§ 456. The following is a list of the Presidents and VicePresidents for each Presidential term of four years:

4th, March 4, 1801, to Thomas Jefferson, Va. Aaron Burr, N. Y. March 4, 1805.

5th, March 4, 1805, to Thomas Jefferson, Va. George Clinton, N. Y. March 4, 1809.

6th, March 4, 1809, to James Madison, Va. March 4, 1813.

7th, March 4, 1813, to James Madison, Va. March 4, 1817.

8th, March 4, 1817, to James Monroe, Va. March 4, 1821.

9th, March 4, 1821, to James Monroe, Va. March 4, 1825.

George Clinton, N. Y.

Elbridge Gerry, Mass.

Daniel D. Tompkins,

N. Y.

Daniel D. Tompkins,
N. Y.

10th, March 4, 1825, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, S. C.

11th, March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson, Tenn. John C. Calhoun, S. C.

to March 4, 1833.

12th, March 4, 1833, Andrew Jackson, Tenn. Martin Van Buren,

CHAPTER XII.

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.

§ 457. THE executive and administrative business of the government is not all managed directly by the President himself, but has, by various acts of Congress, been distributed among several executive departments, viz. : (1.) Department of State.

(2.) Department of the Navy.

(3.) Department of War.

(4.) Department of Treasury.
(5.) Post-office Department.
(6.) Department of the Interior.

§458. The heads of these departments, together with the Attorney General of the United States, are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and they constitute what is termed the cabinet, with whom the President consults confidentially upon public affairs. The Vice-President of the United States is not a member of the cabinet.

§ 459. They are the constitutional advisers of the President, and he is authorized by the Constitution (Art. II. sec. 2, clause 1) to "require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices." These officers are again recognised by the Constitution in the clause which vests the appointment of certain inferior officers "in the heads of departments," (Art. II. sec. 2,

clause 2.) The number, organization, and duties of these departments, are left to be determined by Congress.

§ 460. The chief officer, or head, in each of the departments is, as above stated, nominated by the President and approved by the Senate; but he may be removed at the will of the President alone, and is responsible to him. If a vacancy happens during the recess of Congress, the President may appoint an officer pro tempore to fill the place till the next meeting of Congress.

In some of these great departments there are established subordinate departments, termed bureaus, to which certain subjects of business are assigned.

§ 461. Each of the departments has an official seal; so also have some of the bureaus; copies of their records, authenticated by certificate and the official seal, are, by act of Congress, made evidence equally with the original record or paper; the heads of the departments are authorized by law to appoint the clerks, (except some of the principal clerks, who are appointed by the President,) by virtue of the clause in the Constitution, as above mentioned, authorizing certain appointments to be vested in the heads of departments; and they perform generally such other duties appertaining to their office as may be required of them by the President or by Congress.

§ 462. No contract in behalf of the United States can be made by the heads of departments, except under a law or appropriation authorizing it, so that they cannot involve the government in responsibility for the payment of money, beyond the amount appropriated by Congress.

§ 463. The Secretary of State performs such duties as are enjoined on or intrusted to him by the President, agreeably to the Constitution, relative to the correspondence with and instructions to the public ministers, consuls,

and diplomatic agents of the United States; or to negotiations with foreign States; or to memorials or applications to our own government from foreigners or the public ministers of foreign States; and generally to all matters relating to our foreign affairs. His salary is $8000 a year.

§ 464. The Department of State was organized in the year 1789, by the first Congress which assembled under the Constitution, and was termed the Department of Foreign Affairs, and the duties assigned to it related to the foreign affairs of the government. At a subsequent period in the same year, the name was changed to that of the Department of State, and it was then made the duty of the Secretary to receive, keep, and promulgate the laws enacted by Congress, and to have the charge of the seal of the United States, and affix it to the commissions of all civil officers of the United States lawfully appointed by the President, as well where the consent of the Senate was necessary to the appointment as where it was not. Passports to American citizens visiting foreign countries, are granted by the Secretary of State.

§ 465. After laws have been passed by Congress, they are enrolled on parchment, the sheets of which are of uniform size, and are signed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate; they are then sent to the President of the United States for his approval. If approved by him, he signs them, and, after notifying Congress that he has thus approved and signed them, he deposits the originals in the office of the Secretary of State, where they are bound together in volumes and preserved.

§ 466. In the Department of State, in addition to the Secretary, there are employed an assistant Secretary of

State, who is appointed by the President; a chief clerk, a claims clerk, a translator, and numerous subordinate clerks. There is also established within this department a diplomatic bureau, a consular bureau, and a domestic bureau.

§ 467. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State, from the organization of the government to the present time :

THOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia. Appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned.

EDMUND RANDOLPH, of Virginia. Appointed 2d January, 1794. Resigned.

TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 10th December, 1795. Removed.

JOHN MARSHALL, of Virginia. Appointed 13th May, 1800. Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 31st January, 1801.

JAMES MADISON, of Virginia. Appointed 5th March, 1801. Became President 4th March, 1809.

ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. Appointed 6th March, 1809. Resigned.

JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. Appointed 2d April, 1811, in recess of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 25th November, 1811. Appointed Secretary of War 27th September, 1814.

JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. Appointed 28th February, 1815. Became President of the United States 4th March, 1817.

Appointed 5th March,

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, of Massachusetts. 1817. Became President of the United States 4th March, 1825. HENRY CLAY, of Kentucky. Appointed 7th March, 1825. Resigned. MARTIN VAN BUREN, of New York. Appointed 6th March, 1829. Resigned.

EDWARD LIVINGSTON, of Louisiana. Appointed 24th May, 1831, in recess of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 12th January, 1832.

LOUIS MCLANE, of Delaware. Appointed 29th May, 1833, in recess of Senate. Resigned.

JOHN FORSYTH, of Georgia. Appointed 27th June, 1834.

DANIEL WEBSTER, of Massachusetts. Appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned.