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REPUBLICAN LANDMARKS.

CHAPTER I.

WHITE AND FREE COLORED POPULATION.

THOUGH repeated efforts were made, by the Continental Congress, to obtain an enumeration of the inhabitants of the United Colonies, no accurate enumeration was had prior to the adoption of the Federal Constitution. It is the better received opinion now, however, that at the beginning of the Revolution the population of the Colonies did not exceed two millions, eight hundred thousand. Since the formation of the United States Government there have been seven enumerations of the inhabitants, the periods and aggregate results of which were as follows: Three millions, nine hundred and twenty-nine thousand, eight hundred and twenty-seven persons, in the year 1790; five millions, three hundred and five thousand, nine hundred and twenty-five persons, in the year 1800; seven millions, two hundred and thirty-nine thousand, eight hundred and fourteen persons, in the year 1810; nine millions, six hundred and thirty-eight thousand, one hundred and thirty-one persons, in the year 1820; twelve millions, eight hundred and sixty-six thousand, and twenty persons, in the year 1830; seventeen millions, sixty-nine thousand, four hundred and fifty-three persons, in the year 1840; and twenty-three millions, one hundred and ninety-one thousand, eight hundred and seventy-six persons, in the year 1850.

The following table, collated from the Census returns of 1850, exhibits the aggregate white and free colored population of each State and Territory-the number of white and free colored foreigners, and of those of unknown birth, and the ratio of the foreign to the white and free colored, and of the free colored to the total population, in each State :

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It thus appears that the total white and free colored population of the
United States, in 1850, amounted to 19,987,763 persons-19,553,268 of
whom were white, 434,495 colored, 17,708,316 natives, 2,244,774 for-
eigners, and 34,673 whose birth-place was unknown. Of the natives,
17,279,929 were white, and 428,387 colored; of the foreigners, 2,240,684
were white, and 4,090 colored; and of unknown birth, 32,655 were white,
and 2,018 colored. This white and free colored population, it appears,
further, was thus distributed in the slave-holding and non-slave-holding
States and Territories:

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