however, for a full and careful examination of these, so as to present at this time a complete report upon their character and value. This will no doubt form a part of the valuable and interesting work the Geological Survey has yet to perform.

We present the analyses of the samples examined:

No. 1. From Muscogee county, eight miles northeast of Columbus; found at a depth of three feet below the surface; of a light gray color; heavy, dry and friable; specific gravity, 1.963.

Treated with a dilute solution of ammonium carbonate, the following were extracted from the peat:

No. 2. From same locality; on the surface, in bed or layer 18 inches deep; of dark gray color; rather compact, but friable; specific gravity, 1.195.

No. 3. From same locality; found on the surface in bed 18 inches deep; of black color; spongy and compact; specific gravity, 1.537.

No. 4. Dougherty county, vicinity of Albany; a black muck from

a cypress swamp; spongy, light, and of black color.

This specimen was not treated with ammonium carbonate.

Analysis of a specimen of "clay slate" from Col. Seaborn Jones' land, Rockmart, Polk county, of a red color; said to be used to some extent as a paint.

CHAPTER VIII.

WATER POWERS.*

THE CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER

rises in the mountains of Northeastern Georgia, and, after traversing the State in a southwest direction to West Point, takes a course nearly due south, and for three hundred miles, by river measurement, forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama. It then enters West Florida, and flowing across that State empties into the Gulf of Mexico. From the seaboard to Columbus, a distance computed by water at four hundred miles, there is constant navigation for boats carrying 750 bales of cotton, and this portion is being improved by the removal of bars and other obstructions. The river passes through the following counties in Florida, viz.: Franklin, Liberty, Calhoun, Gadsden and Jackson. It also flows along the following counties in Alabama: Henry, Barbour, Russell and Chambers, and seven counties in Southwest Georgia, which comprise one of the finest cotton-growing sections in these States. There are fifteen counties in Georgia contiguous to that portion upon which the great water-powers are found. These counties had in 1880 a population of 255,259. Their real estate and personal property were valued at $53,042,645, while the annual product of farms was $10,537,966. These figures are taken from the United States Census of that date, and according to the same authority they had 782 factories and work shops of all descriptions. These employed a capital estimated at $8,269,544, their annual product being valued at $12,238,518.

Comprised in the above are fourteen cotton mills, running 125,629 spindles and 3,430 looms, 4 woolen factories with 53 sets cards

* This chapter, except as otherwise credited, was prepared by Col. B. W. Frobel, C. E., late of the U. S. Engineer Corps.

and 200 looms, besides 234 flour and grist mills, 80 saw mille, 4 paper mills, 7 foundries and machine shops, 5 furniture factories and 21 tanneries. Most of these are situated immediately upon the Chattahoochee and its tributaries. The great gold region of Georgia also lies upon the waters of this stream, and there are besides rich beds of magnetic iron ore and other minerals. From Lula to West Point a continuous line of railroad runs nearly parallel with the river, at no point more than seven miles distant from it, while in many places it approaches within half a mile. Railroads also cross it at the following points: Near Gainesville, near Roswell, near Atlanta, near Newnan, at West Point, at Columbus and Eufaula. Being fed by living streams, many of which have their head-springs in the mountains of Northern Georgia, the Chattahoochee is not subject to the extreme fluctuations which impair the value of many other streams as water-powers. It is neither frozen up in winter nor dried up in summer, and at all times has an abundant flow of water. For convenience the survey is divided into three sections. The first embraces that portion from Thompson's bridge to the W. & A. R. R. bridge.

SECTION 1.

This section is 73 miles long, the initial point at Thompson's bridge being 989.02 feet above mean low tide in the Gulf of Mexico. At the W. & A. R. R. crossing the elevation is 762 feet above tide, giving a fall of 227.02 feet in the distance named. Along this entire section the regimen of the river is fixed, the bottom and banks being uniformly of rock, and with an average width at the water surface of about 300 feet. Twenty-one shoals are found here, with an aggregate fall of about 160 feet. Between these shoals the current is usually gentle, with long stretches of unobstructed water sufficiently deep for the passage of boats whose draft does not exceed three feet. For the building of mills and dams an abundance of stone and timber may be had at all points close at hand. From

Thompson's Bridge to Shallow Ford is about three miles. The river here is 200 feet wide and from four to eight feet deep at low water. The shoal begins a short distance above the ford and is

5,500 feet long with 6.71 feet fall. The river here is something over 300 feet wide, the channel at the upper end being divided by an island 1,600 feet long. Below this shoal there is navigable water for three-fourths of a mile to

Mooney's Shoal.-This is 5,600 feet long with 3.25 feet fall, the river ranging from 150 to 250 feet wide. Below this there is 43 miles of deep water to the mouth of the Chestertee river at

Overby's Shoal.-Which is 300 feet long with 6.92 feet fall, the river varying from 250 to 600 feet wide. For 2 miles there is navigable water to