How many returned to Ms. in the beginning of winter? Nearly 100. How? Some by land through the wilderness; but the greater part having walked to the mouth of Ct. River, sailed to Boston. What was the condition of those, who kept their stations on the river? On what, did they principally subsist? What became of the cattle, that could not be got over the river? What was the character of the surrounding Indians? Were not these fathers of Ct. very imprudent to attempt a settlement there, so late in the season? Perhaps not. Had their goods arrived according to their expectation, and had the season been as mild as usual, they might have been carried through the winter, without any trials deserving the historian's notice. Why? In honor of the two lords, that commissioned him. Who appeared soon after, to take possession of the river? Who prevented the landing of the Dutch?: § In what year,did Messrs. Hooker and Stone remove to Ct. ? Where did they settle? At Hartford. How many settlers came with them? A hundred. How long were they in coming? CHAPTER XXXI.-p. 29. Settlement of Rhode-Island. § Who arrived at Boston in How long after the settlement of Who gave him his commission? For what purpose, did he send 20 men to the mouth of Ct. river? On which side of the river, did they build the fort? The west side. What did they call it? of St. Mary in Md. of Boston ?-of Salem by Endicott ?of Plymouth? -of Jamestown?of Roanoke? Where had Mr. Williams been a minister? In England, in NewPlymouth and in Salem. Where was he, when sentenced to banishment? In Salem. ished. The Windsor people lost, children with pleasure, in their feein this single article, about 200ble and distressed condition. They pounds sterling. Their other losses were very considerable. "It is difficult to describe or even to conceive the apprehensions and distresses of a people in the circumstances of our venerable ancestors, during this doleful winter. All the horrors of a dreary wilderness spread themselves around them. They were encompassed with numerous, fierce and cruel tribes of wild and savage men, who could have swallowed up parents and } had neither bread for themselves, nor children, neither habitations nor clothing convenient for them. Whatever emergency might happen, they were cut off both by land and water, from any succor or retreat. What self-denial, firmness and magnanimity are necessary for such enterprises! How distressful in the beginning, was the condition of those now fair and opulent towns of Connecticut river!""" In what year, was his sentence?-of Plymouth ?-of Boston ?-of 1635. Windsor ? How long was the settlement of Aquetneck after the Va. massacre? after Winslow's second visit to after the trial of Ly With what crimes, was he charged? Broaching and divulging new and dangerous opinions against the authority of magistrates, and writ-Massasoit ing letters of defamation both of magistrates and churches. † ford and Oldham ? How many removed with Cod Was not this banishment perse-dington to Aquetneck? cution? If it was inflicted in any degree for mere opinion, it was persecution; if for misconduct, it might have been just. What was Aquetneck afterwards called ?—Why? What was the fact? He seems to have been banished for declaring and propagating opinions, and for defamation. Meaning of defamation? Where is Rhodes? What two circumstances promoted the settlement of R. I. ? In what year, were Providence and R. I. incorporated by a charter? In 1644. Who obtained that charter? Of whom? Of the Earl of War What was the conduct of Mr. Williams in relation to Ms. after his settlement at Providence? Uni-wick. formly kind. What great benefit did Mr. Williams confer upon New England? He was probably the means of saving the colonies from destruction by the Indians. CHAPTER XXXII.--p. 30. Pequot War. In what year, was the Pequot war? How long after the settlement of Wethersfield? of Hartford and Windsor of Boston?of Plymouth ?-of Jamestown ?-of Provicall-dence? | How? By conciliating some Indians, and giving information of the hostile intentions of others. § Who has sometimes been ed the father of R. I.? From what colony, did he remove to Aquetneck? I. what year ? How long after the settlement of How long before the settlement of Aquetneck? Where was the principal residence of the Pequots ? What other regions did they oc Providence?-of Jamestownofcupy? The regions that are now Salem by Endicott ?of Hartford? New-London and Stonington. † NOTE N. ordered, that the said Mr. Williams Sentence of Banishment. shall depart out of this jurisdiction "Whereas Mr. Roger Williams, within six weeks, now next ensuone of the elders of the church of ing; which, if he neglect to perSalem, hath broached and divulged form, it shall be lawful for the govdiverse new opinions, against the ernor and two of the magistrates to authority of magistrates; as also send him to some place out of this writ letters of defamation, both of jurisdiction, not to return any more, the magistrates and churches here, without license from the court." and that before any conviction, See Winthrop's Hist. of N. E. edand yet maintaineth the same with-ited by Savage; Vol. I. p. 167. out any retraction: it is therefore In what part of Ct. are New-§ Whom did the confederates of London, Groton and Stonington the Pequots murder in 1634 ! Which of these towns is between Capt. Stone, Capt. Norton and the other two? Groton. eight others. Which way is New London from Stonington from Martha's Vineyard from Danbury ?-from Hanover in N. H. ? Near the mouth of what river, is New London ? What town in Ct. was settled in that year? Where were these murders perpetrated? On Ct. river, a few miles from the mouth. Why were the Pequots chargea Indian name of the Thames?ble with the guilt of this massacre? Pequot river. Sassacus was knowing to it, shared Where was Pequot harbor? At the plunder, and had probably conthe mouth of the Thames. trived it. Which way Middletown? is New London from What tribe of Indians was the most warlike and terrific in New England? The Pequots. Where had they previously liv ed? In the interior. How had they gained possession of the coast? By conquest. Where was their principal fort? In Groton, a few miles from New London. Where had they another fort? On Mystic river, near the border of Stonington, 6 or 7 miles from their principal fort. What was their smaller fort called? Fort Mystic. § How many warriors had the Pequots? About 700. Their principal sachem? Sassa cus. Where was his residence? At the principal fort. What was his character? He was a most mighty and terrible warrior. How many sachems had he under him? Twenty-six. Who was the principal of these? Mononotto. What was the only tribe in their vicinity, that the Pequots had not conquered? The Narragansets. Which way from the residence of the Pequots, was the country of the Narragansets? § When did the Pequots make a treaty of peace with the English at Ms.? In 1634, soon after the murder of Stone, &c. Why did the Pequots wish to be at peace with the English? The Dutch and the Narragansets were making war upon them. Between whom, did the Pequots wish the English to act as mediators? Themselves and the Narragansets. Conduct of the Pequots after that treaty? They were more hostile and bloody than before. How did they regard the English? As strangers and intruders. What resolution did the Pequots then form, respecting the English in this country? To exterminate them. Meaning of exterminate? § How did the Pequots think they could exterminate the Eng lish By uniting all the Indians against them. With what tribe, did the Pequots make the greatest efforts for this purpose? The Narragansets. Principal argument, which the Pequots urged with the Narragansets? That the English, if suffered to continue, would exterminate the Indians. Influence of this argument? The Narragansets were almost persuaded to combine against the Eng lish. What prevented? Their thirst? r revenge. . Who had probably made upon hem, an impression favorable to he English? Roger Williams. What method did the governor of Ms. adopt, to prevent the union? Sent for Miantonimo, and made a treaty with him. In what year? 1636. Who was Miantonimo? Nephew to Canonicus, and next to him in authority. Principal articles of that treaty ? To maintain a firm peace together; to unite in war against the Pequots; to maintain free trade, and to have the treaty extend to pos terity. § In what year was John Old Name of that governor of Ms. ? ham murdered ?-Where? Henry Vane. † NOTE O. Murder of Mr. John Oldham, is Block Island from with guns, pikes and swords. Notwithstanding the extreme disparity of forces, Gallop bemg a most cour ageous and resolute man, dared to attack the savages. As he had no avenged by John Gallop. In August, 1636, was murdered by the Indians, Mr. John Oldham, who had been expelled from Ply-bullets, the two guns and two pismouth. There is reason to hope, tols were loaded with large shot, that after his wonderful preserva-and at once discharged at the Intion on the shoals of Cape Cod, he dians; who were so frightened, did really mend his manners. that they instantly skulked beneath Having resided awhile at Nan- the deck. There for a while, they tasket, Cape Ann and perhaps at felt secure. But Gallop getting to Salem or Charlestown, he was the windward of them, with a brisk among the first planters of Water-gale, drove against their vessel with town. There he was not only a such violence, as almost to overset respectable citizen, but had the them. Six of the affrightened savhonor to be one of 24 freemen, who ges leaped into the sea, and were in 1634, represented the eight towns drowned. Standing off again, and in Ms. and constituted the first gen-running down upon her a second eral court of delegates in that colo-time, he bored her with his anchor; ny. As Mr. John Gallop was sailing near Block Island, he saw a small vessel, which he took to be Mr. Oldham's, and accordingly hailed him; but received no answer. As he saw the deck full of Indians, and a canoe, just gone from Oldham's vessel, filled with goods and Indians, he suspected, that Oldham had been murdered. He had with him only one man and two small boys. He and his little party were armed with two guns and two pistols. The Indians were 14 or 15 in number, armed and the two vessels being thus fastened to each other, he attempted to shoot the Indians in their lurking places, through the side of their vessel. At length getting loose, he drove down upon them the third time, and caused 4 or 5 more to jump overboard. There being but four left, he ventured to go aboard of their vessel. He immediately took and bound two of them. Two others, armed with swords in a little room below, could not be driven from their retreat.-Mr. Oldham's corpse was found on board, the head split, and the body horribly mangled, and not yet cold. ces, some of their cattle were lost, and those, which lived through the winter, were commonly poor. Notwithstanding all the exertions, the people had made the preceding summer, they had not been able, in the multiplicity of their affairs, and under their inconveniences, to rais, a sufficiency of provisions. Their provisions were not only very coarse, but very dear and scanty. The people were not only inexperienced in the husbandry of the country, but they had but few oxen ploughs. They performed almost the whole culture of the earth with hoes. This rendered it both exceedingly slow and laborious. or ers in the Spring of 1637. The affairs of Ct. at this time, wore a most gloomy aspect. They had sustained great losses in cattle and goods in the preceding years, and even this year, they were unfortunate with respect to their cattle. They had no hay, but what they cut from the spontaneous productions of an uncultivated country. To make good English meadow, was a work of time. The wild, coarse grass, which the people cut, was often mowed too late, and but poorly inade. They did not always cut a sufficient quantity even of this poor hay. They had no Every article bore a high price. corn, or provender, with which Valuable as money was at that day, they could feed them; and amidst a good cow could not be purchased the multiplicity of affairs, which under thirty pounds. Indian corn at their first settlement, demanded was about five shillings a bushel; their attention, they could not pro-and labor and other articles hore a vide such shelters for them, as were proportionable price. necessary during the long and severe winters, of this northern climate. From a union of these circumstan In addition to all these difficulties, a most insidious and dreadful enemy were now destroying the |