Carlyle, Thomas, 357.
Categorical Imperative of Kant,
280.
Categories, of Aristotle and Kant,
262 ff.; of Hegel, 329.
Channing, W. E., 391.
Charron, P., 24.
Chubb, Thomas, 149, 173.
Church, medieval attitude toward
science in the Renaissance, 28 f.;
and Bruno, 33 n.; according to
Hobbes, 71; according to Mac-
chiavelli, 12 f.
Circulation of books, 20, n. 2.
Civilization of the Middle Ages,
causes of decay of, 2 ff.
Clark, S., 58.
Classicism, German, 230, 302.
Clauberg, 93, n. 1, 127 n.
Clifford, 357.
Coleridge, 357.
Collegiants, the, 100 ff.
Collins, Anthony, 149, 175.
Cologne, University of, 11, n. 2.
Combe, 358.
Comte, August, 211; philosophy
of, 383 ff.
Condillac, E. B., 222; ideology of,
378.
Constantinople, fall of, 6.
Constitutionalists and Political
Economists of the Enlighten-
ment, 150.
Contiguity, association of, 201 ff.,
359; law of, 136.
Copernicus, Nikolaus, 7, 39 f.
Cordemoy, 93, n. 1.
Counter-reformation, 5, 33 n.
Cousin, Eclecticism of, 379, 380,
381 ff.
Courts of the Popes, 20 n.
Creskas, 98, n. 2.
Cusanus, Nicolas, 18, n. 3, 32.
Cudworth, R., 57 f.
Dante, 12, n. 2, 19.
Darwin, Charles, influence upon
the history of philosophy, 357,
363.
Darwin, Erasmus, 358.
Decentralization of Europe, 10, n.
2.
Deduction in the Natural Science
Period, 28, 30; used by Galileo,
45; by Bacon, 50; by Des-
cartes, 83 ff.; by the followers
of Descartes, 127.
Deed-act of Fichte, 299.
Deism, and Hume, 209; of Vol-
taire, 219; of Frederick the
Great, 231, n. 2.
Deists, the English, 149, 174 ff.;
the German, 150.
Descartes, René, 11, n. 1; com-
pared with Hobbes, 59; the
mental conflict in, 70 f.; life and
philosophical writings, 77 f.;
conflicting influences upon his
thought, 78 f.; his method,
80 f.; his absolute principle, 81;
implications of consciousness,
83 f.; proofs of existence of God,
84 f.; reality of matter, 85 f.;
relations of God to the world,
87 f.; of God to minds, 88; of
mind and body, 88 f.; influence,
90; relation to Spinoza and Oc-
casionalists, 95 n.; corpuscular
theory, 87 n.; automatic activ-
ity, 89 n.; ethical theory, 90;
influence on Hobbes, 59; on
Locke, 153, 159; on Spinoza,
99; in Germany, 127 n.
Determinism, defined, 64, n. 4.
Diderot, Denis, 49, 220.
Differential calculus, discovery by
Leibnitz and Newton, 126.
Discoveries and inventions, in-
fluence of, in nineteenth cen-
tury, 354 f.
Dogmatism, defined, 196.
Dualism, Cartesian, assumed in
Enlightenment, 142 f.; of Berke-
ley, 187; of Kant, 241.
Dualists, 183 n.
Eckhart, Meister, 4, n. 2.
Eclecticism, 31; of the French,
379.
Edwards, Jonathan, 180, 390.
Emerson, R. W., 391.
Empiricism, beginnings of, 18 f.;
in the Enlightenment, 145; of
Berkeley, 183; of Hume, 188;
of the nineteenth century, 354.
Encyclopædists, 220.
Enlightenment, the period of, 1,
141 ff.
Epicureanism, 23, 31.
Erasmus, 4, n. 2, 24.
Erfurt, 11, n. 2.
Evolution, theory of Leibnitz,
135 ff.; of Lessing, 236; in Ro-
manticism, 303; in the nine-
teenth century, 363 ff.
Faith philosophy of Herder, 151.
Fechner, G. T., philosophy of, | Groot, Geert de, 4, n. 2.
Feudal System, the, 12, n. 1.
Fénelon, 91, n. 4.
Feuerbach, L. T., 369 ff.
Fichte, J. G., compared with
Schelling and Hegel, 286, 306;
life and writings, 288 f.; influ-
ences upon him, 291; motive,
292 ff.; central principle, 294;
moral world, 296 f.; God and
man, 298 f.; what moral reality
involves, 299 f.
Ficinus, Marsilius, 16.
Fischer, Kuno, "return to Kant,"
367.
Fiske, John, 391.
Forge, de la, Louis, 93, n. 1.
France, during the time of Des-
cartes, 74 f.; influence on Eng-
land in Renaissance, 58; Eng-
land's influence on, in Enlight-
enment, 215.
Franciscans, 5, n. 2.
Francke, A. H., 126, n. 2, 150,
228.
Franklin, Benjamin, 396.
Frederick the Great, 229 ff.
Gale, Theophilus, 58.
Gale, Thomas, 58.
Galileo Galelei, 38 ff.
Gassendi, Pierre, 23, 92, 127 n.
Gaza, Theodorus, 22, n. 3.
Geneva, new religious center, 11.
Gentilis, Albertus, 14.
Geometrical Method and its Oppo-
nents in Enlightenment, 150.
Gérando, de, 381.
German Idealists, places con-
nected with (map), 287; treated,
285 ff.
German literature in Enlighten-
ment, 229, 233 f.
German Philosophy, the third
period in modern philosophy, 1;
treatment, 239 ff.
Germany in the Renaissance, 11,
17, 25, 38; in the Enlighten-
ment, 228 ff.
Gersonides, 98, n. 2.
Geulinox, Arnauld, 93 ff.
Goethe, J. W. von, his Faust, 17 n.,
24; and Spinoza, 97; treated, 294,
304; as a physicist, 312, 355.
Gottsched, J. C., 229.
Greek literature, study of, in Re-
naissance, 19.
Grotius, Hugo, 14, 91 n.
Hall, Stanley, 392.
Hamilton, Sir William, 359 f.
Harris, W. T., 391.
Hartley, 358.
Hartmann, K. R. E. von, 373.
Harvey, William, 42, 58.
Hegel, G. W. F., German philos-
ophy ends with, 1; and Fichte
and Schelling, 285 ff.; relations
to Schelling, 307 ff., 316, 318,
322; and culmination of ideal-
ism, 318; as the present repre-
sentative of Kant, 319; life and
writings, 320; fundamental
principle, 325 ff.; cosmic unity,
327; cosmic law, 332; applica-
tion of his theory, 334 f.; his
school in the nineteenth cen-
tury, 369.
Heidelberg, university of, 11.
Herbart, J. F., and Schopenhauer,
336; and Kant, 336 f.; doctrine
of contradictions, 338; psychol-
ogy, 339.
Herbert of Cherbury, 175.
Herder, J. G., 236.
Hirnhaym, 127 n.
History, the concept of, in Lessing,
237; in nineteenth century, 356.
Hobbes, Thomas, 38, 42; a polit-
ical theorist, 59; forerunner of
modern materialism, 64; com-
pared with Bacon, 59 n.; com-
pared with Descartes, 59; life
and writings, 60 ff.; influences
on thought of, 62 ff.; his mis-
sion, 63; fundamental principle,
63 f.; method of, 65 ff.; kinds of
bodies, 66 f.; application of his
theory to psychology, 69 f.; his
Leviathan, 71 n.; and Descartes
and Locke, 152; founder of
school of English moralists,
176.
Holland in Natural Science period,
26, 30, 90 ff.
Holy Roman Empire, 230 ff.
Humanism, defined, 20.
Humanistic Period, of the Renais-
sance, general character, 24 ff.;
list of representatives, 31 f.;
Bruno as representative, 32 f.
Hume, David, on Spinoza, 101;
represented change in English
intellectual interests, 154; rela-
tion to Berkeley, 183 f.; a dual- | Johnson, Samuel, 180, 390.
ist, 183 n.; life and writings, 192 Jouffroy, 381.
ff.; compared with Berkeley, 193;
influences upon his thought, 194;
his skepticism and phenomenal-
ism, 196; theory of origin of
ideas, 198 ff.; the association of
ideas, 200 ff.; mathematics in
his philosophy, 203 f.; concep-
tion of substance, 204; attack
on theology, 204 f.; attack on
science, 205 f.; extent and limits
of knowledge, 208 f.; theory of
religion and ethics, 209 f.; his
skepticism influenced Kant, 235.
Huyghens, Christian, 39.
Huxley, 357.
Idealists, German, treated, 385 ff.
Identity, of Indiscernibles, 136;
Schelling's philosophy of, 315.
Ideologists, 303, 378.
Idols of Bacon, 53 f.
Illuminati, the, 235, n. 2.
Independent philosophers, the, of
the Enlightenment, 150.
Individual, independence of the,
in the Enlightenment, 142.
Individualism, in the Renais-
sance, 10 ff.; modern rise of,
141 ff.; in the Enlightenment,
145 ff., 214 ff.; among the Ro-
manticists, 303.
Induction, in the Natural Science
Kant, Immanuel, 2 f., 239; influ-
ences upon, 240 ff.; life and
writings, 243; problem of, 245;
method of, 246; three-fold world
of, 247 ff.; world of knowledge,
251 ff.; place of synthesis, 253;
judgments indispensable to
knowledge, 256 ff.; proof of va-
lidity of human knowledge,
259 f.; validity of sense-percep-
tions, 260 ff.; validity of under-
standing, 262 ff.; has the reason
any validity?, 268; the idea of
the soul, 270 ff.; the idea of the
universe, 271 ff.; the idea of
God, 273 ff.; conclusion, 275 f.:
ethics of Kant, 276 ff.; the
moral law, 279 ff.; the moral
postulates, 282 ff.; theory of
beauty, 284 n.; idealism after,
285; influence on Fichte, Schell-
ing, and Hegel, 286; on Hegel,
334; on Herbart, 336 f.; on
Schopenhauer, 334; the Kan-
tian revival, 376.
Kempis, Thomas à, 4, n. 2.
Kepler, Johann, 18, n. 3, 39 f.,
127 n.
Knutzen, Martin, 241.
period, 2 ff., 18 ff., 30; use by Ladd, G. T., 392.
Galileo, 44 f.; according to Ba-Lafitte, 387.
con, 52 ff.; according to Des-Languages, the new, and philos-
cartes, 81 f.
Infinity, according to Spinoza, Latin, before and in Renaissance,
127 ff.
Innate Ideas, according to Des-Lefèvre, 22, n. 3.
cartes, 82; to Spinoza, 116; ex-
istence of, denied by Locke,
164 ff.; to Leibnitz, 129.
Intellectual Enlightenment, in
France, 218 ff.
Inventions in Middle Ages, 6 ff.;
in nineteenth century, 354.
Italian nature philosophers, 16 ff.,
31.
Italy in the Renaissance, 12 ff.
Leibnitz, G. W., 72, 120 ff.; life
and writings, 121 f.; influences
upon him, 124 ff.; method, 127
ff.; examination of principles of
science, 132 ff.; representation,
the monad's fundamental char-
acter, 134 f.; development of
monad, 135; the unconscious
and the conscious, 136; unity of
substances, 137 ff.; his tolera-
tion, compared with Locke's,
158 f.; his philosophy in En-
lightenment, 232; as trans-
formed by Wolff, 233; Lessing
as his interpreter, 235 ff.; in
Romanticism, 303.
Leibnitz-Wolffian philosophy, 233f.
Leipzig, University of, 11, n. 2.
Leonardo da Vinci, 16, n. 1, 18.
Lessing, G. E., 229 ff.
Littré, 386.
Locke, John, 1, 153; life and writ-
ings, 155 ff.; sources of his
thought, 157 ff.; purpose, 161
ff.; two sides of his philosophy,
163 f.; and scholasticism, 164;
his psychology, 165 ff.; his epis-
temology, 168 ff.; practical phi-
losophy, 171 f.; general relation
to Berkeley, 183 ff.
Logic in Middle Ages, 2 f.; in
Hegel, 326 ff.
London, in Renaissance, 2 f.; in
time of Hobbes, 58; in time of
Locke, 215 f.
Lotze, R. H., 371 ff.
Louis XIV, 213 ff.
Louis XV, 213 f.
Louvain, University of, 11, n. 2.
Luther, Martin, 4, n. 2.
Lully (Lullus), 128, n. 2.
Macchiavelli, Niccolò, political
theory, 12 f.
Magic, in the Renaissance, 17, 30.
Maimonides, 98, n. 2.
Malebranche, Nicolas, 6, 7, 75,
94 f.
Marsh, James, influence in the
nineteenth century, 391.
Marsilius of Padua, 12, n. 2.
Materialism, defined, 64 n.
Materialistic controversy, 356.
Mathematical astronomers, the,
39 f.
Mathematics, in the natural sci-
ence period, 19, 28, 30; begin-
nings of, 40 f.; of Hobbes, 58,
65 ff.; of Bacon, 50; of Des-
cartes, 70 ff.; of Spinoza, 97 f.;
differential calculus, 124, 126;
in Leibnitz's philosophy, 128 ff.;
in Hume's philosophy, 203.
Melanchthon, 228.
Mendelssohn, Moses, 221.
Methodism, in the Enlighten-
ment, 145.
Michael Angelo, 16, n. 1, 18.
Montesquieu, C. de S., 218 f.
Moral philosophers of Enlighten-
ment, 149.
Moralists, the English, 176 f.
More, Henry, 58.
More, Thomas, 13 f., 50 f.
Mysticism, development of, 4; of
Spinoza, 112 ff.; contrasted
with idealism and realism, 323.
Mythology and revelation, in
Schelling's philosophy, 317.
Natura naturans and natura natu-
rata, 35 n., 111.
Natural religion, 174 f.
Natural science period, 24 ff.
Naturalism in Hobbes, 64; de-
fined, 64, n. 5.
Nature philosophers, Italian, 16.
Neo-Platonism in Humanistic
Period, 21 f.
Neo-Pythagorean number-theory,
17, n. 1.
New England transcendentalism,
391.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 39; his influ-
ence on Kant, 241.
Nicole, 92.
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 275.
Nineteenth-century
353 ff.
Nizolius, Marius, 18, n. 1.
Nominalism, influence on Mid-
dle Ages, 5 f., 18, n. 1.
Norris, J., 58.
Novalis (Hardenberg), 302.
Occasionalists, the, 91 ff.; their
relation to Descartes and Spin-
oza, 95 n.
Ockam, William, 5, n. 1, 12, n. 2,
66 n.
Oratory, the congregation of
fathers of, 75, 94.
Owen, John, 158.
Oxford University, 5, n. 2, 11, 11,
n. 2.
Paine, Thomas, 390.
Painters, School of, in Renais-
sance, 18, n. 2.
Middle Ages, causes of decay of Paley, 359.
its civilization, 2 ff.
Mill, James, 359.
Mill, J. S., 360 ff.
Monadology, of Leibnitz, 137.
Montaigne, M. de, 24, 75, 92,
212.
Palmer, G. H., 392.
Panpsychism, 114.
Pantheism of Spinoza, 166 ff.
Paracelsus, 30, n. 3, 32.
Parker, Samuel, 58.
Paris, University of, 11, 11, n. 2;
city of in seventeenth century, | Religion of humanity (Comte),
58, 76; in eighteenth century,
212, 216, 223.
Pascal Blaise, 92.
Patrizzi (Patritius), 32, 34 n.
Peirce, C. S., 392.
Periods of Modern Philosophy, 1.
Pessimism, 342, 344 ff., 373 ff.
Petrarch, 19.
Phenomenalism of Hume, 196.
Philosopher's stone, 17 n.
Philosophical religion, Lessing a
writer on, 150.
Philosophical revolutionists, 150.
Phrenology in nineteenth century,
358.
Pico Mirandola, 16.
Pilgrim Fathers, 91, n. 3.
Pietists of the Enlightenment, 150.
Platonism, 21, 31; reaction against
Hobbes, 57.
Platonic Academy, 21.
Pletho, 21, n. 3.
Pluralism of Leibnitz, 133.
Pomponazzi, Pietro, 22, n. 1.
Political Economists of the En-
lightenment, 150.
Political Theories of the Renais-
sance, 12 ff.
Popular philosophers of the En-
lightenment, 150.
Port Royal, 75, 92, 128 n.
Positivism, Bacon as father of, in
England, 52; defined, 52 n.; of
Hume, 197; in nineteenth cen-
tury, 382.
Prague, University of, 11, 11, n. 2.
Price, R., 58, 358.
Priestley, 358.
Prussia, rise of, 231 n.
Protestantism in France, 74, n.
2.
Psychologists of the Enlighten-
ment, 150.
Psycho-physical parallelism, of
Spinoza, 114; of Fechner, 377.
Ptolemaic astronomy, 40 ff.
Puffendorf, S., 127 n., 128 n., 228.
Ramée, de la, Pierre, 75.
Realism contrasted with Mysti-
cism and Idealism, 323; in Her-
bart, 337; in nineteenth cen-
tury, 354, 357, 358.
Reformation, the Protestant, 4, n.
2.
Regis, 93, n. 1.
Reid, Thomas, 210 f.
Renaissance, the first period of
modern philosophy, 1; general
character, 8 ff.
Representation, according to Leib-
nitz, 134.
"Return to nature," 14, n. 1.
Reuchlin, 17, 21, 53.
Revolution, the French, 221 f.;
philosophy of, 378.
Restoration, ideas of, 356 f., 378.
Romanes, 357.
Romanticism, 299; in philosophy,
303 ff.
Roscellinus, 5, n. 1.
Rostock, 11, n. 2.
Rousseau, J. J., 221 ff.
Royal Society, the, 49.
Royce, Josiah, 391, 392 ff.
Royer-Collard, 381.
Saint-Simon, 382.
Sanchez, F., 24.
Schelling, F. W. J., compared
with Fichte and Hegel, 286;
with Fichte, 309; life and writ-
ings, 306 f.; philosophy of na-
ture, 310 ff.; transcendental
philosophy, 312 ff.; system of
identity, 315 ff.; religious phi-
losophy, 317 f.
Schiller, J. C. F. von, 304, 305 n.,
313 ff.
Schleiermacher, F. E. von, 317 n.
Scholasticism as a method, 2 ff.
Schopenhauer, Arthur, his phil-
osophical relations, 341 ff.; life
and writings, 343; influences
upon him, 344; the world as
will and idea, 345 ff.; the mis-
ery of the world, 348 f.; the
way of deliverance, 349 ff.
Science, attitude of church toward,
14 ff., 28 f.; modern methods in,
begin with Galileo, 42 ff.; in
Bacon, 49 ff.; in Hobbes, 63 ff.;
in Leibnitz, 126 f.; Hume's at-
tack on, 205 f.; Hume's two
classes of, 208; in the nineteenth
century, 354 ff.
Scottish school, 150, 215 f.
Sensationalism, 64 n.
Sensationalists, the, of the En-
lightenment, 150; defined, 64,
n. 3.
Seven Years' War, 231.
Sevigne, Mme. de., 91, n. 4.
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