209 3 The Fancy and the Imagination: This distinction was dwelt upon by Akenside in his Pleasures of the Imagination, 1744, and especially by Coleridge (Biographia Literaria, 1817, chap. 4), and by Leigh Hunt (Imagination and Fancy, 1844).

211 1 Sir Francis Bacon: Of Regiment of Health: "As for the passions and studies of the mind, avoid envy, anxious fears, anger fretting inwards, subtile and knotty inquisitions, joys and exhilaration in excess, sadness not communicated. Entertain hopes, mirth rather than joy, variety of delights rather than surfeit of them; wonder and admiration, and therefore novelties; studies that fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects; as histories, fables, and contemplations of nature."

211 Motto: Homer, Iliad, xxi, 195: "Vast is the Force of the deep rolling Sea."

211 14-15 Concerning the pleasures of the imagination, etc.: Spect. 411-421. The three sources are set forth in No. 412: "all [such pleasures] proceed from the sight of what is great, uncommon, or beautiful."

212 12 Longinus: On the Sublime, x. The passage in Homer is Iliad, xv, 624-628.

212 18 The following description: Psalm cvii, 23-30.

212 32 Virgil: in Æneid, i, 34 ff., for example, where a storm raised by Juno is stilled by Neptune.

213 9 A Gentleman: Addison himself.

215 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, vi, 878: "O Piety! and oh! the Faith of old!"

215 4-5 Sir Roger de Coverly is dead: Eustace Budgell, in his Bee, No. 1, started the tradition that "Mr. Addison was so fond of this character that a little before he laid down the Spectator (foreseeing that some nimble gentleman would catch up his pen the moment he quitted it) he said to an intimate friend, with a certain warmth in his expression which he was not often guilty of, ‘By God, I'll kill Sir Roger, that nobody else may murder him."" It has been conjectured that this decision arose chiefly from Addison's anger at Tickell's venturing in Spect. 410 to make Sir Roger ridiculous with the help of Will Honeycomb and a woman of the town. Remembering, however, that to its editors the end of the Spectator was now clearly in sight, it is probably safer to consider this essay as simply the first in the series which disposes one by one of the most important members of the Club.

217 29-30 The Act of Uniformity: Acts for securing uniformity in the conduct of public worship were passed in 1549 (3 and 4 Edward VI,

c. 10), 1558 (1 Elizabeth, c. 2), 1662 (13 and 14 Charles II, c. 4), and 1706 (5 Anne, c. 5, § 1). It is impossible to tell which act is referred to here.

218 5 Rings and mourning: a regular custom. See Pepys's Diary, Appendix (ed. 1825, II, 305 ff.) for " A List of all the Persons to whom Rings and Mourning were presented upon the Occasion of Mr. Pepys's Death and Funeral."

218 Motto: Ovid, Met., ii, 430: "And laughs to hear himself prefer'd before himself."

218 14 The Valetudinarian, etc. For the Valetudinarian, see No. 25; Inspector of the Sign-posts, 28; Master of the Fan-exercise, 102; Hooped-petticoat, 127; Nicholas Hart, the Annual Sleeper, 184; Sir John Envill, 299; London Cries, 251.

219 4-5 The Lion, etc.: For the lion, see No. 14; for the wild boar and the flower-pots, No. 22. Both papers are by Steele.

221 11-12 Tully's observations: Spect. 541 (Hughes) draws some of its material from Cicero's De Oratore.

221 14-18 Poor Sir Roger is dead, etc.: Sir Roger's death is announced in No. 517; the serious illness of the Clergyman in No. 513; Captain Sentry's succession to Sir Roger's estate in No. 517; Will Honeycomb's marriage in No. 530; and the Templar's retirement in No. 541.

222 Motto: Horace, Sat., i, 1, 1-19:

Whence comes, my Lord, this gen'ral Discontent,

Why do all loath the State that Chance has sent,
Or their own Choice procur'd? But fondly bless
Their Neighbours Lots, and praise what they possess?
The weary Soldier, now grown old in Wars,

With bleeding Eyes surveys his Wounds and Scars,
Curse that e'er I the Trade of War began,

Ah me! the Merchant is a happy Man.
The Merchant, when the Winds are high,

Cries happy men at Arms, for why,

You fight and strait comes Death, a joyful Victory.

The Lawyer wak'd, and rising with the Sun,
Cries, happy Farmers that can sleep, till Noon.
The weary'd Client thinks the Lawyer blest,
And craves a City Life, for that's the best.
So many Instances in every State,
Would tire e'en bawling Fabius to relate.
But to be short, see, I'll adjust the thing:
Suppose some God should say, I'll please you now,
You Lawyer leave the Bar, and take the Plough;

You Soldier too shall be a Merchant made,
Go, go, and follow each his wish'd for Trade.
How? what? refuse? and discontented still?
And yet they may be happy if they will.

The reader is reminded that here and in the following papers he is in the second series of the Spectator. The first series, Nos. 1-555, ended on December 6, 1712; the second series, Nos. 556-635, ran from June 8 to December 20, 1714. Of these eighty papers Addison is supposed to have written twenty-four. Steele wrote none.

224 30 My face . . . the shortness of it: see p. 238, 11. 8-9.

225 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, vi, 493: "The cry begun deceives their gaping throats."

6

225 12 I have indeed observed of late: "Great numbers of printed papers," so the grand jury of Middlesex reported in 1709, “are continually dispersed in and about this city, under the names of 'The Female Tatler,' sold by A. Baldwin, the Review of the British Nation,' and other papers under other titles (the authors and printers of which are unknown to the jury), which, under feigned names, by describing persons, and by placing the first and last letters of the words and otherwise, do reflect on and scandalously abuse several persons of honour and quality, many of the magistrates, and abundance of citizens, and all sorts of people; which practice we conceive to be a great nuisance, does manifestly tend to the disturbance of the public peace, and may turn to the damage, if not ruin, of many families if not prevented." (Quoted by Andrews, British Journalism, I, 114.)

225 17 An M and an h, etc.: Of these syncopated words those that are not obvious are hoaxes. The succeeding essay is of course the key to this; that is to say, the design here is to prepare the way for some mistaken ingenuity on the part of the gentlemen in the next paper. We may be sure, then, that there is the least significance in those words which to them seem most portentous. Marlborough, Treasurer [i.e. the Lord High Treasurer, Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford and Mortimer], Queen, Parliament, and so on, are thinly disguised; Monsieur Z—n, my Lady Q-p-t-s, B—y, T-t, and the starred names are all hoaxes. The editors cannot help thinking that Q-p-t-s is a more elaborate hoax than the others, formed by taking the vowels and the m out of Quem putas.

226 11-12 By T-m Br-wn of facetious memory: Tom Brown (1663– 1704) was a profane wit and writer of miscellaneous pamphlets. The best edition of his works, of which the Letters from the Dead to the Living, 1702, are perhaps the most familiar, is that in four volumes, 1760.

227 Motto: Martial, Epig., i, 38, 2:

That Verse of mine

Which you rehearse, is thine.

228 16 How he abuses: see the note on the previous essay.

230 8 The whole Duty of Man: see Notes, p. 87, l. 7.

230 8-9 Had written.

names . . . at the side: Any one who reads the character books of the seventeenth century in contemporary editions will find frequent manuscript identifications, and will notice that different prototypes are often suggested for the same character. 231 Motto: Virgil, Ecl., x, 42-43:

Come, see what Pleasures in our Plains abound,
The Woods, the Fountains, and the flow'ry Ground,
Here would I live, and love, and dye with only you.

234 Motto: Virgil, Ecl., v, 62–64:

The Mountain Tops unshorn, the Rocks rejoice,
The lowly Shrubs partake of human Voice,
Assenting Nature, with a gracious Nod,
Proclaims him.

THE GUARDIAN

The Guardian was published daily from March 12, 1713, to October 1, 1713. There were in all 175 numbers, of which Addison wrote 51; Steele, 82; Pope, Berkeley, Tickell, Budgell, and others, each a few. In the preface to the collected edition Steele thus acknowledges Addison's assistance: "All those papers which are distinguished by the mark of an hand were written by a gentleman who has obliged the world with productions too sublime to admit that the author of them should receive any addition to his reputation from such loose occasional thoughts as make up these little treatises. For which reason his name shall be concealed." (Cf. Pope's letter to Caryll, 23 June, 1713.) 238 Motto: Virgil, Georg., iv, 444: "To himself returns." 238 4 Books: favor, good graces. Compare the pun which Vellum makes on this phrase, in Addison's Drummer, act. iii (Bohn ed., V, 186): "Mrs. Abigail, your name seldom appears in my bills — and yet - if you will allow me a merry expression - You have been always in my books, Mrs. Abigail. Ha, ha, ha!" The reader will of course recall Much Ado, i, 1, 79.

238 8-9 Shortness of his face and of his speeches: The Spectator's shortness of speech, first noted in No. 1, is carried out in No. 37 and especially in No. 550: "It is very well known that I at first set forth in this work with the character of a silent Man; and I think I have so well preserved my Taciturnity, that I do not remember to have violated it with three Sentences in the space of almost two Years." See also Guard. 141. Addison himself is known to have had this characteristic. The "short face" of the Spectator is probably aimed at Steele: see his portraits, especially the one by Kneller. See also the note in Aitken's life of Steele, II, 342-343, and cf. Theatre, No. 2. The "short face" is mentioned in Nos. 499 and 558. Both characteristics, of course, are employed by Addison and Steele alike, who naturally made the most of any detail, whatever its source, that would vivify the personality of the character in which both were writing.

238 17 Rather to give than take: probably an allusion to the attitude of Addison and Steele under the often severe strictures of the Examiner. Cf. Spect. 160, 556; Guard. 90, 160, 170; Whig-Examiner (the design of which was "to censure the writings of others, and to give all persons a rehearing, who have suffered under any unjust sentence of the Examiner") 1−4; Freeholder 19; Count Tariff (Bohn, IV, 368): "The Examiner; a person who has abused almost every man in England, that deserved well of his country."

238 22 Above a hundred different Authors: See Drake, Essays, V, 490 ff., who gives — not including the Tatler and Spectator twentyfour periodical publications between 1709 and March, 1713, when the Guardian appeared. Very valuable also are the lists of early periodicals in Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, IV, 33–97, and in the catalogue of the Hope Collection of early periodicals and essays in the Bodleian (Oxford, 1865). There are shorter lists in Carpenter's Selections from Steele, pp. lv-lx and in Aitken's Steele, II, 424 ff.

239 18 Ulysses his : Cf. Nos. 409 (“Æeneas his Voyage") and 207 ("Diomedes his eyes," ," "Socrates his rule "). According to the Oxford Dictionary (under His, 4) the construction was "found already in O[ld] E[nglish], but most prevalent from c. 1400 to 1750; sometimes identified with the genitive inflexion -es, -is, -ys, esp. in 16–17th c., when it was chiefly (but not exclusively) used with names ending in -s, or when the inflexional genitive would have been awkward. Archaically retained in Book-keeping and for some other technical purposes."

240 25 A Lion's head: The notion of the lion's head is introduced in Guard. 71. In No. 114 Addison reported: "I think myself obliged to acquaint the publick, that the Lion's Head, of which I advertised