Meaning of regulars? How were the terms of capitula § Who conducted the expedition? tion violated? against Crown Point? Which way is C. P. from Brunsvick in Maine ?-from Sacket's Harbor ?-From Ticonderoga ? Success of this expedition? What did its results diffuse through the colonies? Name of the French commander? Issue of a battle between Johnson and Dieskau ? Meaning of capitulation? § Who was placed at the head of the British administration in 1758? With what effect? In whose favor, did the tide of success now turn? What assurance did Pitt give to the colonial governors? What three colonies soon raised Name of that battle? Battle of 1500 men ? Lake George. § How many expeditions were Who deserved the greatest honor undertaken in 1758 ? for that victory? Destination of the first-sec Who received the chief reward ond ?-third? in England? What became of Dieskau ? Which of these were successful? What naval officer aided Amherst in taking Louisburg? What land officer aided Boscawin taking Louisburg? Why was this capture amant disaster to the French § With what strange irregulari-en ty, were hostilities carried on in '54 and '55 ? In what year was war declared? What was the plan of operations & for '56 ? Why not executed? Who succeeded Dieskau as commander of the French? Character of Montcalm ? What fort did Montcalm soon invest? Where situated? Meaning of invest? What was the issue? Of what lakes, did the capture of this fort give Montcalm the command of what country? Through whose inactivity, was this campaign so disastrous to the English? What was the office of Lord Loudon ? Of what was it powerfully is.. mental? Who conducted the expedition against Ticonderoga ? On what lake, is Ticonderoga? How many men did he lose in the attack? § Where was fort Frontenac ? What place has now nearly the same site? Kingston. Who captured fort Frontenac in 1758 ? What did Col. Bradstreet then do to fort Frontenac ? Destroyed it. § What was the bulwark of the On what lake, was fort William French dominion in the western Henry? At which end? The south. region? Who conducted an expedition By whom, was it attacked in against that fort in 1758 ? 1757? With what effect? Why was an attack needless? Who did himself great honor by Why? defending it six days? In what state, is Pittsburg? In what part? At the head of what river? What two rivers there unite to form the Ohio? With how many Indian tribes, did the English make a treaty in 1758? Can you mention some of them? § What did the campaign of 1759 have for its object? How many strong holds had the French in and near Canada? What were they? How many of these did the English take, in a few months? How far below the falls, is fort Niagara? 15 miles. Most important enterprise of the campaign of 1759 ? On what river, is Quebec ? On which side? Which way from Montreal? How far 180 miles. Which way from Boston? How far? About 300 miles. Who conducted the enterprise against Quebec? On what island near Quebec, did he land with his troops? Which way is Orleans from Q.? Issue of several attempts to reduce the place? How high a precipice did he then determine to ascend, to attack the city? To what plains? By whom, were the Cherokees reduced? Why do the Cherokees now ap Who led the French against Wolfe, on the plains of Abraham?pear to be the most interesting tribe Which army was victorious? Which of the leaders was slain on the field of battle? How many wounds had Wolfe received? What did Wolfe say, when he in the U.S.? Because there are probably among them, more civilization and Christianity than in any other. Number of the tribe? About 17,000. Where do they reside? In Tenwas told, that the French were fly-nessee, N. C., S. C., Alabama and ing? What became of Montcalm ? What did he say, when informed that his wound was mortal? How did he employ his last moments? What capture soon followed? Arkansaw. When was the treaty signed that closed this war ?-Where? § What did the increase of wealth and the intercourse with Europe, introduce among the colonists in the fourth period? Why did not this enervate their character ? § Till the commencement of what war, did the religious character of the Americans remain essentially the same? How was infidelity introduced during that war? } Where first established? By whose efforts principally, was the French power crushed in this country? What great calamity did the colonists soon experience? How did the British first attempt to exercise this oppression after the What is said of trade and com- conquest of Canada? By what were merce during the fourth period ?-called Writs of Assistance. of agriculture? Why did arts and manufactures nake very little advance? Number of inhabitants at the + NOTE V. Writs of Assistance; or Birth of Who frustrated the Writs of Assistance? Mr. James Otis. How? By a speech, perhaps the most eloquent and powerful, ever delivered by man uninspired. Who has given a most striking ac count of these writs and this speech! Mr. John Adams, second president of the U.S.t Iso too, in proportion, than the House of Lords or House of Commons in Great Britain, or that in Philadelphia, in which the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. In this chamber, near the fire, were seated five Judges, with Lt. Gov. Hutchinson at their head, as Chief Justice; all in their new fresh robes of scarlet English cloth, in their broad bands, and immense judicial wigs. In this chamber, was The following letter of Mr.Adams is worthy of perpetual preservation on three accounts. The subject is peculiarly important and interesting. It gives us a striking view of one of the greatest orators that ever Jived the man who was "first and foremost, before all and above all," in zeal and influence, to vindicate our rights and establish our liber-seated at a long table, all the Barties. It is also a most remarkable example of ardor and energy in a venerable old man of 83. "Ev'n in our ashes, glow their wonted fires." risters of Boston, and its neighboring county of Middlesex, in their gowns, bands and tye-wigs. They were not seated on ivory chairs; but their dress was more solemn LETTER FROM MR. ADAMS TO and more pompous, than that of the JUDGE TUDOR. Roman Senate, when the Gauls Quincy, March 29, 1818. broke in upon them. In a corner DEAR SIR, of the room, must be placed Wit, Whenever you shall find a pain-Sense, Imagination, Genius, Pater, male or female, I pray you to thos, Reason, Prudence, Eloquence, suggest a scene and subject. Learning, Science and immense The scene is the Council Cham-Reading, hung by the shoulders, on ber of the old Town-House, in Boston. The date is the month of Fe bruary, 1761. That Council Chamber was as respectable an apartment, and more two crutches, covered with a cloth great coat, in the person of Mr. Pratt, who had been solicited on both sides, but would engage on neither, being about to leave Boston When was the French power nearly annihilated in America? Who sent an official account of this to the British ministry? What design did the ministry then conceive? Who was then collector of customs in Boston ? For what, did the ministry direct Paxton to apply to civil authority? forever, as Chief Justice of New York. What did these writs authorise officers to break open? For what purpose? To search for contraband goods. Meaning of contraband? 7 in his hand, lost in admiration, now and then minuting those despicable notes, which you know, that stole from my desk, and printed in the Massachusetts Spy, with two or three bombastic ex and which your pupil, Judge Minot has printed in his history. You have now the stage and the scenery; next follows a narration of the subject. I rather think, that we lawyers ought to call it a brief of the cause. Two portraits, at more than full length, of King Charles II. and King James II. in splendid golden frames, were hung up in the most conspicuous side of the apartment.pressions, interloped by himself; If my young eyes or old memory have not deceived me, these were the finest pictures I have seen. The colors of their long flowing robes, and their royal ermines were the most glowing, the figures the most noble and graceful, the features the most distinct and characteristic ; When the British ministry refar superior to those of the Kingceived from General Amherst his and Queen of France, in the Sen-despatches, announcing his conate Chamber of Congress. I be-quest of Montreal, and the conselieve they were Vandyke's. Surequent annihilation of the French I am, there was no painter in Eng-government and power in America, land capable of them at that time. in 1759, they immediately conceivThey had been sent over withouted the design, and took the resoluframes, in Governor Pownal's time. tion of conquering the English colBut as he was no admirer of onies, and subjecting them to the Charleses or Jameses, they were unlimited authority of Parliament. stowed away in a garret among With this view and intention, they rubbish, till Governor Bernard sent orders and instructions to the came, had them cleaned, superbly Collector of the Customs in Boston, framed, and placed in Council, for Mr. Charles Paxton, to apply to the the admiration and imitation of all civil authority for Writs of Assistmen, no doubt with the concurrence ance, to enable the custom-house of Hutchinson and all the Junto; officers, tide-waiters, land-waiters, for there has always been a Junto. and all, to command all sheriffs and One circumstance more. Samuel constables, to attend and aid them Quincy and John Adams had been in breaking open houses, stores, admitted Barristers at that term. shops, cellars, ships, hales, trunks, John was the youngest. He should chests, casks, packages of all sorts, be painted, looking like a short, to search for goods, wares and merthick, fat Archbishop of Canterbu-chandises, which had been importry, seated at the table, with a pen ed against the prohibitions.or 1 1 Where was Mr. C. collector? Who was then chief justice? Upon what, did Sewall express doubts? When did the court order the question to be argued? Where? Who succeeded Sewall in the mean time? For what purpose, was this appointment made? out paying the taxes imposed by certain acts of Parliament, called "THE ACTS OP TRADE," i. e. by certain parliamentary statutes, which had been procured to be passed from time to time, for a century before, by a combination of selfish intrigues between West India planters, and North American royal governors. These acts never had been executed, and there never had been a time, when they would have been, or could have been obeyed. Whom did the merchants engage, to plead against the Writs? What did Otis say, when offered a fee? Before how many judges, was the question argued ! In what apartmentnal Ber at the next February term, in Boston, i. e. in 1761. In the mean time Chief Justice Sewall died, and Lt. Gov. Hutchinson was appointed chief justice of that court in his stead. Every observing and thinking man knew, that this appointment was made for the direct purpose of deciding this question in favor of the Crown, and all others, in which it should be interested. An alarm was spread far and wide. Merchants of Salem and Mr. Paxton, no doubt consulting Boston applied to Mr. Pratt, who with Gov. Bernard, Lieut. Gov. refused, and to Mr. Otis and Mr. Hutchinson, and all the principal Thatcher, who accepted, to defen 1 crown officers, and all the rest of them against this terrible, menacthe Junto, thought it not privient tog monster, the Writ of Assistcommence his operations in Bos-ance. Great fees were offered; ton For obvious reasons, he in- but Otis, and I believe, Thatcher, structed his deputy collector in Sa- would accept of none. "In such lem, Mr. Cockle, to apply, by pe-a cause," said Otis, "I despise all tition, to the Superior Court in No-fees." vember, 1760, then sitting in that town, for Writs of Assistance. Stephen Sewall was then chief justice of that court, an able man, an uncorrupted American, and a sound whig; a sincere friend of liberty, civil and religious. He expressed great doubts of the legality of such a writ, and of the authority of the Court to grant it. Not one of his brother judges uttered a word in favor of it; but as it was an application on the part of the crown, it must be heard and determined. After consultation, the court ordered the question to be argued I have given you a sketch of the stage, and scenery, and a brief of the cause; or, if you like the phrase better, of the tragedy, comedy, or farce. Now for the actors and performers. Mr. Gridley argued, with his characteristic learning, ingenuity and dignity, and said every thing, that could be said, in favor of Cockle's petition, all depending, however, on the " If the Parliament of Great Britain is the sovereign legislature of all the British Empire." Mr. Thatcher followed him on |