consist of limestones, arenaceous shales, and siliceous or cherty limestones. The lands, which are generally rolling, but sometimes nearly level where the valleys are broad, have a brown soil that is calcareous and siliceous, or sandy, with sufficient clay in the subsoil to give it a somewhat retentive character, and yet admit of good drainage, even where the lands are nearly level. The areas of this character are in the valleys immediately around Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon mountains, in the broader valleys immediately east of Taylor's ridge, and again east of Horn's mountain, viz.: West Armuchee valley, in Walker county; Sugar valley, in Gordon; Dirt Town valley, in Chattooga, and Texas valley, with a large portion of the country to the west of Coosa river, in Floyd county. These are decidedly the best cotton uplands in this part of the State, yielding often without fertilizers from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. They seem to be especially adapted to the cotton crop, but corn, wheat and oats do well.

The Cincinnati Group and the lower portion of the Clinton Group, in Dade county, and along the eastern side of Lookout mountain and around Pigeon mountain, in Walker county, consist of green calcareous shales that weather to a yellow or orange color. The rocks outcrop in the hills or on the slopes of the ridges around these mountains, and the lands to which they give rise are rich, and are very generally under cultivation. The soil is yellow or orange colored and rather argillaceous in character, though there is an admixture of fine sand and gravel that renders it easy of tillage. The steepness of slopes and character of soil predispose the lands to wash, and horizontal hillside plowing is necessary to prevent washing. These lands are well adapted to corn and wheat.

Where these formations occur east of Lookout and Pigeon mountains they are represented by hard siliceous shales and sandstones, and in this character contribute largely to the materials of which the Chattoogata range of mountains is built.

Knox Shale.-These lands are underlaid by a series of shales and limestones of about 2,500 feet thickness. The region covers in Georgia about 400 square miles, occurring in belts of from half a mile to two or three miles in width, and is found in all of the counties of this section except Dade.

The formation affords an argillaceous soil of an orange or light color, and of great importance, nearly the entire area consisting of

slightly rolling or nearly level lands, most of which have long been under cultivation. This soil contains more clay in general than most of the other good lands of the region, but is more or less calcareous, and contains a sufficient amount of sand or fine gravel, derived in part from bordering cherty ridges, to promote easy culture. The clay beneath the soil has varying depths of from one foot or two to 15 feet down to the shales, but rarely less than four or five feet. The generally rolling character of the land is sufficient for good drainage. The forest growth is red, white and Spanish oaks, hickory, dogwood, chestnut and pine; the principal agricultural products, corn, oats, wheat, clover and grasses, and cotton. Land of this character that has been kept in cultivation for thirty or more years, with little or nothing returned to the soil for its improvement, will now produce about 20 bushels of corn, six bushels of wheat, and 10 bushels of oats to the acre. These lands are, however, capable of a high degree of improvement, and where they have been properly kept up the yield is good. They rank as about third-rate uplands in relation to cotton culture, and with fertilizers will produce about 500 pounds seed cotton per acre. The lands, where hilly, are inclined to wash; but this can generally be prevented by horizontal plowing, though they are rarely so steep as to require this. The valleys in which these lands occur are supplied with numerous springs, running from the bases of cherty ridges that border them on one or both sides, and water is easily obtained in wells, that do not require curbing, at depths of from 20 to 40 feet.

(e) GRAY GRAVELLY LANDS OF THE RIDGES (Knox Dolomite) The lands have a gravelly soil, varying in color from light to dark gray, with generally a porous gravelly subsoil; but in some places there is a good clay subsoil, with a gravelly soil of a dark brown or red color. These lands are generally regarded as poor, and are for the most part in the original forests. The prices range from 50 cents to $3 per acre, according to situation, the highest values being given to such as adjoin the valley lands, without regard to their adaptation to culture. Recently attention has been attracted to these as among the most profitable lands for cotton. They are found to give a better immediate return for manures than the richer valley lands, and their present cheapness and comparatively easy culture, with their general healthfulness, give them additional importance.