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PARAGENESIS

of name, blood, or dignity, but more especially of land in a division among heirs.2. Birth; parentage. Chaucer. Paragenesis (par-a-jen'e-sis), n. [Gr. para, side by side with, and genesis, generation.] A term applied to the constitution of minerals composed of crystals which have not assumed their normal crystalline structure, either because the crystals of one constituent mineral have been first formed and prevented the other constituents from assuming their due form, or from all the constituents having been crystallized simultaneously, thus mutually impeding the development of each other.

Paragenic (par-a-jen'ik),a. Originating with the germ or at the commencement of an individual: applied to bodies having original or congenital peculiarities of structure, character, and the like; specifically, in mineral. applied to a mineral whose crystals are imperfectly developed. Paragoge (para-go-ji), n. [Gr. paragoge, a drawing out, from parago, to lead beside, to protract-para, beside, and ago, to lead.] 1. The addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word, as in the vulgar drownd for drown.-2. In surg. the act of adapting the two extremities of a fractured bone to each other, or of restoring a luxated bone to its place; coaptation. Dunglison. Paragogic, Paragogical (par-a-goj'ik, para-gojik-al), a. Pertaining to a paragoge; lengthening a word by the addition of a letter or syllable.-Paragogic letters, in the Semitic languages, letters which, by their addition to the ordinary form of the word, impart additional emphasis or mark some change in the sense.

Paragon (para-gon), n. [Old Fr. paragon, Mod. Fr. parangon, a paragon, from Sp. paragon, parangon, model, from the prepositions para (Fr. par) con, in comparison with.] 1. A model or pattern; especially a model or pattern of superior excellence or perfection; as, a paragon of beauty or eloquence.

He rises before us as the paragon and epitome of a whole spiritual period. Carlyle.

2. A companion; a fellow.

Alone he rode without his paragon. Spenser. 3. Emulation; a match for trial of excellence.-4. A curious pattern in a garden. 'Gardens and groves exempt from paragons.' Chapman.

Paragon (para-gon), v.t. [Sp. paragonar, It. paragonare, to compare, to equal; Fr. parangonner. See the noun.] 1. To compare; to parallel; to mention in competition. If thou with Caesar paragon again my man of men.' Shak. 2. To admit comparison with; to rival; to equal.-3. To go beyond; to excel; to surpass. A maid that paragons description.' Shak.

Paragon (par'a-gon), v. t. To pretend to comparison or equality with. Skelton. Paragram (par'a-gram), n. [Gr. paragramma, that which one writes beside para, beside, and gramma, a writing.] A play upon words, or a pun. Addison. Paragrammatist (par-a-gram'mat-ist), n. A punster. Addison.

Paragraph (par'a-graf), n. [Fr. paragraphe, from Gr. paragraphe, a marginal note; paragrapho, to write near or beyond the textpara, beyond, and grapho, to write.] 1. A marginal note placed to call attention to something in a text or indicate a change of subject; the character ¶ used as a reference, or to mark a division.-2. A distinct part of a discourse or writing; any portion or section of a writing or chapter which relates to a particular point, whether consisting of one sentence or many sentences. A paragraph is sometimes marked thus, ¶. But more generally a paragraph is distinguished only by a break in the composition or lines. Hence-3. A short passage; a brief notice, as in a newspaper and the like. Paragraph (par'a-graf), v. t. 1. To form into or write in paragraphs.-2. To mention or speak of in a paragraph.

Warburton paragraphed him in the Dunciad. Blackwood's Mag. Paragraphic, Paragraphical (par-a-grafik, par-a-grafik-al), a. Pertaining to a paragraph; consisting of or exhibiting paragraphs or short divisions or breaks in writing.

Paragraphically (par-a-graf'ik-al-li), adv. By or with paragraphs. Paragraphist (para-graf-ist), n. One who writes paragraphs; one who divides into paragraphs.

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Paragraphistical (par'a-gra-fist"ik-al), a. Same as Paragraphic. Beau. & Fl Paraguay Tea (para-gwa te),n. The leaves of the Ilex paraguayensis, used in South America as a substitute for tea. The infusion prepared from the powdered leaves has an agreeable, slightly aromatic odour, is rather bitter and restorative, and very refreshing; but if it is too largely indulged in it debilitates the nervous system. Called also Maté. See ILEX. Paraiba (pa-ra-ê'ba), n. A Brazilian plant of the genus Simaruba, the S. versicolor of St. Hilaire. It possesses such excessive bitterness that no insects will attack it. The Brazilians use an infusion in brandy as a specific against the bite of serpents, and also employ it with great success to cure lousy diseases.

Paraguay Tea (llex paraguayensis).

Paraille,t. Apparel. Chaucer. Parakeet (para-ket), n. Same as Parrakeet. Paraleipsis, Paralipsis (par-a-lip'sis), n. See PARALEPSIS.

Paralepsis, Paralepsy (par-a-lep'sis, para-lep'si), n. [Gr. paraleipsis, omission-para, beyond or by, and leipo, to leave.] In rhet. a pretended or apparent omission; a figure by which a speaker pretends to pass by what at the same time he really mentions, in order to impress the hearers with indignation, pity, &c. The following sentence is an example: 'I do not speak of my opponent's meanness and cowardice; I make no allusion to his malignity and treachery; I take no notice of his inhuman conduct." Paralian (pa-rä'li-an), n. [Gr. paralos, near the sea-para, beside, and hals, halos, the sea.] A dweller near the sea. [Rare.] Paralipomena (para-li-pom"e-na), n. [Gr. paraleipomena, things omitted, from paraleipo, to omit-para, beyond, and leipo, to leave.] Things omitted; a supplement containing things omitted in the preceding work. The books of Chronicles are so called. Parallactic, Parallactical (par-al-lak'tik, par-al-lak'tik-al), a. Pertaining to the parallax of a heavenly body.

Parallax (paral-laks), n. [Gr. parallaxis, from parallasso, to vary, to decline or wander-para, beyond, and allasso, to change.] 1. The apparent displacement or change of position of an object when viewed from different places. Thus

E

D

B

с

an observer at A sees A an object B in line with an object at C, but when he moves to D it appears in line with E, and seems to have gone backward. This apparent alteration of position is called parallax, and is measured by the angle ABD, which is the angle of parallax or parallactic angle. Specifically, in astron. the difference between the position of any celestial object as viewed from the surface of the earth, and that which it would have when viewed from the centre of either the earth or the sun.-Annual parallax, the change of place in a heavenly body, in consequence of being viewed at opposite extremities of the earth's orbit. Or it is the difference in the place of a heavenly body, as seen from the earth and from the sun. - Binocular parallax, the difference between the position of an object as seen by one eye and that in which it is seen by the other, the head remaining unmoved.-Diurnal parallax, the difference between the place of a celestial body as seen from the surface and from the centre of the earth, at the same instant; or diurnal parallax is an arc of the heavens intercepted between the true place of a star (as seen from the earth's centre), and its apparent place as seen from the earth's surface. This parallax is greatest in the horizon, and diminishes as the altitude increases; for in the zenith a star has no parallax at all.-Geocentric parallax. Same as Diurnal Parallax.-Heliocentric parallax. Same as

PARALLEL

Annual Parallax.-Horizontal parallax, the geocentric parallax of the sun, moon, or a planet when in the horizon.-Parallax in altitude, the parallax of a heavenly body when elevated above the horizon-2. In optics, the non-coincidence of the cross fibres of a telescope with the focus of the eye-glass. -Angle of parallax, the angle which the axes of the eyes, when directed towards an object, form with it at their point of contact. This angle becomes greater as the object is nearer.

Parallel (pa'ra-lel), a. (Gr. parallelos-para, side by side, and allelon, of one another.] 1. In geom. extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant. One body or line is parallel to another when the sur faces of the bodies or the lines are at an equal distance throughout the whole length. -Parallel coping, in building, coping of equal thickness throughout. It is used to cope inclined surfaces, such as gables, &c.Parallel forces, forces which act in directions parallel to each other.-Parallel lines or parallels, (a) are defined by Euclid to be 'straight lines which are in the same plane, and being produced ever so far both ways, do not meet. (b) Milit. same as Parallel, 7.-Parallel motion, (a) the name given to a contrivance invented by Watt, for converting a reciprocating circular motion into an alternating rectilinear motion. The chief

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Part of Beam of Condensing Engine. abcd, Parallel motion. e, Piston-rod. ƒ Pump-rod.

use to which the parallel motion is applied, is to connect the pump-rod and piston-rod of a steam-engine with the working beam, in such a manner that while the points of the beam, to which these rods are attached, move in arcs of circles, the rods are made to move up and down in a straight line parallel to the sides of the cylinder. Various modes of producing this are now in use. (b) In music, the movement of two or more parts at fixed intervals, as in a succession of thirds or sixths.-Parallel roads, in geol. a phenomenon observed in Glen Roy and some other valleys of the Scottish Highlands, exhibit ing very distinctly a series of parallel and nearly horizontal lines running along the sides of the hills, and entering many of the lateral glens, at levels from a few to several hundred feet above the general bed of the valley. They are supposed to have been formed by the action of a lake, whose waters were successively lowered.-Parallel rod, in locomotive engines, a rod that connects the crank-pins of the driving-wheels.-Paralle ruler, a mathematical instrument for draw. ing parallel lines, formed of two equal rulers, connected by two cross-bars of equal length, movable about joints, so that while the distance between the two rulers is increased or diminished, their edges always remain parallel. The best parallel rulers are those whose bars cross each other, and turn on a joint at their intersection.-Paralle sailing, sailing on a parallel of latitude Parallel sphere. See SPHERE.-2. Having the same direction or tendency; running in accordance with something.

When honour runs parallel with the laws of God and our country, it cannot be too much cherished. Addison.

3. Continuing a resemblance through many particulars; like; similar; equal in all es sential parts; as, a parallel case; a parall passage in the Evangelists. Parallel (pa'ra-lel), n. 1. A line which throughout its whole extent is equidistant from another line.

Who made the spider parallels design, Sure as De Moivre, without rule or line? Pape 2. One of the circles on a sphere parallel to its equator; in geog. a line on the globe

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5. Comparison made; as, to draw a parallel between two characters.

He runs a laboured parallel between Schiller, Goethe, and Kotzebue; one is more this, one is more that. Carlyle.

6. Anything equal to or resembling another in all essential particulars; a counterpart.

None but thyself can be thy parallel. Pope. 7. Milit, a trench cut in the ground before a fortress, parallel to its defences, for the purpose of covering the besiegers from the guns of the place.-8. In printing, a mark of reference (thus ), used to direct attention to marginal and foot notes.

Parallel (pa'ra-lel), v. t. pret. & pp. paralleled; ppr. paralleling (also with in the second place) 1. To place so as to keep the same direction, and at an equal distance from something else; to make parallel; to make conformable.

His life is paralleled Even with the stroke and line of his great justice. Shak 2. To be equal to; to resemble in all essential points; to match; to correspond to.

Shak.

For rapes and ravishment he parallels Nessus. 3. To show or furnish an equal to.

Well may we fight for her whom we know well, The world's large spaces cannot parallel. Shak. 4 To compare.

I paralleled more than once our idea of substance with the Indian philosopher's he knew-not-what, which supported the tortoise. Locke. Parallel (para-lel), v.i. To be like or equal; to agree.

Sound paralleleth in many other things with the sight. Bacon.

Parallelable (pa'ra-lel-a-bl), a. That may
be equalled. Bp. Hall. [Rare.]
Parallelinerved, Parallelivenose (pa-ra-
leli-nervd, pa'ra-lel-i-ven"õs), a. In bot. a
term applied to a plant having the lateral
ribs of the leaf straight, as in Alnus gluti
nosa; also applied to a plant the veins of
whose leaves are straight and almost parallel
but united at the summit, as in grasses.
Parallelism (pa'ra-lel-izm), n. 1. State of
being parallel.-Parallelism of the earth's
aris, that position of the terrestrial axis by
which, in its annual motion round the sun,
it preserves at all times the same direction,
as if the orbital movement had no existence,
and is carried round parallel to itself, point-
ing always to the same vanishing point in
the sphere of the fixed stars. 2. Resem-
blance, or an instance of resemblance, in a
number of important particulars; corre-
spondence, as of passages in imagery, sense,
or grammatical construction. 'Parallel-
isms in sentences, in words, and in the order
of words' Paley.-3. A comparison. To
draw a parallelism between that ancient
and this more modern nothing.' Glanville.
Parallelistic (pa'ra-lel-ist"ik), a. Of the
nature of or involving parallelism.
Parallelize (pa'ra-lel-iz), v.t. To render
parallel.

Parallelless (pa'ra-lel-les), a.
Beau. & Fl

Matchless.

Parallelly (pa'ra-lel-li), adv. In a parallel
manner; with parallelism.
Parallelogram (pa-ra-lel'õ-gram), n. [Gr.
parallelogrammon- parallēlos, parallel, and
gramme, a stroke in writing, from graphō,
to write.] 1. In geom. a
four-sided figure com-
posed of straight lines,
and having its opposite
sides parallel and equal.
2. Popularly, a quadri-

lateral figure of more length than breadth.
A right-angled parallelogram is usually
termed a rectangle, and when it is both
rectangular and equilateral it is called a
square.-Parallelogram of forces, in mech.
the name given to a theorem in the com-
position of forces to this effect: 'Any two
forces, acting at the same point, and repre-
sented in magnitude and direction by two

371

straight lines, are equivalent to a third
force, which is represented in magnitude
and direction by the diagonal of the paral-
lelogram constructed with the two lines as
its adjacent sides.'

Parallelogrammatic (pa-ra-lel'ō-gram -
mat"ik), a. Relating to a parallelogram.
Parallelogrammic, Parallelogrammical
(pa-ra-lel'o-gram"ik, pa-ra-lel'ō-gram"ik-al),
a. Having the properties of a parallelo-
gram.

Parallelopiped (pa-ra-lel'ō-pi”ped), n. [See
PARALLELOPIPEDON.] In geom. a regular
solid comprehended
under six parallelo-
grams, the opposite
ones of which are sim-
lar, parallel, and equal
to each other, or it is a

A

prism whose base is a parallelogram. brick is a familiar example of this figure. Parallelopidedon (pa-ra-lel'ō-pi"ped-on), n. [Gr., a body with parallel surfaces paral lēlos, parallel, and epipedos, on the ground, on a level with it, plane, superficial-epi, upon, and pedon, the ground. ] Same as Parallelopiped, which is the abbreviated form of the word.

Paralogical (par-a-loj'ik-al), a.

Character

ized by paralogism or incorrect reasoning;
illogical. 'Paralogical doubt.' Sir T. Browne.
Paralogism (pa-ral'o-jism), n. [Gr. paralo-
gismos-para, beyond, and logismos, reason-
ing, from logos, discourse, reason.] In logic,
a fallacious argument or false reasoning; an
error committed in demonstration when a
consequence is drawn from principles which
are false, or though true, are not proved;
or when a proposition is passed over that
'A
should have been proved by the way.
paralogism not admittable, a fallacy that
dwells not in a cloud.' Sir T. Browne.
Paralogize (pa-ral'ō-jiz), v.i. pret. & pp.
paralogized; ppr. paralogizing. [See above.]
To reason falsely.

Paralogy (pa-ral'ō-ji), n. False reasoning;
paralogism. Sir T. Browne.
Paralysation (par'a-liz-a"shon), n. The act
of paralysing.

Paralyse (par'a-liz), v. t. pret. & pp. para-
lysed; ppr. paralysing. To affect with par-
alysis or palsy; to unnerve; to destroy or
impair physical or mental energy.
Paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis), n. (Gr. paralysis,
from paralyō, to loosen, dissolve, weaken-
para, beside, and lyō, to loose.] A loss or
diminution of the power of motion affecting
any part of the body; a loss or suspension
of muscular power or action, or a loss of
sensation in any part of the body; palsy.
In general one side only is affected, or the
upper or lower extremities. Whatever de-
bilitates the system may produce paralysis;
it is also produced by pressure upon certain
parts of the brain and spinal marrow.
frequently produces a distortion of the
mouth or eye, the speech becoming indis-
tinct, and the judgment often impaired.
Paralytic, Paralytical (par-a-lit'ik, par-a-
lit'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to paralysis; re-
sembling paralysis.-2. Affected with para-
lysis or palsy. The cold, shaking, paralytic
hand. Prior.-8. Inclined or tending to
paralysis.

It

PARAPEGM

bola the parameter of the axis is the double ordinate drawn through the focus; also, the parameter of any diameter is a third proportional to the abscissa and its corresponding ordinate, or it is a straight line quadruple of the distance between the vertex of the diameter and the directrix. In the ellipse and hyperbola the parameter of a diameter is a third proportional to that diameter and its conjugate. The term is also used in a general sense to denote the constant quantity which enters into the equation of a curve.-Parameters of the orbits, in astron. the name formerly given to what are now generally termed the elements of the orbits. Paramo (pa-rä'mo), n. The name given in South America to a mountainous district covered with stunted trees, exposed to the winds, and in which a damp cold perpetually prevails. Brande & Cox.

In

Paramorph (par'a-morf), n. [Gr. para,
beside, and morphe, shape. ] In mineral.
a pseudomorph formed by paramorphism.
See PSEUDOMORPH, PARAMORPHISM.
Paramorphism (par-a-mor'fizm), n.
mineral. a term applied to designate a
variety of pseudomorphism, or one of the
processes by which pseudomorphism is ef
fected, in which a change of the molecular
structure of the mineral takes place without
alteration of external form or chemical con-
stitution. An example is seen in the mono-
clinic crystals of fused sulphur, which gradu-
ally become opaque, and are then found to
be made up of crystalline particles having
the trimetric form of sulphur crystallized
from fusion at a low temperature. See
PSEUDOMORPH.
Of or

Paramorphous (par-a-mor'fus), a.
pertaining to paramorphism; formed by
paramorphism.

Paramoudra (par-a-mou'dra), n. [According to Page the vernacular Irish name.] A peculiar flint, the gigantic potstone, common in the chalk near Norwich and Belfast. These flints appear to have been zoophytes allied to the sponges.

Paramount (par'a-mount), a. [Norm. paramont, also peramont, above - par or per, through, completely, and amont, above. See AMOUNT.] 1. Superior in power or jurisdiction; as, lord paramount, the supreme lord of a fee, or of lands, tenements, and hereditaments. In England the sovereign is lord paramount, of whom all the land in the kingdom is supposed to be held. But in some cases the lord of several manors is called the lord paramount.-2. Eminent; of the highest order.

John a Chamber was hanged upon a gibbet raised a stage higher in the midst of a square gallows, as a Bacon. traitor paramount.

3. Superior to all others; as, private interest is usually paramount to all other considerations.

Their paramount duty is to consult for the interests of the whole. Brougham. Paramount (para-mount), n. The chief; the highest in rank or order. 'Their mighty paramount.' Milton. Paramountcy (par'a-mount-si), n. The condition or rank of being paramount. Coleridge. [Rare.]

Paralytic (par-a-lit'ik), n. A person affected Paramountly (para-mount-li), adv.
with palsy. Bp Hall.

Paralyze (par'a-liz'), v.t. Same as Para-
lyse.

Paramagnetic (par'a-mag-net"ik), a. Α
term proposed by Faraday as a substitute
for magnetic in contradistinction to dia-
magnetic.

Paramagnetism (par-a-mag'net-izm), n.
Magnetism as opposed to diamagnetism.
Paramatta (par-a-mat'ta), n. A light
twilled dress fabric, the weft of which is
combed merino wool and the warp cotton.
Said to have been made originally with
wool brought from Paramatta in Australia.
Also written Paramat.

Parament (par'a-ment). n. [Sp. paramento,
ornament, from parar, L. parare, to pre-
pare, adorn.] The furniture, hangings, and
ornaments of an apartment, especially of a
room of state. Weale.

Paramento † (par-a-men'tō), n. [See PARA-
MENT.] Ornament; decoration.

There were cloaks, gowns, cassocks,
And other paramentos.
Beau. & Fl
Parameter (pa-ram'et-ér), n. [Fr. paramètre
-Gr. para, beside, and metron, measure.]
In geom. a constant straight line belonging
to each of the three conic sections, other
wise called the latus rectum.
In the para-

In a

paramount manner. Coleridge. Paramour (para-mör), n. [Fr. par amour, with love-par- L. per, by, amour, L. amor, love.] 1. A lover; a wooer.

Upon the floor

A lovely bevy of fair ladies sat,
Courted of many a jolly paramour.

Spenser.

2. A mistress. Shak.-3. According to present usage, one who takes the place of a husband or wife without possessing the rights.

[Fr.

See

Parangon (pa- ran'gon), n.
PARAGON.] A variety of black marble
which the ancients obtained from Egypt
and Greece. Worcester.
Paranthine (par'an-thin), n. A species of
scapolite.

Para-nut (par'a-nut), n. [From the town
of Para, in Brazil.] The Brazil-nut.
Paranymph (par'a-nimf), n. [Gr. paranym-
phos-para, by, and nymphe, a bride or
spouse.] 1. In ancient Greece, a bridesman;
one who accompanied the bridegroom in
bringing home the bride. Milton.-2. One
who countenances and supports another.
Sin hath got a paranymph and a solicitor, a
Fer. Taylor.
Parapegm (par'a-pem), n. [Gr. parapëgma,
anything fixed beside or near a tablet-para,

warrant, and an advocate.

PARAPET

beside, and pegnymi, to fix. ] A brazen tablet fixed to a pillar, on which laws and proclamations were anciently engraved; also, a tablet set in a public place, containing an account of the rising and setting of the stars, eclipses, seasons, &c. Parapet (par'a-pet), n. [It. parapettoparare (Fr. parer), to ward off, to guard, and petto (L. pectus), the breast.] Lit. a wall or rampart to the breast or breast high: (a) milit. a wall, rampart, or elevation of earth to cover the soldiers from the attacks of the enemy in front; a breastwork. About half-way up the inner side is a ledge called a banquette, which is mounted by the troops when they are about to fire. (b) In arch. a wall or structure placed at the edges of platforms, balconies, roofs of houses, sides of bridges, &c., to prevent people from falling over. They are sometimes plain and sometimes ornamental. Parapeted (par'a-pet-ed), a. with a parapet. Quart. Rev. Paraph (par'af), n. [Fr. parafe, paraphe, from Gr. para, beside, and grapho, to write. An abbreviation of paragraph.] The figure formed by a flourish of a pen at the conclusion of a signature, formerly used as a provision against forgery.

Furnished

Brande.

In some countries (as in Spain), the paraph is still a usual addition to a signature. Paraph (par'af), v. t. To add a paraph to; hence, to sign, especially with the initials. Signed or paraphed by Count Nesselrode.' Times newspaper.

Parapherna (par-a-fer'na), n. Same as Paraphernalia.

Paraphernal (par-a-fér'nal), a. Pertaining to or consisting in paraphernalia; as, paraphernal property. Bouvier.

Paraphernalia (par'a-fer-na"li-a), n. [L.L. paraphernalia bona, wife's own goods; Gr. parapherna, what a bride has over and above her dower-para, beyond, and pherně, a dowry, portion, from phero, to bear, to bring.] In law, that which is reserved to a wife over and above her dower or dotal portion. It includes all the personal apparel and ornaments which she possesses and has used during marriage, and which are suitable to her rank and condition of life. Wharton. 2. Personal attire of a showy or accessary description; also, fittings up, equipments, &c., of an apartment or house with a view to parade, or put on or brought together for ostentation's sake; appendages; ornaments; trappings. Disraeli. Paraphimosis (par'a-fi-mo"sis), n. [Gr. para, about, and phemoo, to bridle.] In med. strangulation of the glans penis owing to the opening of the prepuce being too narrow to allow it to be drawn from behind it. Dunglison.

Paraphonia (par-a-fo'ni-a), n. [Gr. para, beside, and phone, voice.] 1. In music, a melodic progression by the only consonances recognized in the Greek music, namely, fourths and fifths.-2. An alteration of voice. Paraphrase (par'a-fraz), n. [Gr. paraphra sis-para, beside, and phrasis, phrase.] 1. A restatement of a text, passage, or work, giving the sense of the original in other words, generally for the sake of clearer and fuller exposition; the setting forth in clearer and ampler terms of the significa tion of a passage or work. When the original is in a foreign language translation and paraphrase may be combined.

In paraphrase, or translation with latitude, the author's words are not so strictly followed as his sense. Dryden.

2. A sacred song or hymn on a selected portion of Scripture; as, the paraphrases appended to the metrical version of the Psalms in the Scottish Bibles.

Paraphrase (par'a-frāz), v. t. pret. & pp. paraphrased; ppr. paraphrasing. To explain, interpret, or translate with latitude; to unfold the sense of an author with more clearness and particularity than it is expressed in his own words.

We are put to construe and paraphrase our own words, to free ourselves from the ignorance and Stillingfleet. malice of our adversaries. Paraphrase (par'a-fraz), v.i. To interpret or explain amply; to make a paraphrase. Where translation is impracticable, they may paraphrase. Felton. Paraphrast (par'a-frast), n. [Gr. paraphras See PARAPHRASE.] One who paraphrases; one who explains or translates in words more ample and clear than the word of the author.

tēs.

Paraphrastic, Paraphrastical (par-a

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Paraphrastically (par-a-fras'tik-al-li), adv. In a paraphrastic manner.

Chapman, in his translation of Homer, professes to have done it somewhat paraphrastically. Dryden. Paraphrenitis (par'a-fre-ni"tis), n. [Gr. para, beside, near to, and phrenitis, delirium.] An inflammation of the diaphragm: so named because it produces effects similar to those produced by phrenitis, frenzy, or inflammation of the brain. Arbuthnot. Paraphrosyne (par-a-fros'i-në), n. [Gr. paraphrosyne, a wandering of mind, from paraphron, deranged-para, beyond, and phren, the mind.] Mental derangement; delirium. Dunglison.

Paraphysis (par-afi-sis), n. pl. Paraphyses (par-af i-sez) (Gr., a side-process-para, beyond, and physis, nature, growth.] A term used in describing mosses, applied to any of the sessile, ovate, abortive bodies placed

below the theca.

Paraplegia, Paraplegy (par-a-plē'ji-a, par'a-ple-ji), n. [Gr. paraplegia, paralysispara, beyond, and plège, stroke, from plesso, to smite.] That kind of palsy which affects the lower part of the body, including the bladder and rectum. It is usually caused by disease of the spinal cord. Dunglison. Parapodium (par-a-po'di-um), n. pl. Parapodía (par-a-po'di-a). [Gr. para, beside, and pous, podos, the foot.] One of the unarticulated lateral locomotive processes or foot-tubercles of many of the Annelida. Parapophysis (par-a-pof'i-sis), n. [Gr. para, beside, and apophysis, an outgrowth, an offshoot-apo, away, and physis, growth.] In compar. anat. a name given to the transverse process of an ideal typical vertebra; also, the name of the vertebral processes of fishes which extend outwards, or outwards and downwards.

Parapoplexy (par-ap'o-plek-si), n.[Gr. para, beside, near, and apoplexia, apoplexy.] A sleepy state resembling apoplexy; false apoplexy.

Paraquet (par-a-ket'), n. A parrakeet. Parasang (para-sang), n. [Gr. parasanges, Per. farsang, a parasang.] A Persian measure of length, which Herodotus states to be 30 stadia, and (reckoning 8 stadia to the English mile) equal to 3 English miles. But in different times and places it has been 30, 40, or 60 stadia.

Parascene, Parascenium (par-a-sen', para-se'ni-um), n. [Gr. para, beyond, and skenë, the stage in a theatre.] In Rom. antiq. the place beyond the stage of a theatre, used by the actors as a dressing-room; the tiring

room.

Parasceuastic (par'a-su-as"tik), a. [Gr. paraskeuastikos, from prefix para, and skeuě, equipment.] Preparatory. [Rare.] Parascevet (par-a-se've), n. [Gr. paraskeuě, preparation.] 1. Preparation. Donne.

2. The Sabbath-eve of the Jews. It was the parasceve, which is the Sabbath-eve. Mark xv. 42, Rhenish trans.

Paraselene (par'a-se-le"ne), n. pl. Parase

Paraselen.

lenæ (para-se-lē"ne). [Gr. para, about or near, and selene, the moon.] A mock moon;

PARASYNAXIS

a luminous ring or circle encompassing the moon, in which sometimes are other bright spots bearing some resemblance to the moon. Two or more rings may sometimes be seen at once, particularly in the polar regions, where the phenomenon appears with great brilliancy. Paraselenæ are analogous to the parhelia or mock suns, and are supposed to depend upon the presence of innumerable minute crystals of ice, which multiply the image of the moon. See PARHELION.

Parasite (para-sit), n. [Fr. parasite, from L. parasitus, from Gr. parasitos, one who eats beside or at the table of another, a par asite, a toady-para, beside, and sitos, food. One that frequents the tables of the rich and earns his welcome by flattery; a trencher friend; a hanger-on; a dependant companion; a fawning flatterer; a sycophant.

Thou, with trembling fear,

Or like a fawning parasite, obey'st. Milton. Hence, (a) an animal that lives upon or in. and at the expense of, other animals. (b) A plant which grows upon another plant, and feeds upon its juices. See PARASITIC Parasitic (par-a-sit'ik), a. 1. Of the nature of a parasite; fawning for bread or favours; meanly dependent on others for support; acting the sycophant or low hanger-on. 'Parasitic preachers.' Milton. -2. In bot. and zool. growing or living as a parasite grows. Parasitic animals, those animal forms which attach themselves to the exterior, or inhabit various situations in the interior of the bodies of other animals. They are of various kinds and degrees of organization, and belong to different groups of the animal kingdom, ranging from the Protozoa even to the Vertebrata. The tapeworm and the ordinary louse are familiar examples of parasitic animals-Parasitic plants are those which grow upon the living parts of other plants, from whose juices they derive their nutriment, a circumstance by which they are immediately distinguished from false parasites or epiphytes, which merely fix themselves upon other plants without deriving food from them. The mistletoe is a familiar example of a true parasite. Parasitic plants, properly so called, are very numerous, and belong to various parts of the vegetable kingdom. - 3. In philol. attached to a word erroneously or by false analogy; thus d in vulgar drownd, t in margent are parasitic. Parasitical (par-a-sit' ik-al), a. Same as

Parasitic.

Parasitically (par-a-sit'ik-al-li), ade. In the manner of a parasite; in a flattering or wheedling manner; by dependence on another. Sir T. Herbert. Parasiticalness (par-a-sit'ik-al-nes), a Quality of being parasitical. [Rare.] Parasiticide (par-a-sit'i-sid), n. [E para. site, and L. cædo, to kill.] Any agent for destroying parasites on the bodies of ani mals or vegetables. Parasitism (par'a-sit-izm), n. 1. The be haviour or manners of a parasite.

Their high notion, we rather believe, falls as low as court parasitism, supposing all men to be ser vants but the king.

Millen

2. The state or condition of being a parasite on animals or plants.

Hæckel regards the Gregarina as Amæbe which have become degenerate by parasitism. H. A. Nichelsen.

Parasitology (par'a-si-tol"o-ji), n. [E. parasite, and Gr. logos, discourse.] That branch of natural science which concerns itself with parasites.

Parasol (par'a-sol), n. [Fr. parasol, from It. parasole-parare (Fr. parer), to ward off. and sole (L. sol), the sun. ] A small umbrella used by ladies to defend their faces from the sun's rays.

Parasolette (par'a-sol-et'), n. [Dim. of para sol.] A small parasol.

Paraspermatia (par'a-spér-ma"shi-a), n pl [Gr. para, beside, and sperma, seed.] In bot. small reproductive bodies found in some algals, and resembling spores. Parastata (pa-ras'ta-ta), n. pl. Parastate (pa-ras'ta-te). [L. parastata, from Gr. parastates-para, from, and histemi, to stand. In arch. a square pillar or pilaster standing insulated.

Parasynaxis (par-a-sin'aks-is), n. [Gr.para, against, and synaris, an assembly. from synago, to assemble, from syn, to gether, and ago, to lead, bring] In e law, a conventicle or unlawful meeting. Wharton.

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PARATACTIC

Paratactic (par-a-tak'tik), a. Pertaining to parataxis; characterized by parataxis. H. Sweet.

Paratartaric (parʼa-tär-tar'ik), n. [Gr. para, near to, and E. tartaric.] Resembling tartaric acid. Paratartaric acid, racemic acid, which resembles the tartaric.

Parataxis (par-a-taks′is), n. [Gr., from paratassó, parataxo, to arrange side by sidepara, beside, and tasso, to arrange.] In gram, the mere ranging of propositions one after another, as the corresponding judg ments present themselves to the mind, without marking their dependence on each other by way of consequence or the like. It is opposed to syntax. Brande & Cox. Parathermic (par-a-ther'mik), a. [Gr. para, beside, and therme, heat.] Resembling heat. -Parathermic rays, the name given by Sir J. Herschel to certain rays in the solar spectrum, which abound in the red and orange bands.

Parathesis (pa-rath'e-sis), n. [Gr. para, beside, and thesis, a placing, from tithēmi, to place.] 1. In gram. apposition, or the placing of two or more nouns in the same case. 2. The name given by some philologists to what is often considered the first stage in the development of language, in which language consists merely of monosyllabic roots, and in which grammatical relations are expressed by the juxtaposition of roots. The same root, according to its position in a sentence, may perform the function of a noun. an adjective, verb, &c. Chinese is an example of a language in the stage of parathesis. Languages in this stage are often called isolating languages.-3. In rhet. a parenthetical notice, generally of something to be afterward expanded.4. In printing, the matter contained between two brackets ()-5. In the Greek Ch. a prayer uttered by a bishop over converts or catechumens.

Parathetic (par-a-thet'ik), a. In gram. pertaining or relating to parathesis; placed in apposition, as two nouns.

Paratomous (pa-rat'om-us), a. [Gr. para, about, and tomné, a cutting.] In mineral. having the faces of cleavage of an indeterminate number.

Paratonic (par-a-ton'ik), a. [Gr. para, beside, and E. tonic.] Sensitive to light: applied especially to plants. Rossiter. Paratonnerre (par-a-ton-när), n. [Fr., from parer, to ward off, and tonnerre, thunder.] A pointed metallic rod employed as a lightning conductor.

Paraunter, adv. Corruption of Paraven

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Paravail (par-a-val'), a. [Norm. and O. Fr. paracal-par, by, and aval, down; comp. paramount, with the opposite meaning] Inferior; lowest; in feudal law, applied to the lowest tenant holding under a mean or mediate lord, as distinguished from a tenant in capite, who holds immediately of the sovereign

Paravant, Paravaunt! (par-a-vänt), adv. [Fr. par, by, and avant, before.] In front; publicly. Spenser.

Paravant, Paravaunti (par-a-vänt'), adv.
Peradventure. Spenser.
Paraventure, adv. Haply; by chance;
peradventure. Chaucer.

Parboil (parʼboil), v.t. [Fr. parbouillir, to
parboil-part, part, and bouiller, to boil;
lit. to part-boil.] 1. To boil in part; to boil
in a moderate degree. -2. To cause little
vesicles on the skin by means of heat.
Parbreaket (par'brák), v. t. and i. To vomit;
to eject; to give vent to. 'When he hath
parbreaked his grieved mind.' Bp. Hall.
If thou findest honey, eate so much as is sufficient
for thee, lest thou be over full, and parbreake it out
agayne.
Prov. xxv. 15, Bible, 1569.
Parbreaket (pär′brāk), n. Vomit. Spenser.
Parbuckle (parbuk-1), n. A contrivance for
raising or lowering a heavy body, as a cask,
gun, de, along an inclined plane or verti
cal surface. A bight of a rope in the middle
is made round a post at the level to which
the object has to be raised or from which it
has to be lowered. The two ends of the
rope are then passed under the object and
then brought over it, and they being hauled
or slackened together raise or lower the
object as may be required, the object itself
acting as a movable pulley.
Parbuckle (pärbuk-1), v. t. To hoist or lower
by means of a parbuckle.
Parcæ (pārsē), n.
Pater See FATE
Parcel (parsel), n. [Fr. parcelle, from a L.L.

The Latin name of the

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particella, equivalent to L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part.] 1. A portion of anything taken separately; a fragment of a whole; a particle.

The same experiments succeed on two parcels of the white of an egg.

Arbuthnot.

2. An indefinite number, quantity, or measure; any mass or quantity; a collection; a group; a lot. This youthful parcel of noble bachelors. Shak.-3. A part belonging to a whole; as, in law, one piece of ground is part and parcel of a greater piece.

The new plantation was therefore only a parcel of the old state. Brougham.

4. A quantity or number of things put up together; a bundle; a package: now the most common meaning.-Bill of parcels. See BILL. Parcel (pär'sel), v. t. pret. & pp. parcelled; ppr. parcelling. 1. To divide into parts or portions. The broad woodland parcell'd into farms.' Tennyson.

These ghostly kings would parcel out my power.

Bryden. 2. To make up into a mass; to make complete.

What a wounding shame that mine own servant should parcel the sum of my disgraces by addition of his envy. Shak.

-To parcel a seam (naut.), to lay canvas over it and daub it with pitch. -To parcel a rope (naut.), to cover it smoothly with tarred canvas, which is then bound over with spun yarn.

Parcel-bawdt (pär'sel-bad), n. A bawd in part; a half bawd. Shak. Parcel-bearded (pär ́sel-bērd-ed), a. Partially bearded; partially covered as if with a beard.

Here was one that, summer-blanch'd, Was parcel-bearded with the traveller's joy In Autumn. Tennyson. Parcel-blind (pär'sel-blind), a. Half-blind; partially blind.

The worthy dame was parcel-blind, and more than parcel-deaf. Sir W. Scott.

Parcel-book (pärʼsel-buk), n. A book in which the despatch of parcels is registered. Parcel-deaf (parsel-def), a. Partially deaf; half deaf. Sir W. Scott.

Parcel-gilt (pär ́sel-gilt), a. Partially gilt. Shak.

Parcelling (pärʼsel-ing), n. Naut. long narrow slips of canvas daubed with tar and bound about a rope like a bandage, before it is sewed. It is used also to raise a mouse on the stays, &c.

Parcel-maker (pär'sel-māk-ér), n. One of two officers of the exchequer, who formerly made the parcels of the escheators' accounts, and delivered the same to the auditors to make up their accounts therewith. Parcel-mele, adv. [Parcel, and O.E. -mele, A. Sax.-malum, from mæl, a part or portion; comp. piecemeal.] By parcels or parts. Chaucer.

Parcel-office (pär'sel-of-fis), n. A place where parcels are received for delivery. Parcel-poet (pär ́sel-põ-et), n.

One who is

a poet in part; a half-poet; a mediocre poet. Ben Jonson.

Parcels (par'selz), n. pl. In law, a description of property formally set forth in a conveyance, together with the boundaries thereof, in order to its easy identification. Parcel-van (par'sel- van), n. A light conveyance for the delivery of parcels. Parcenary (pär'sen-a-ri), n. [Norm. parcenier, a parcenary. See PARCENER.] In law, coheirship; the holding or occupation of lands of inheritance by two or more persons. It differs from joint-tenancy, which is created by deed or devise; whereas parcenary or coparcenary is created by the descent of lands from an ancestor. Parcener (pär'sen-ér), n. [Norm. parcenier, O. Fr. parçonnier, from parçon, parcion, a portion, from L. pars, partis, a part. ] In law, parcener or coparcener is a coheir, or one who holds lands by descent from an ancestor in common with another or with others; as when land descends to a man's daughters, sisters, aunts, cousins, or their representatives. In this case, all the heirs inherit as parceners or coheirs. Parch (pärch), v.t. [The derivation of this word is uncertain. It is perhaps from Fr. percer, Fr. dial. percher, to pierce, as if to pierce or penetrate with heat; or a corruption of the L. peraresco, to grow very dry, or quite dry.] 1. To burn the surface of; to scorch; as, to parch the skin; to parch corn. 2. To dry to extremity; as, the heat of the sun's rays parches the ground; the mouth is parched with thirst.

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Parch (pärch), v.i. To be scorched or superficially burned; to become very dry. We were better parch in Africk sun,

Than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes. Shak. Parchedness (pärch'ed-nes), n. The state of being scorched or dried to extremity. Dr. H. More. In a parch

Parchingly (pärch'ing-li), adv. ing manner; scorchingly. Parchment (pärch'ment), n. [Fr. parchemin, Pr. pergamen, from L. pergamena, pergamina (charta, paper, understood), parchment, lit. paper of Pergamus, from Pergamus or Pergamos, in Asia Minor, where parchment was first brought extensively into use about B.C. 200, papyrus having become rare on account of the prohibition of its export from Egypt by Ptolemy Epiphanes. ] The skin of a very young calf, sheep, or goat dressed or prepared and rendered fit for writing on. This is done by separating all the flesh and hair from the skin, reducing its thickness with a sharp instrument, and smoothing the surface with pumice stone covered with pulverized chalk or slaked lime.-Parchment paper or vegetable parchment. See under PAPER. Parcimonious (pär-si-mō'ni-us), a. Same as Parsimonious.

The Newtonian hypothesis was more parcimonions, and less hypothetical, than previous astronomical theories. Sir W. Hamilton.

Parcimony (pärʼsi-mo-ni), n. [L. parcus, sparing, and affix -mony.] Same as Parsimony.

This is the Law of Parcimony: which prohibits, without a proven necessity, the multiplication of entities, powers, principles or causes. Sir W. Hamilton.

Parcity (pär'si-ti), n. Sparingness. Cotgrave. Parclose (pär'klōs), n. A screen or railing to separate or inclose any object, as to inclose a tomb, or separate a chapel altar or the like. Written also Paraclose and Perclose (which see).

Pard (pärd), n. [L. pardus, Gr. pardos, the panther, the leopard.] The leopard or panther. 'Bearded like the pard." Shak

A wild and wanton pard, Eyed like the evening star, with playful tail Crouch'd fawning in the weed. Tennyson. Pardale, n. [L. and G. pardalis, a pard. See PARD.] A leopard. Spenser. Pardalotus (pär-da-lo'tus), n. A genus of small, short-tailed birds, allied to the flycatchers. There are several species, natives of Australia, where they seem to take the same place that the manakins (Pipra) supply in South America.

Parde, Pardee t (pär-dē). [Fr. par dieu.] A common oath, signifying by God. It frequently occurs in our old writers under various forms, as Pardie, Pardieu, Pardy, Perdy, &c.

Pardo (par'dō), n. A money of account of Goa, in the East Indies, worth about 2s. 6d. Pardon (pär'dn), v.t. [O. Fr. perdoner, pardoner, Mod. Fr. pardonner, It. perdonare, to pardon, from L. L. perdonare, to pardonL.

per, through, quite, and dono, to give; per having the effect of the English for in forgive. Comp. G. vergeben, to forgive.] 1. To release or absolve from liability to suffer punishment for a crime or a fault; to forgive: applied to the offender.

Lucifer. But why should this be? Adam pardoned Eve.

Adam. Adam loved Eve. Jehovah pardon both.
Eve. Adam forgave Eve, because loving Eve.
E. B. Browning.

2. To remit the penalty or punishment of; to suffer to pass without punishing; to forgive: applied to the offence.

I will pardon all their iniquities. Jer. xxxiii. 8. With the person and the offence both together:

Thy dukedom I resign and do entreat
Thou pardon me my wrongs.

Shak.

Shak.

3. To refrain from exacting as a penalty. I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. -Pardon me, forgive me; excuse me: a phrase used when one asks for excuse, or makes an apology, and often used in this sense when a person means civilly to deny or contradict what another affirms.-Pardon, Forgive. These words, though synonymous to a certain point, are not co-extensive in their application. Pardon means strictly to remit the punishment or retaliation we were entitled to inflict. It is thus

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PARDON

the legal word as between a magistrate and a criminal. The queen pardons a convict. Forgive has reference to the feelings of the party who has suffered the injury, and implies that he entirely overlooks the offence, and cherishes no ill-feeling whatever against the offender.-SYN. To forgive, absolve, excuse, remit, overlook, pass, pass over, let off. Pardon (par'dn), n. 1. Forgiveness of an offender or of his offence or crime; a passing over without, or not visiting with, punishment; remission of penalty; forgiveness; mercy; grace; as, we seek the pardon of sins, transgressions, and offences. In Great Britain it is part of the prerogative of the crown to pardon all offences merely against the crown or the public, with certain restrictions. Pardon is granted under the great seal, or by warrant under the sign manual, countersigned by one of the principal secretaries of state; or by act of parliament.-2. An official warrant of penalty remitted.

Will you needs be hanged with your pardons about your necks? Shak.

3. Leave; permission; allowance. Shak. No youth can be comely but by pardon, and considering the youth as to make up the comeliness. Bacon.

Pardonable (pär'dn-a-bl), a. Capable of being pardoned or forgiven; not requiring the execution of penalty; excusable; venial: applied to the offender and the offence.

We confess we derive all that is pardonable in us from ancient fountains. Dryden.

Pardonableness (pär'dn-a-bl-nes), n. The quality of being pardonable; susceptibility of forgiveness. This conceit of the natural pardonableness of sin.' Bp. Hall. Pardonably (pär'dn-a-bli), adv. In a manner admitting of pardon; excusably. Pardoner (pär'dn-ér), n. 1. One who pardons or forgives; one who absolves an offender. 2. One licensed to sell the pope's indulgences.

Pare (pár), v. t. pret. & pp. pared; ppr. paring. [Fr. parer, to pare, to dress, to curry, from L. parare, to prepare.] 1. To cut off, as the superficial substance or extremities of a thing; to shave off with a sharp instrument; as, to pare an apple or an orange; to pare the nails; to pare a horse's hoof; to pare land in agriculture: followed by off or away when the thing separated is the object; as, to pare off the rind of fruit; to pare away redundancies.

Thou hast pared thy wit o' both sides. Shak. 'Twere well if she would pare her nails, And wear a cleaner smock.

Pope.

2. To diminish by little and little. The king began to pare a little the privilege of clergy. Bacon.

Pare (par), n. See PAIR, 4. Paregmenon (pa-reg'men-on), n. [From Gr. parago, to lead, to derive, as one word from another.] In rhet. the employment of several words having a common origin in the same sentence.

Paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), a. [Gr. paregorikos, soothing, from paregoreo, to exhort, console, soothe, mitigate--para, beside, and agoreuo, to speak in an assembly.] In med. mitigating; assuaging pain. Paregoric elixir, a camphorated tincture of opium, flavoured by aromatics.

Paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n. A medicine that mitigates pain; an anodyne; paregoric

elixir.

Pareira (pa-ri'ra), n. A Portuguese name given in Brazil to the roots of certain plants employed in medical practice, as valuable tonics and diuretics. The sort admitted into the pharmacopoeias of this country is called pareira brava, and is produced by Chondrodendron tomentosum, a lofty climbing shrub with woody stems, large broad leaves, and racemes of minute unisexual flowers, which are succeeded by large black grape-like berries; nat. order Menisper

mace.

Parelcon (pa-rel'kon), n. [Gr. parelko, to draw out.] In gram. the addition of a syllable or particle to the end of a pronoun, verb, or adverb.

Parella, Parelle (pa-rella, pa-rel'), n. [Fr. parelle.] The name given to some of those crustaceous lichens which are used to produce archil, cudbear, and litmus, but which more strictly belongs to one species, the Lecanora parella.

Parembole (pa-rem'bo-le), n. [Gr. parembole, from paremballo, to put in between or

374

beside para, beside, em for en, in, and ballo, to throw.] In rhet. the insertion of something relating to the subject in the middle of a period; or, that which is inserted; an explanatory phrase thrown into a sentence having a closer connection with the context than a parenthesis. It is also called Paremptosis.

Parement, n. [Fr., from parer, to adorn; L. parare, to prepare.] Some article of ornamental furniture or clothes. Chaucer. Paremptosis (par-em-to'sis), n. [Gr., from para, beside or between, em for en, in, and ptosis, a falling.] See PAREMBOLE. Parenchyma (pa-ren'ki-ma), n. [Gr. parenchyma, anything poured in beside-para, beside, and enchyma, an infusion, from encheo, to pour in-en, in, and cheo, to pour.] 1. In anat. the tissue outside the bloodvessels, and derived from the blood; the cellular and fibrous substance of the glands and other solid organs.-2. In bot. the pith or pulp of plants; the spongy and cellular tissue.

Parenchymatous, Parenchymous (par en-kim'a-tus, pa-ren'ki-mus), a. Pertaining to, resembling, or consisting of parenchyma; spongy; soft; porous.

Parenesis (pa-ren'e-sis), n. [Gr. parainesis -parained, to exhort.] Persuasion; exhortation. [Rare.]

Parenetic, Parenetical (par-e-net'ik, pare-net'ik-al), a. [See PARENESIS.] Hortatory; persuasive; encouraging. [Rare.]

In general, then, it seems safe to conclude, with Ewald, Bertheau, and other cautious critics, that there is no foundation for the accusation that the

Chronicler invented history in the interest of his par

enetic and practical purposes.

Ency. Brit. (Prof. W. R. Smith). Parent (pa'rent), n. [L. parens, parentis, from pario, to bring forth, to bear, to beget.] 1. A father or mother; he or she that produces young: used of animals and plants as well as of man.

Those, for their parents were exceeding poor,

I bought and brought up to attend my boys. Shak. Out of the above 211 seedlings, 173 belonged to the same two forms as their parents, and only 38 belonged to the third form distinct from either parent. Darwin.

2. One who produces; the author.
And this same progeny of evils comes
From our debate, from our dissension:
We are their parents and original.

Shak.

3. That which produces; cause; source. Regular industry is the parent of sobriety. Channing. The South was parent of his pain, The South is mistress of his grave. Matt. Arnold. Parentage (pa'rent-aj), n. Extraction; birth; origin; condition with respect to the rank or character of parents or ancestors; as, a man of mean parentage; a gentleman of noble parentage; a plant or animal of a different parentage from another.

I met the duke yesterday and had much question with him: he asked me of what parentage I was; I told him of as good as he. Shak.

You ask a gift that may your parents tell,
Let these my fears your parentage reveal;
And learn a father from a father's care. Addison.

Parental (pa-rent'al), a. [L. parentalis.
See PARENT.] 1. Pertaining to parents; as,
parental government; parental duties.
The universally pervading and governing principle
of the Chinese empire is parental authority.
Brougham.

2. Becoming parents; tender; affectionate; as, parental care or solicitude. Parentally (pa-rent'al-li), adv. In a fatherly or parental manner. Parentation t (par-en-ta'shon), n. [L. parentatio, parentationis, funeral rites, from parento, to offer a solemn sacrifice in honour of a deceased parent. See PARENT.] Something done or said in honour of the dead; funeral rites; obsequies.

Some other ceremonies were practised, which differed not much from those used in parentations. Abp. Potter. Parentele, n. 1. Kinsfolks; kindred. Chaucer.-2. Parentage.

There were not so many noble families strove for him as there were cities strove for the parentele of Homer. Roger North. Parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis), n. pl. Parentheses (pa-ren'the-sez). [Gr. parenthesispara, beside, and entithemi, to insert, from en, in, and tithemi, to place.] 1. An explanatory or qualifying sentence, or part of a sentence, inserted into the midst of another sentence, without being grammatically connected with it. It is generally marked off by upright curves (), but frequently by dashes, and even by com

mas.

parentheses.

PARGETING

Both the following extracts contain
Thou shalt be seen
(Though with some short parenthesis between)
High on the throne of wit.
Dryden

These officers, whom they still call bishops, are to be elected to a provision comparatively mean, through the same arts (that is, electioneering arts), by men of all religious tenets that are known or can be invented. Burke.

2. In printing, the parenthetical sign ( ), including the words inserted. Parenthetic, Parenthetical (par-en-thet. ik, par-en-thet'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to a parenthesis; of the nature of a parenthesis; expressed in a parenthesis; as, a paren thetic clause.-2. Using or containing par entheses; as, a parenthetical style. Parenthetically (par-en-thet'ik-al-li), ade In the manner or form of a parenthesis; by parenthesis.

Parenthood (på'rent-hud), n. The state of being a parent; the condition of a parent. "That education. . . which prepares for parenthood.' H. Spencer.

Parenticide (pa-ren'ti-sid), n. [L. pareas, parentis, a parent, and cado, to kill] One who kills a parent; a parricide. Bailey. Parentless (pa'rent-les), a. Deprived of parents. Thy orphans left poore, parentlesse, alone.' Mir. for Mags. Parer (pár ér), n. One who or that which pares; an instrument for paring. Tusser. Parergon (par-ér'gon), n. [Gr., from para, beside, and ergon, work.] A work executed incidentally; a work subordinate or subs diary to another; a parergy; as, Ayliffe's Parergon.

Parergy (parér-ji), n. (Gr. para, beyond, and ergon, work.] Something done incidentally; something subsidiary; a superfluity; a superfluous detail. Scripture being seri ous, and commonly omitting such parer gies. Sir T. Browne.

Paresis (par'e-sis), n. [Gr., from pariemi, to relax.) In pathol. a name given by some to a slight incomplete paralysis, affecting motion but not sensation.

Parfay, Parfei.t [Fr. parfoy-par, by, and foi, faith, Fr.dial fai.] By my faith. Chaucer. Parfit, a. [Fr. parfait. See PERFECT.] Perfect. Parfit in his lerninge.' Chaucer. Parfitly, adv. Perfectly. Chaucer. Parfourne, v.t. To perform. Chaucer. Pargasite (pär'ga-sit), n. [From the isle Pargas, in Finland.] Crystallized and granular hornblende of high lustre and rather dark green colour, containing alumina, iron, and magnesia. Parge-board (pärj'bord), n. Same as Barge

board.

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Parget (pär'jet), n. [O. E. pariet, 0 Fr. pariette, from L. paries, parietis, a wal] 1. Gypsum or plaster-stone.-2. Plaster laid on roofs or walls; plaster formed of line, hair, and cow-dung, used for coating the flue of a chimney.-3. Paint, usually for the face. Drayton.

Parget (pär'jet), v.t. 1. To cover with plas ter or parget; to ornament with parge-work Pargetted them anew, and decorated them." Carlyle.

A plaster with which they not only are the outside of their houses... but also spread the floors and arches of their room. Sir T. Herbert

2. To paint; to cover with paint. Parget (pär'jet), v. i. 1. To plaster.-21 To

lay on paint 'She's above fifty-two, and pargets. B. Jenson Pargeter (parjet-ér). n. One that pargets; a plasterer. Pargeting, Pargework (par'jet-ing. párj'werk), n. A term used for plas ter-work of various kinds, but commonly applied to a particu lar sort of ornamental plaster, with patterns and ornaments raised or indented upon it, much used in the interior and often in the exterior of houses of the Tudor period Numbers of wooden houses so ornamented on the outside. and belonging to the time of Queen Elizabeth, are still to be met with. Written also Pargetting, Pergetting.

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Pargeting, Wyvenhoe,

Essex.

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