in which justice was administered purely according to the principles of chancery. So distinct was this branch of their jurisdiction from their ordinary common-law powers that in several instances a county court sitting in equity reversed its The column of cavalry which had set out under own judgment previously entered while sitting as a Stoneman on April 27 crossed the Rappahannock on court of law. A violent opposition to the exercise of the 29th, and then divided, Averill being directed to these powers was, however, speedily developed among push to Culpeper Court-house, while Stoneman moved the colonists, and before the year 1700 the equitable southward and crossed the Rapidan. Averill was dila- functions of the court seem largely to have ceased. tory in his movements, and his command was afterward In 1720, Gov. Keith erected a court of chancery in given to Pleasonton. Stoneman, after reaching Louisa the province, in which he himself, assisted by his Court-house, dispersed his forces. The smallness of council, presided. This tribunal did little business, the detachments prevented their doing much damage; but maintained a precarious existence for sixteen years, minor bridges were burnt, the Virginia Central Rail- when it was finally abolished at the urgent request of the road was broken up for several miles, but the Freder- assembly. Since 1736 no separate court of equity has icksburg and Richmond Railroad-which was the main existed in Pennsylvania, nor until nearly the close of route of Lee's communications, and the destruction of the eighteenth century were any equitable powers vestwhich was the principal object of the expedition-was ed in the courts of common law. Several of the best left almost intact. When the six days' rations with recognized principles of equity were, however, regarded which he had started were consumed, although the as imbedded in the law of the State, and justice was whole country in the rear of the Confederate army was accordingly administered to suitors in accordance with open to invasion, Gen. Stoneman began to return, and those principles through the medium of the forms of on May 6 he recrossed the Rappahannock. The the common law. In Delaware the early system of slight damage wrought by his troopers was speedily common-law courts with a distinct equity side, which repaired, and the raid had no practical effect. (J. P. L.) it shared at first with Pennsylvania, was continued until CHANCERY. The functions of a court of chancery the Revolution. have been discharged in the United States p. 838 Am. at different times in various ways. ed. (p. 389 Prior to the Revolution no trace of the Edin. ed.). exercise of equitable jurisdiction can be found in the province of New Hampshire. In Massachusetts the general court seems in the earliest times to have acted as a court of chancery. In 1685, however, the court freed itself from the performance of these duties, imposing them upon the magistrates in each county. In 1692 an act was passed whereby the governor and council were vested with the powers of a court of chancery. In 1694 this act was repealed, and equitable powers were vested in a new tribunal, to conBist of three commissioners appointed by the governor, who were to be assisted in their labors by five masters in chancery. For some cause this act was obnoxious to the home authorities, and it was accordingly disallowed by the royal council. From this period until the Revolution no distinct court of equity was erected in Massachusetts. The common-law courts were, however, vested with equitable powers in relation to mortgages, penalties, and some other distinctive features of equitable jurisdiction. In Rhode Island and Connecticut the powers of the common-law courts with regard to matters of equitable cognizance were in provincial times substantially similar to those exercised by the courts of Massachusetts. In Connecticut the powers with relation to penalties and forfeitures were conferred as early as 1672. In New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, both the Carolinas, and Georgia the colonial governor seems to have exercised the functions of a

See Vol. V.

After the Declaration of Independence the various States in framing their constitutions differed broadly as to the wisest method of providing for the administration of equity. In New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and South Carolina distinct courts of chancery were erected, to be presided over by a chancellor. In Virginia separate circuit courts of chancery were erected, the decisions of which were subject, however, to review by an appellate court of law and equity. A like course was subsequently pursued by the State of Michigan in framing its judicial system. In Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama distinct courts of equity have always existed. Experience has, however, shown that such tribunals are not well suited to the genius of the American people. Accordingly, in several of the States where separate courts of chancery were originally adopted they have since been abolished. Virginia discarded them in 1830, New York in 1840, Michigan in 1872, and South Carolina in 1873. The remaining States in which separate equity tribunals still exist are New Jersey, Dela ware, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.

By the terms of the Constitution of the United States, and of the Judiciary Act of 1789, passed in pursuance thereof, the courts of the United States are vested with jurisdiction in equity as well as at law. In administering equitable relief these courts proceed according to the course and practice of chancery, and will never interfere where there is a plain, adequate, and complete remedy at law. Somewhat similar is the method of ad

But notwithstanding the sweeping change effected in these States, it has nevertheless been found necessary to make provision for the administration of certain equit able remedies, the absence of which would inevitably result in a failure of justice in many cases. Accord ingly, injunctions and writs of ne exeat are issued, specific performance granted, and receivers appointed according to the practice and course of chancery, but under common-law or special statutory forms.

ministering equity now in force in Maine, New Hamp- and especially in his skilful fighting in the retreat from shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec- Constantina to Bona. Lieutenant-colonel in 1837 and ticut, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, North maréchal-de-camp in 1840, he was made a general by Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, the duc d'Aumale, then governor, and was vigorous in Iowa, Arkansas, and Oregon. In all these States the the defeat of Abd el-Kader. Upon the overthrow of common-law courts are vested either by the constitution Louis Philippe in 1848 he returned to France, and of or by statute with specific equity powers, and the method fered his services to the provisional government. He adopted for administering equitable relief is more or less was appointed minister to Berlin, but preferred to reclosely modelled upon that obtaining in the former High main among the stirring and more important scenes of Court of Chancery in England. In the remaining States Paris. He gave vigorous support to the provisional of the Union no distinction now exists between actions government, putting down insurrections that would at law and suits in equity. Courts are erected which have overthrown it. At this time Cavaignac, then have jurisdiction over all civil causes, and codes have in command in Algeria, was elected to the legislature, been passed providing for the redress of all civil in- and Changarnier was ordered thither to take his place; juries by one form of action. The following are the but, having been also elected to a seat, he remained in States which have adopted this course of procedure: Paris; and when soon after the supreme power was in New York, Ohio, Missouri, California, Indiana, Kansas. the hands of Cavaignac, he was placed in command of Nebraska, Utah, South Carolina, Louisiana, Wisconsin, the National Guard. When Louis Napoleon was electMinnesota, Colorado, and Nevada. ed president he retained this command, which, with the troops in the capital, numbered 100,000 men. He was successful in keeping order during this stormy period; but as he was openly opposed to the Republic, he was watched lest he should play the part of Gen. Monk in restoring the monarchy. Although he had many friends and supporters, he was deprived of his command, and when the coup d'état came on the 2d of December, he was arrested in his bed in the morning, and taken to Mazas, where he was detained for several days. By (L. L., JR.) a decree of the new Government, on Jan. 9, 1852, he CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH (1813-1879), an Ameri- was banished from France. He took up his residence can Senator, was born at Bristol, N. H., Dec. 10, 1813. at Malines in Belgium, refusing to return when special After receiving a common-school education he engaged permission was granted. In March, 1855, he published in trade, and in 1833 removed to Detroit, where he was a violent denial of the charge made by M. Véron (in very successful as a dry-goods merchant. In 1851 he his Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris) that in 1849 was elected mayor of Detroit, and his energy and suc- he had joined in the proposal to arrest his colleagues cess in the canvass for that office caused him to be Cavaignac, Lamoricière, and others. On the declaraselected by the Whigs as their candidate for governor tion of a general amnesty he returned to France, and of the State in the next year, but he was defeated. He resided on his estates. When, at the beginning of the afterwards joined in the formation of the Republican Franco-Prussian war in 1870, he offered his services for party, and was elected to the United States Senate in a command in chief, they were courteously declined, 1856 to succeed Gen. Lewis Cass. He served on the but he was called by the emperor to Metz on the committee on commerce, and in his two subsequent 8th of August. On the withdrawal of Napoleon from terms was chairman of that committee. He was active- Metz, Changarnier remained with Bazaine, and parly concerned in all the legislation connected with the ticipated in the fierce battles around that city. Upon Civil War and the reconstruction of the Southern the truce which preceded the capitulation he was sent States. When his third term expired the legislature to Prince Frederick Charles to negotiate terms. The of Michigan elected a Senator less pronounced in oppo- propositions with which he was charged were-1, to be sition to the South, but Pres. Grant appointed Chandler permitted to take the army to Algeria; or 2, to have Secretary of the Interior. He discharged the duties an armistice, during which Metz and its forces should of this office with vigor and integrity. In 1876 he was president of the Republican national committee, and not only performed most arduous labor during the campaign, but when the result of the election was in dispute succeeded in having the election of Mr. R. B. Hayes recognized and proved. In 1879 he returned to his former place in the Senate, and during the autumn took part in an exciting political campaign. After making an effective speech in Chicago, Nov. 1, 1879, he was found dead in his bed.

be revictualled, while the old imperial legislature of France should be called together and requested to form a new government to be supported by Bazaine's army. These propositions being declined and a surrender demanded, he shared the fate of the army, and was for a short time a prisoner in Germany. When peace was concluded he returned to France, and his popularity was manifested by his election to the House by four different constituencies. While in his seat he presented a summary of the events at Metz, in which he blamed CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS ANNE THÉODULE, a Bazaine for want of method. His course as a legislator French general, born at Autun, April 26, 1793. After is marked by a polemic and haughty spirit, but also by studying at St. Cyr, he was appointed a sub-lieutenant candor and fearlessness. He took part in that violent in 1815, and entered one of the privileged companies opposition which resulted in the overthrow of Thiers, of the body-guard of Louis XVIII. He took part in and was in favor of the succession of Marshal Macthe brief campaign of the French army in Spain in Mahon. He was a member of the committee of nine 1823, and was promoted to a captaincy in 1825. He appointed to form, if practicable, a monarchical constiwas sent to Algeria in 1830, and distinguished himself greatly on every occasion-in the expedition to Mascara and in Gen. Clausel's campaign against Achmet Bey,

tution, and to find out the attitude and views of the comte de Chambord, the representative of the Bourbon line, who, it was thought, would accept a constitu

serve.

CHANNING, WILLIAM HENRY, an American clergyman, cousin of the poet W. E. Channing, was born in Boston, May 25, 1810, the son of Frar cis Dana Channing. He was educated in Lancaster, Mass., at the Boston Latin School, and Harvard College, graduating at the last in 1829. He studied divinity at the Cambridge Divinity School, and was ordained as a Unitarian minister at Cincinnati in 1835. During the "Transcendental" period (1838-48) he returned to New England, and preached in Boston, New York, and elsewhere; edited The Present and The Harbinger, and was connected with several experiments in Christian socialism along with Horace Greeley, George Ripley, Charles A. Dana, and Alfred Brisbane. In 1848 he was president of the Boston Union of Associationists, and in the same year published his most important work, the Memoir of William Ellery Channing, his uncle. He had previously written much for the North American Review, Christian Examiner, and Dial, and in 1840 had published a translation of Jeoffroy's Ethics In 1851 he published Memoirs of James H. Perkins; in 1852, together with R. W. Emerson and J. F. Clarke, he published the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, and soon after a book on The Christian Church and Social Reform. In 1857 he went to England, and was the successor of James Martineau at the Hope Street Unitarian chapel in Liverpool for four years. Returning at an early period in the Civil War, he was settled as pastor of a small Unitarian church at Washington, but soon after the war went to England again, and has since resided mainly in London, where in 1872 he published, from Dr. Channing's manuscripts, The Perfect Life. He died December 23, 1884. (F. B. S.)

tional compromise if permitted to ascend the throne. where. Mr. Channing is a writer of vast and irregular When the prince refused any compromise, Changar- learning, an acute critic, an odd humorist, and a poet nier moved to place the executive power in the hands of profound insight and delicate beauty of verse in his of MacMahon for ten years from 1873. He was elect- best passages. In other poems he is harsh, rough, ed a senator for life by the joint vote of the two houses careless, and even grotesque, so that he has not made n 1875: he died of serous apoplexy on Feb. 14, 1877. that impression on the public that his rare merits de (H. C.) (F. B. 8.) CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, an American poet, son of Dr. Walter Channing and nephew of Dr. William Ellery Channing, was born in Boston, June 10, 1818. His mother (of the Perkins family in Boston) dying early, he was sent in his eighth year to the Round Hill School at Northampton, Mass., where Motley the historian was one of his schoolfellows and George Bancroft one of his teachers. After further study in the Boston Latin School he entered Harvard College, where his uncle, Edward T. Channing, was professor of rhetoric; but the regularity of college-life was not to his taste, and he never graduated. In 1836 he began to write verses for the Boston Journal, and printed some youthful essays on Shakespeare, displaying some power as a critic. In 1839 he removed to Illinois, and lived for a year in a log cabin which he built with his own hands. In 1840 he went to Cincin nati, where he lived a studious life, and became connected for a time with the Gazette. In 1841 he returned to New England, married Miss Ellen Fuller, a sister of Margaret Fuller, whom he had met in Cincinnati, and fixed his residence in Concord. Mr. Emerson had printed in the Dial for October, 1840, an essay entitled "New Poetry," and in it said of Channing's songs: "Here is poetry more purely intellectual than any American verses we have yet seen, distinguished from all competition by two merits-the fineness of perception and the poet's trust in his own genius. The writer was not afraid to write ill; he had a great meaning too much at heart to stand for trifles, and wrote lordly for his peers alone." This praise did not seem quite justified by the extracts given, and when Mr. Channing published his first volume of Poems in 1843 it met with no success. Many of these poems had appeared in the Dial (1840-44), and he also wrote prose for that magazine. In 1844-45 he was on the editorial staff of the New York Tribune. In 1846 he made a brief visit to Europe, sailing up the Mediterranean, and spending most of his time in Italy. Of this journey some record occurs in his Conversations in Rome, published in Boston in 1847-the same year that his second volume of Poems appeared. This was unfavorably received, while his third volume of verse, The Woodman (1849), was scarcely noticed at all. He published nothing more until 1858, when Near Home appeared, with a dedication to Henry Thoreau. In 1855-56 he was sub-editor of the New Bedford Mercury, and lived in that city for a year or two. His wife died in 1856, and in 1857 he returned to Concord, where he has ever since resided. He was the most intimate friend of Hawthorne while that author lived in the "Old Manse," from 1842 to 1846, and he was also the daily companion of Thoreau in his walks and distant journeyings. In 1863-64 he began a "Life of Thoreau" in the Boston Commonwealth, which in 1873 he expanded into a volume and published under the title of Thoreau the Poet-Naturalist. This is a most suggestive biography of his friend, though lacking in method. Thoreau is also partly the subject of his poem, The Wanderer, published in 1871, since which time no volume of his verses has come out, but single poems have been printed in Emerson's Parnassus and else

CHANNING, WALTER, M.D. (1786-1876), was born at Newport, R. I., April 15, 1786. He entered Harvard College in 1804, but did not graduate, leaving college in 1807 on account of some controversy with the faculty. He studied medicine in Boston and Philadelphia, receiving his degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania, and afterwards studied in Edinburgh and in London. He began to practise medicine in Boston in 1812, and in 1815 was appointed professor of obstetrics and medical jurisprudence in Harvard University, continuing to serve until 1854, just before going abroad. He entered the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1821, soon after it was opened in Boston, and was one of its physicians for nearly twenty years; after which term of service he introduced the use of etherization in childbirth in that and other hospitals, and wrote a book concerning the new benefaction to surgery, Etherization in Childbirth (1848). This treatise, which related the history of nearly 600 cases coming under Dr. Channing's own observation, did much to make etherization common in Europe and America. He continued in practice till beyond the age of eighty, and also cultivated literature a little, publishing Miscellaneous Poems (1851), A Physician's Vacation (1856), Reformation of Medical Science (1857)..

CHANTAL, JEANNE FRANÇOISE FREMIOT, BARONESS DE (1572-1641), known in the Roman Catholic Church as ST. JEANNE DE CHANTAL, a French religious, born at Dijon in 1572. She was the daughter

caused Gambetta to S, He continued to fight against ufacture of iron, smelting argentiferous and other lead