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learned from such an article? First this, that if a full grown, or half grown, tree could be profitably moved, we need never sacrifice a good fruit tree because it happens to be in the wrong place, nor keep it in the wrong place for fear of losing it. Secondly, we need not think it necessary to plant very young trees, and so be several years longer without fruit, if big trees can, with proper care, be as safely removed. Thirdly, there seemed to be this special lesson taught, that to keep trees in good bearing the roots need fresh pasture ground. If they will endure all this mutilation of roots which the change involves, and still bear better than before, there seems to be the strongest testimony to the value of fresh soil. If we will not remove our trees, we may remove two or three inches of the surface mould and replace with some other.

Then, it was objected that we had published an article condemning the practice of planting corn and other crops among fruit trees, when our correspondent assures us he and his neighbors know very well that the orchards are benefited by the working. They may be the better for the working, notwithstanding the corn. It was the corn we objected to. Does the orchard profit by that? And so there were other things which we now forget that, our friend said, he and his neighbors made merry over. There was no objection to that had they laughed where the fun was, but what if they laughed in the wrong place?

I send you this month an interesting account of a system of poultry management put into successful operation by a Frenchman, (M. Giot) which is designed to be suggestive only. Our correspondent above noticed will observe, that it is not our purpose to advise him to ride his hens around the farm in an omnibus or wheelbarrow, as this Frenchman does, and yet we think there are good hints to be taken from the description. Whether the French monarch, who wished to see a pullet in the pot of every peasant, took the hint from the prevailing fondness of the French people for poultry, or the peopl: took their fancy from the speech of the King, it is certain that they take the lead of any other in the extent and success of their poultry raising, and we may well

take lessons from them in consideration of their enormous exports of eggs and poultry, after supplying home demands.

Is not this matter of poultry raising of vastly more importance in this country now than ever before, as being work which women are especially fitted for? The moveable system of M. Giot, if found to be practicable, will be economical and especially promotive of the health of poultry.

Who ever saw a sick chicken which took an extensive range away from the kitchen door? What gleaners would they make of grain fields, and how plump and fat would they become, without cost to the owner-saving all the waste of the farm. Moveable poultry establishments would certainly get rid of the difficulty as to health of the birds, which meets us in all schemes for raising them in large numbers. But let the reader see what is said of the method of management, the utility in destruction of grubs, &c., which is set forth in this account of the earnest French

man.

This writing brings us to the middle of July, with not more than half of the bay harvested, and that which is, looking black enough with the rains that would catch it before it could be cured and put away. The corn is but poorly worked, and the working not completed, for the same reason. It is not to grumble over the season, but to make a record of the extraordinary impediments to all farm work. The grass lands and the woods are as richly green as on the first of June. Yours truly, &c.

Cranberry Culture.

The following is from an old cranberry grower in Massachusetts:

THE CHOICE OF LOCATION.-First, cranberries will grow on high, moist land, and sometimes produce well; but their proper place is low and springy, or wet land. The best place, however, is a peat bog and swamp muck.

PREPARATION OF THE GROUND.-First, make the surface of your ground as even as possible, and nearly level, with a slight inclination towards a drain, if you have one, in order that it may be easily flowed, and no ponds remain after drawing off the water. This may be done with any material. There should then be put on this level surface, about four inches in thickness of swamp muck or peat, which should be again covered with about three inches in depth of loose sand, free from grass and its fibres, and also from clay or stones. It is not important what the color or quality of the sand, if it be not adhesive, and is free from roots and grass.—Massachusetts Plough

man.

BREEDS OF SWINE.-In an article on swine, in the Farm and Fireside, Mr. John Dimon, of Pomfret in Connecticut, recognizes seven, and only seven, distinct breeds in this country, viz: Yorkshire, Chester County or Chester White, Essex, Suffolk, Berkshire, Lincolnshire and Chinese.

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To get the wheat crop, as well as other grains, in readiness for market, is usually the work of this season, and it is well if, under present circumstances, it can be accomplished If labor be scarce, and there is no pressing need of the proceeds of the crop, it may be left for winter work, and the time now occupied in preparation for another crop, hauling manure, or other outdoor work.

Take special care to guard against accidents with the machine. The driver must be so fixed, that he cannot, if he is so disposed, thrust his legs among the cog-wheels, and a machine that makes it very convenient to the feeder, to have his hand torn to pieces, should be condemned as unfit for use. Let the face of the driver be well

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The following mode of preventing them by poison, is recently started as the experience of a Kentucky planter, but was published many years ago in the American Farmer. In February No., 1859, a correspondent gave us this mode of using the poison, which had been before recommended in our pages: "Cobalt must be beat into an impalpable powder. Two or three ounces of this powder put into a half pint measure, and water and honey in equal parts added thereto. From three to six drops of the poison to be put into the flower of the Jamestown weed, and in the flower of the seed plants in various parts of the field." It may be set in saucers on the tops of

protected against the dust by a mask of sponge posts; but care should be taken lest negro kept moist.

PLOUGHING FOR WHEAT.

Let this work be done early, the sooner the better. As the ground is likely to be too hard to plough, no opportuuity should be lost when it can be done. Otherwise the seeding may be delayed beyond the right time. Whoever appreciates the importance of early seeding, indeed its necessity, will not fail to see how desirable is the due preparation of the ground before the heat and drought have made it impossible. In any good wheat ground, a team of three horses should be used to break up well to the depth of full eight inches.

The practice of sowing oat stubble, and manuring with the yard accumulations of the past season, is a good one; but it is bad practice to plough under the manure, as is still too much the custom. In the first place, the ploughing, which should be done promptly, is unnecessarily delayed till the manure can be hauled out, and in the second place, the manure is less effective both for the wheat and the grass following. Let the whole team be used in breaking the ground, and the manure be applied at leisure, throwing it out broadcast from the wagons.

sour.

children, or others, be poisoned by it. White sugar used instead of the honey is less liable to To be most effective, this poison should be used throughout a neighborhood. It destroys the hornblower effectually, and stops the propagation.

TOPPING AND SUCKERING.

This work should be done just as the plant is coming into bloom-topping down to leaves six inches in length, early in the season, is the pracit should be topped still lower, to give the upper tice of Maryland planters. Later in the season, leaves the opportunity of getting a good growth.

The tobacco will be ready for the house in about three weeks after being topped. In the meantime the "suckers" will start from the foot of each leaf, and should not be allowed to make much growth before they are taken out, as they suck the juices that should give substance and weight to the leaves. It is very necessary to remove all suckers before cutting, as they will continue green in the house, and when finally killed by frost, stain and damage the leaves.

POTATOES.

Continue to work crop of late potatoes until they come into bloom.

RUTA BAGA AND WHITE TURNIPS.

Sow without further delay the first named.

The Vegetable Garden.

Maryland Agricultural College.

AUGUST.

It is a valuable crop on ground well manured and Prepared for the American Farmer, by DANIEL BARKER, well worked. Sow other sorts from 10th to 20th of the month. The ruta baga should be sown on slightly raised ridges. Peruvian guano and well ground bones, or some good phosphatic guano-one hundred weight of the former to two of the latter-makes a good dressing per acre on ground in good condition, but should be increased for poor land.

RYE.

If rye is to be sown get the ground in readiness this month, and sow by the first of September. As a grain crop, rye is little prized in Maryland; but for green food in early spring it is very valuable.

BUSHES AND BRIARS.

On grain farms, there will be opportunity now to run over the fields and destroy all bushes and briars. Mullein and other such weeds, should be destroyed before the seeds ripen.

TIMOTHY SEEDING.

The sowing of timothy in ground not occupied with grain, is less customary now than formerly. The better practice is to grow it in a rotation with wheat and clover, sowing the seed immediately after the wheat is put in, on the surface, the clover seed to follow in the spring. The timothy in such case, occupies the field two, three, or more years, according to circumstances If it is proposed to sow the seed alone, the ground should be got in readiness, and sown by the last of the month. The same practice is proper for herd's grass or red top.

CATTLE PENS.

Keep them well supplied with litter, and accumulate material for manures. If you have moveable pens in the field, do not allow them to stand longer than two weeks, and cover the ground of the new pen with a good thickness of straw, leaves, or whatever litter you can command.

EXERCISE YOUR HORSES.-Farmers should not neglect to give their horses proper exercise. Do not suffer the horses to stand the whole week in the stable, but give, at least, one hour's exercise daily. Give sloppy food at least twice a week, and throw a lump of rock salt in the manger.— Stock Journal.

DEATH OF HON. ISAAC NEWTON.-The Honorable Isaac Newton, Commissioner of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, died on the 19th of June, after an illness of some weeks.

Warm weather and showers have done good to everything, and everything promises a good harvest; and the promise of "seed time and harvest" is again being fulfilled. The present is a good time to go through the garden with the cultivator and hoe, and destroy the weeds hours of bright sun will destroy them. Such while young. When cut up in that state a few

bad roots as dandelion, dock, &c., should be cut often, and the roots will die; but it is much more effectual to dig the roots up, which plan we adopt, labor to the contrary notwithstanding. Upon walks and roads, our plan is to cut the root below the surface as deep as possible, and put a little salt upon the top of the root. This plan we have ever found effectual in the total destruction of the root. The best plan with which we are acquainted is to cut up all weeds before they are an inch high. Those who have large estates to look over, must rack their brains as to what must be done first, and manage so that no two steps shall be taken when one will do. Two weeks since we congratulated ourselves upon having a clean garden; in passing over it again this morning we found not only first, but second and third crops seeding. Old and young plants forming a dense carpet, the whole forming a fine collection of weeds; there was work for the cultivator, hoe and hand.

We are confident that one year's neglect will give plenty of work for twenty years to come. The seeds of many of the most destructive weeds are very tenacious of life, and will only vegetate when brought near the surface. Every fresh turning up of the soil will bring great numbers of these seeds sufficiently near the surface to vegetate, and when they are destroyed the garden may be tolerably free for that season; but the fresh stirring of another year brings myriads to the surface, and another carpet is the result; and then, having no plants seeding, some friend just beginning to tread the labyrinths of science, begins to entertain some notions about spontaneous generation, combined with other wild ideas of what can be accomplished in forming organized existence out of peculiar combinations of matter, &c. Making all allowances, there can be no question that the seeds of many plants plowed or spaded down into the ground will retain their vitality for a long period, and will

vegetate whenever placed in suitable condition recommended-all the sewage water from the as to air and moisture to do so. house, &c., and they will rarely say, "hold, it is enough."

After showers of rain, proceed to earth up cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and whatever other crops may require it. Keep the ground free from weeds and remove all crops that are done with, and make preparations for any crop which may have to stand the winter.

Mulching between the rows of vegetables we can strongly recommend, for whenever the ground is sandy or adhesive, and exposed, at this season, to the powerful action of the sun, the roots of vegetables are very likely to be destroyed.

The principal sowing of cabbage for spring use should be done towards the end of the month. The Early Wakefield or Jersey Wakefield, or Early York, are as good as any we have ever grown for fall and early spring planting.

Abundance of water should be given to celery newly planted, and also liquid manure to the earliest crop; after which it should be earthed up. Continue to plant out, being careful to take up the plants with as much soil about the roots as possible.

Make another sowing of lettuce for use in the fall. We have had on trial, during the present season, several new and other kinds of lettuce, none of which, all things considered, are as good as our old favorite, the "Paris Silesian."

As ground becomes vacant, make sowings of Strap Leaved and Purple Top turnips. Continue to transplant endive, in frames, for winter use, where they can be covered with straw mats during the winter months.

Keep the crops of string beans closely picked, for if allowed to remain until they are too old for use, they discontinue to bear as they otherwise would. Make a sowing of the early Mohawk, or Valentine, for a late crop; make another sowing of black Spanish radish and also of the turnip rooted kinds.

Take up potatoes where they are ripe, and put in German greens, Scotch kale, and other winter greens in their places.

We do not approve of the plan of planting

winter greens between the rows of potatoes before the latter are taken up. We have found that whenever cabbage, &c., are planted between the rows the ground is trodden down so hard in planting and watering that the crop seldom comes off so well afterwards, as it does on well cleared and cultivated ground. These observations do not, of course, apply to large market gardens, but to the garden of the farmer, for whom we write; and to whom we would say, treat your gardens well and kindly; stir them well and deep; give your crops what we have so often

Sow spinach for a supply during the fall. Prince Albert and other early peas may still be sown for a late crop.

Onions should be taken up as soon as ripe, and a few sown for green onions during the fall. Do not omit to work well between the rows of all such crops as will be benefited thereby until they are sufficiently thick to prevent it. This will apply to crops of parsnips, carrots, beets, turnips, peas, beans, &c., &c.

Towards the end of the month sow cauliflower seed on a bed of fine, rich earth, and when about two inches high take them up and pot in small pots in good, rich compost, and plunge the pots in tanners' bark or coal ashes. As soon as the pots are full of roots they should be shifted into pots about three inches over, and kept in frames during the winter; the pots plunged to the rims to prevent frost from touching the roots. This may look like bestowing a great deal of unnecessary labor upon the cauliflower. We can only say that we consider it about the finest vegetable grown when managed well, and experience has taught us that the above mentioned plan pays better in the end than any other we have ever tried for a crop in early spring.

There will, for many weeks to come, be great accumulations of weeds and rubbish, by the digging up potatoes, removal of pea and bean straw, and many other materials which, when decayed, will make good manure. The economical manager never wastes a particle of anything which can be rotted into compost, and if the compost pits are now full, room must be made for any extra supplies. It is not uncommon to see the refuse of the garden placed in holes full of water in order that it may decay the more rapidly. The the material is forgotten. It would be much idea that water washes out all the goodness of better to accumulate all vegetable refuse in one heap, to undergo fermentation and decay without the help of adventitious moisture; and when offensive effluvia results, put a layer of earth over the heap. We have found common mould to be the best of all deodorizers.

As they ripen, save seed of all choice kinds of vegetables, being careful to select from the earliest and best kinds for the purpose.

Cucumbers and string beans for pickling should be sown during the first ten days of the month.

Thyme and other such herbs should be gathered when in flower, and dried in a shady room.

When the stalks of onions turn yellow they

should be taken up, lest they should make fresh roots, which should be prevented if possible. Look over the remarks for the past two months and see what has escaped attention.

With favorable weather, lost time may be improved by those who are diligent and vigilant.

The Fruit Garden.

Where it is desired to make new plantations of strawberries, it should be done at once, as they who plant now will be sure of a fair crop next year, while they who delay the planting until the ground gets cold, and the energies of the plant subdued, will in all probability have to wait the result of another season.

Strawberries planted later than the last week in August, or during the first ten days of September, rarely do any good. There is no plant in our gardens which shows more decisively the difference between good and bad cultivation than the strawberry. To plant them without due care, combined with good preparation of the soil, is next to waste of time and money. There is no fruit-bearing plant, with which we are acquainted, so certain to pay for good treatment. To insure success, the cultivator must be liberal in the preparation of the soil; such as deep working with spade, or subsoil plough, using good barn-yard manure, and plenty of it, upon open, well exposed, sunny spots. In growing the strawberry, there should be no half way measures. The soil spaded or ploughed deep, leaving the surface rough, planting immediately after a rain shower, which will save trouble in watering, &c., using all available means to secure a strong, unchecked growth from the time of planting. It not unfrequently happens that beginners in strawberry culture become discouraged by the loss of plants, especially in purchasing new kinds. They order their plants of some distant nurseryman, which, in due time, come to hand, most probably, consisting of very small plants of some two or three leaves each, with as many small, delicate rootlets; more than half of such plants die in a few days, and a considerable proportion of the remainder, during the early part of the winter. When the demand is large for any particular variety, the nursery man is compelled to do the best he can with all the small rooted offsets they can obtain; hence many plants are sent out that require some special nursing before being planted out. Our plan has hitherto been, upon receiving small plants of new kinds, to pot them separately, (pots of two or three inches in diameter will answer the pur

pose,) using light, rich soil, and placing them in a frame, watering whenever necessary. In a very short time they will have filled the pots with roots, when they may be planted out in the beda prepared for them. Turning them out of their pots without breaking the balls of earth, pressing the soil closely and firmly about the roots, after which, with the necessary working, &c., they will make good, strong plants. It is not every strawberry grower who keeps his beds as clean as they should; and too often a strawberry bed is only another name for a miscellaneous collec tion of docks and grasses, with a multiplication of other plants, (interesting to the botanist) constituting a pavement of rank vegetation, which, in one year, becomes worthless to man and beast. We have this season fruited near fifty varieties, a few of which, for this location, may be called strawberries for everybody. We have also some which are strawberries for nobody, and some which are midway between the two, and should be grown by every genuine lover of strawberries. We saw specimens, during the early part of the season, which were grown for market-such worthless trash that we could not understand how the cultivators could offer fruit for sale, the flavor of which was similar to that of a raw turnip. This is more strange when we consider that some of our best flavored and finest varieties are the most prolific, and would pay much better even if they produced less in bulk, which they do not. The greater portion of those we have seen offered for sale this season, (and which we presume the market gardeners keep to themselves without difficulty,) are marvellous in their way. We think that every lover of strawberries should endeavor to grow "Jucunda" to perfection. We have never known it to fail of repaying most liberally for liberal treatment, even in localities not well adapted for the cultivation of the strawberry. Give it good land, of almost any texture, manure liberally, grow them in hills, and keep well cultivated between the rows, and you may expect a feast of strawberries of such flavor and size as will delight the most fastidious.

Those who fail to grow "Jucunda" should try "Triomphe de Gand," which, perhaps, is rather more hardy, and the flavor excellent. But I have yet to see "Jucunda" suffer in repute by the results of any experiments, under similar circumstances, by other varieties. "Fillmore," with us, is a most excellent strawberry. We think, one of the very best. It is very prolific, grows well, and very handsome. The berries are large, and when fully ripe, of a beautiful dark, crimson color, and the flavor-well, I am afraid to make the attempt to describe it. I will say

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