the property, and he says the assured told him that the assured owned the property. The assured claims that at that time he told Mr. Carr the insured goods were mortgaged, and that the piano insured was held on contract, and that Mr. Carr said that would make no difference. The chattel mortgage was for $143. It covered not only the property insured, but machinery that was not covered by the policy. It is claimed the value of the property insured exceeded $2,000. The policy was delivered a few days later without permit for the chattel mortgage or the conditional title to the piano indorsed or annexed to it. A fire damaged the property October 14, 1910. Assured made proofs of loss November 30th. His counsel made out the proofs of loss, and at the time of so doing was informed by assured of the state of the title to the piano. In the proofs the assured swore that the property belonged to him in fee, and that no other person had any interest therein. Upon the trial he attempted to explain, and apparently did to the satisfaction of the jury, how that came to be done. Assured made a nonwaiver agreement, and was examined under oath touching the loss. This action was brought August 25, 1911. The verdict and judgment was for $679.99. The errors relied on are grouped by counsel as follows:

"(1) That the court erred in admitting evidence of verbal notice to defendant's agent of the existence of the chattel mortgage and the piano contract, and of such agent's verbal consent thereto, and in not directing a verdict for the defendant on the ground that no written consent to such a state of affairs was indorsed on, or annexed to, the policy, also in not granting a new trial for the same reasons.

"(2) The court erred in refusing requested charges, and in charging the jury of his own motion as to fraud and false swearing.

"(3) Assured had no title to the chose in action, and no right to sue thereon for his own use and benefit.

"(4) The court erred in instructing the jury that plaintiff was entitled to recover interest on the damages claimed from the date of the fire.

"(5) The court erred in refusing to grant a new trial because of the excessive damages awarded the plaintiff."

The policy contained the following provisions:

or

"This entire policy, unless otherwise provided by agreement indorsed hereon or added hereto, shall be void * ** if the interest of the insured be other than unconditional and sole ownership; * * * if the subject of insurance be personal property, and be or become incumbered by a chattel mortgage; * * * provided a loss shall occur on the property insured while such breach of condition continues.

*"

Groups 1 and 2 may be considered together, as the ruling of the court thereon raises the question as to the effect and proper construction of the standard policy law of 1905 (Act No. 277, Pub. Acts 1905), its related legislation and amendments. Act No. 307, Pub. Acts 1907; Act No. 246, Pub. Acts 1911 (3 How. Stat. [2d Ed.] § 8328). We quote from the brief of counsel:

"Appellant claims that since the adoption of the Michigan standard form fire insurance policy law of June 16, 1905, the entire fire insurance contract made use of in this State, including every term and provision thereof, must be in writing, and that no term of the insurance, and no waiver or estoppel in connection with a fire insurance policy, can exist unless it be in writing, signed by the proper officers of the company, and written on or added to the policy in question."

This court, in Bryant v. Insurance Co., 174 Mich. 102 (140 N. W. 482), decides this question contrary to the contention of counsel.

3. This error grows out of the fact that plaintiff had assigned his claim as security to his attorneys in

this litigation to secure them for their fees. They have taken part in this proceeding. They are bound by its results. Lamson v. City of Marshall, 133 Mich. 250 (95 N. W. 78).

4 and 5 may be considered together. The first of these relates to the matter of interest. It is claimed the judgment is too large by $7, because of interest being allowed from the date of the loss instead of 60 days later. Defendant preferred several requests to charge, but said nothing in them about when interest should run. The defendant filed a motion, for a new trial, alleging 13 different reasons therefor, but does not mention, in any of them, specifically the matter of interest.

The case of Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Landfare, 63 Neb. 559 (88 N. W. 779), is authority for computing interest from the date of the fire in a case like the instant one. As the point was not raised until the case reached this court, we do not pass upon it.

It is urged the jury allowed excessive damages for the injury to the piano. If we assume they allowed the $100, which was stated to be the amount in the proof of loss, the record shows an abundance of testimony of a larger insurable interest than this amount. The judgment is affirmed.

STEERE, C. J., and MCALVAY, BROOKE, KUHN, STONE, OSTRANDER, and BIRD, JJ., concurred.

PERKETT v. MANISTEE & NORTHEASTERN RAILROAD CO.

1. CARRIERS-INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT-FEDERAL REGULATION— FREIGHT-LIABILITY OF INITIAL CARRIER-CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. By Act of Congress June 29, 1906, chap. 3591, § 7, 34 U. S. Stat. 593, initial carriers of freight were made responsible for the acts and negligence of a connecting carrier, as agent, and the law being of general operation throughout the United States, and constitutional, is binding on the State courts in actions involving less than the amount required to confer upon the Federal court jurisdiction.1

2. EVIDENCE-WAIVER

TIONS.

- CORRESPONDENCE-SELF-SERVING DECLARA

Where plaintiff wrote a letter to a connecting carrier over whose line a consignment of apples was sent that was diverted to a point different from the one named in the bill of lading, objections or protests made in the letter were properly received in evidence to rebut defendant's claim that plaintiff consented to or acquiesced in the stoppage; but other statements of fact in plaintiff's favor were rightly excluded as incompetent.

3. SAME-BILL OF LADING PLEADING VARIANCE.

Defendant, the initial carrier, being liable for acts of connecting carriers whether it owned a railroad system to the place of delivery or not, the bill of lading which by its terms showed that a connecting carrier was to deliver the consignment at the destination, was admissible in evidence notwithstanding that the declaration incorrectly averred that defendant was a common carrier between the two points.

4. SAME-DECLARATION.

Nor was it a fatal variance to aver under the Federal statute that defendant was liable for the acts of connecting carriers as its agent, though the bill of lading in terms provided that defendant received the goods for transportation over its own line, and as to the remainder of the 'On the question of State statutes regulating the liability of carriers as to shipments over connecting lines as interference with interstate commerce, see note in 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 388.

route acted only as agent: the bill of lading was admissible under the pleading.

5. CARRIERS-BILL OF LADING ASSIGNMENT

ACTIONS-PARTIES.

The shipper of freight did not lose his right to recover for injury to the shipment because he indorsed the bill of lading to a bank to collect a draft attached thereto; when it appeared that the bank recognized its position as his agent, and after failing to make collection returned the draft and shipping receipt to plaintiff charging back to him the amount with which his account had been credited.

6. SAME CONVERSION-SALES.

Conceding that at the time of the wrongful diversion of the car of apples, plaintiff had parted with his title, he afterwards re-acquired it and therewith the right to bring the action; such right of action for conversion being assignable in Michigan.

7. SAME-PRINCIPAL AND AGENT-SALES.

Evidence that plaintiff obtained from the consignee directions for shipment of goods sold, that he caused a bill of lading to be issued to the destination given, and sent it with draft attached to a bank at that point which was unable to collect and wrote plaintiff for permission to send the papers for collection to another place where the shipment had been stopped and where the consignee was, that plaintiff gave no directions or consent to the diversion of the freight, which was attached and sold by the consignee, furnished no justification for the conversion and had no tendency to prove the consent of plaintiff, under a bill of lading containing a stipulation that inspection should not be permitted without the written consent of the consignor or unless provided by law.

8. SAME-EVIDENCE-BILL OF LADING.

Prior or contemporaneous oral negotiations are merged in the written bill of lading which cannot be varied or contradicted by parol evidence.

9. SAME-TROVER-DEFENSES.

Seizure of a consignment of freight by the purchaser under a writ of attachment is a defense to an action by the consignor only when there was no laches or connivance on the part of the carrier; and where the railroad company diverted the consignment to a point 60 miles from its destination, and left it standing on the