Brothers" now numbered twelve, and that they intended to build a house, consisting of a retreat for parish clergy, who may desire rest, the brothers undertaking to do their duty while they were recruiting their strength; a home for decayed old men, who have labored in the service of the church; and a college for instructing youth on the principles of the Church of England. They required from £30,000 to £40,000, of which they had received £10,000.

The movement for opening communication with the Russian Church continued both in the Protestant Episcopal Church of this country, and in the Episcopal churches of England and Scotland. (See ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1862, p. 718.) The joint committee, appointed for this purpose by the General Convention of the Church of the United States, consisting of Bishops De Lancey, Williams, and Whitehouse, of the Rev. Drs. Mahan and Thrall, the Rev. J. F. Young Mr. Samuel B. Ruggles, and Mr. S. Eliott, did not deem themselves authorized to make any proposition for joint action to the Convocations of the English Church, as they were only instructed by the General Convention to collect information, and consider the expediency of communication with the Russian Church; but, at a meeting held on April 16th, 1863, at New York, they unanimously passed a resolution that "the Secretary of the committee be requested to correspond with the Rev. George Williams, of King's College, Cambridge (the chief promoter of the movement in England), and to express to him and through him, at his discretion, to the Convocation of Canterbury, the gratification of this committee at the interest they have expressed in the object we have in view; with the assurance to Mr. Williams that, while the committee are not in a position formally to approach Convocation on the subject, they will be glad to give a full and respectful consideration to any action or communication on the part of the Convocation." In England, the Bishop of Oxford, on July 1st, 1863, presented to the Upper House of the Convocation of Canterbury, a petition resolved upon by the Lower House of the Convocation, in February, to the effect that the House of Bishops may use their endeavors to bring about such intercommunion. The Bishop of Oxford, after presenting the petition, moved that the President of the Convocation (the Archbishop of Canterbury) be requested to direct the Lower House to appoint a committee to communicate with the committee appointed by the General Convention of the Bishops and Clergy of the United States of America as to intercommunion with the Russo-Greek Church, and to communicate the result to the Convocation at a future session. The motion was unanimously adopted, and pursuant to it, the Lower House appointed a committee, consisting of the Archdeacon of Berks (Bickersteth), the Archdeacon of Taunton (Denison), Dr. Leighton, Lord A. Compton, Sir G. Prevost,

Chancellor Massingberd, and the Rev. Messrs. Tendall, Seymour, and Randolph.

In Scotland, the synod of Moray and Ross passed resolutions in favor of intercommunion with the Russo-Greek Church, and also with the Church of Sweden. Similar resolutions had been passed by the synod of Aberdeen.

The movement met with a warm response on the part of the oriental churches. (See GREEK CHURCH.)

In the Established Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) an interesting movement sprung up in favor of a union with the Scottish Episcopal Church. (See PRESBYTERIANS).

ANTHON, JOHN, LL.D., an American jurist, died in the city of New York, March 5th, 1863, in the 80th year of his age.

Mr. Anthon was the second son of George Christian Anthon, M.D., an eminent physician of the city of New York, and was born at Detroit in the year 1784. He received his diploma as Bachelor of Arts from Columbia College in the year 1801, graduating at the head of his class; and the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1861 by the same institution. Immediately after graduating, Mr. Anthon commenced the study of the law, in the office of Mr. Hopkins, an eminent legal practitioner of that day, and, upon attaining his majority, was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of this State.

During the war of 1812, Mr. Anthon commanded a company of militia, stationed near Fort Hamilton, at the Narrows, for the defence of the city of New York; and for a short time acted as regimental paymaster; he was also frequently employed, during the same period, as judgeadvocate. With these exceptions he devoted himself with the utmost assiduity to the practice of his profession, and it has been said of him by one of his contemporaries that “he tried more causes than any man that ever lived." He declined several flattering offers of judicial position, and was never tempted to turn aside from the useful paths of professional life in search of political honors.

The Supreme Court of the City of New York owes its existence to the efforts of Mr. Anthon, who, at an early day, perceived the necessity for the establishment of a great mercantile tribunal, and successfully urged upon the Legislature the wants of the city of New York, in this respect. He was also one of the founders of the New York Law Institute, and held the office of president of that corporation at the time of his death. In his legal writings, and in his reported arguments, Mr. Anthon displayed great power of analysis, and was remarkable for the facility with which he grasped the true point involved in obscure and difficult questions, and the clearness and perspicuity with which he set forth his own conclusions.

Mr. Anthon was a regular attendant and communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a notable instance of the reception of the

truths of Christianity by a mind trained to the examination of evidence and the detection of error. His principal published works are Analysis of Blackstone's Commentaries," "Nisi Prius Reports," "Anthon's Law Student," and several minor works on the practice of law.

ANTHROPOLOGY. (See ETHNOLOGY.) ARKADELPHIA, the capital of Clark co., Arkansas, is situated on the right bank of the Washita river, seventy-five miles south-west of Little Rock. Selected on account of its remote position in the interior and south of the Arkansas river, it was made the principal depot of the enemy in the States of Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana. Military workshops were also established there; but on the approach of Gen. Steele they were removed to Marshall, Texas.

ARKANSAS. The military operations and their consequences comprise all that is really important in the history of this sparsely settled State, during 1863. The battles in the north-western part of the State, at the close of the previous year, resulted in causing the enemy to fall back upon the Arkansas river. Their forces were so reduced that only desultory operations took place, until the attack upon Helena, on the 4th of July, when the Confederate General Holmes, with about fifteen thousand men, was defeated by Gen. Prentiss. Vicksburg having now surrendered, Gen. Steele was detached from Gen. Grant's army and ordered to Helena. On the 31st of July, Gen. Steele reported to Gen. Hurlbut, commanding the sixteenth army corps, and was placed in command of all the troops at Helena, and the cavalry division under Brig. Gen. Davidson, then operating in Arkansas, making an aggregate of about twelve thousand men, for the purpose of making an expedition, the object of which was the possession of the State. Notwithstanding the reduction of his force by sickness and leaves of absence, and resignations by which only Gen. Davidson was left as a general officer, he completed his organization and pushed his entire force on to Clarendon, about forty miles from Helena, and began crossing the White river, on the 17th of August. Here Gen. Steele found that the number who were sick had increased to a thousand, and he ordered them to be sent to Duvall's Bluff, a very healthy location on the White river. On the 23d the rest of his command followed. From this point a successful advance was made, and after skirmishing with Marmaduke's cavalry all along the way, Gen. Steele's whole available force, on the 2d of September, was concentrated at Brownsville. After a two days' reconnoissance the army again reached the Arkansas river on the 7th. The 8th and 9th were occupied in a reconnoissance, and the 10th saw the two columns of the Union army, numbering not more than seven thousand men, marching nearly abreast on either side of the Arkansas toward the capital. The panic and

confusion which this sudden approach caused in Little Rock are indescribable. The streets were filled with women and children and knots of citizens, listening to the sound of cannon constantly growing nearer and nearer, and the shells from Gen. Steele's batteries, which had now been planted almost opposite the city, shrieking and howling over their heads and breaking in the woods beyond them. Officers of the enemy, thinking themselves secure, were eating their suppers in the houses. The rapid rush of flying horsemen, the clouds of dust, the glad hurrahs, and gleaming sabres of others dashing through the dusty streets in hot pursuit, were the first intimations of danger. Women and children ran in panic to their homes, the crowd of citizens quickly dispersed, and Confederate officers mounting their horses were captured while endeavoring to escape. A little later, windows were thrown up and handkerchiefs waved, and curious throngs gathered in the door yards, closely scrutinizing each squadron as it passed.

A squadron of cavalry dashed up to the United States Arsenal as soon as the forces entered the city, and arrived just in time to prevent its being blown up by the enemy. There was over a ton of powder in the magazine, and two or three thousand rounds of fixed ammunition in the various buildings. The public records of the city had been removed to Washington, and the machinery in the machine shops to Arkadelphia.

The mayor of the city at once sent the following communication to Gen. Davidson:

MAYOR'S OFFICE, LITTLE ROCK, Sept. 10th, 1863. To the Officer Commanding Federal Army: The army of Gen. Price has retreated and abandoned the defence of this city. We are now powerless and ask your mercy. The city is now occupied alone by women and children and non-combatants, with May I ask of you protection for persons and property? perhaps a few stragglers from the Confederate forces. I have been ill for some days, and am unable to visit you in person.

Very respectfully, C. P. BERTRAND, Mayor. Gen. Davidson caused guards to be placed upon every street corner of the city, and, to the credit of his division, it is said that, although they beheld their comrades shot from their saddles from houses in the suburbs, and entered the city amid the gathering shades of night, which would have concealed all manner of crimes, not a single act of violence or injustice was done to the citizens of the place, or any article of private property disturbed.

Gen. Steele and staff crossed the Arkansas in a skiff, as the bridges were not passable, and entered Little Rock soon after Gen. Davidson. He immediately appointed Gen. Davidson military commander of the capital and vicinity. Upon assuming this command, he adopted several regulations, among which was one allowing the municipal authorities of the city to temporarily continue the exercise of their functions. Another invited citizens of the surrounding country to bring in their produce

for sale to the inhabitants and the troops. Another prohibited all officers and soldiers, other than those on provost guard duty, or belonging to the staffs or escorts of generals, from being in the city without a pass; officers and soldiers were expected to remain constantly with their commands unless absent on duty. Another regulation provided that no house should be occupied by any officer or soldier without the order of the general commanding the city.

Seven steamboats were successfully destroyed by the enemy. Four, one of which was a ferryboat, were saved. One of the largest boats on the western waters was drawn up ashore, and was receiving a plating of railroad iron. It was also destroyed.

The capture of Little Rock was a fatal blow to the Confederate authority in the State. North of the Arkansas river, and west of the Cairo and Fulton railway of Missouri, the country had been desolated by the war, and subjugated by the Federal army so thoroughly, that it had long been abandoned by the forces of the enemy. The victories of Gen. Blunt in the Indian Territory, had more decisively caused the Arkansas river to become their defensive line. But with Little Rock as a base, the rebel Gen. Holmes had carried on a troublesome war by means of expeditions sent northeast to Jacksonport, east to Helena, southeast to Napoleon, west to the Indian Territory, and south into Louisiana. At the time Gen. Steele commenced his march toward Little Rock, Gen. Blunt marched south of the Arkansas river, through the Indian Territory, toward the Red river, and Gen. Stevenson advanced from Vicksburg along the line of the Shreveport railroad to Monroe, and thence up the Washita toward El Dorado, in Southern Arkansas. These combined operations alarmed Gen. Holmes, especially when Gen. Blunt captured Fort Smith, in Arkansas, Gen. Steele drove the army of Gen. Price across the Bayou Metoe, and Gen. Stevenson took possession of the southern border of the State. He, therefore, abandoned his position, and retreated southwest toward Texas.

In the western part of the State, Gen. Blunt issued an address to the people, in which he assured them that his occupation of the country would be permanent, that the whole of the Indian Territory and Western Arkansas was under the control of the United States forces, and that the rebel troops had been driven' beyond the Red river, and that hundreds of refugees had arrived to enlist in his army. He closed thus:

Many applications have been made by citizens for safeguard. None will be issued. The best safeguard you can have is the American flag unfurled over your premises; and if you deport yourselves as good loyal citizens, your conduct must be your safeguard. If it be your desire to disenthral yourselves from the tyranny and oppression to which you have been subjected, organize a civil government under the authority of the United States. Every facility will be afforded you to accomplish that purpose. I leave the matter with you, trusting that wise counsels may prevail.

The inhabitants of the northern part of Arkansas were always warm friends to the Federal Union, and thus continued amid all the desolation. The great opposition made to the ordinance of secession (see ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA, 1861, Arkansas), showed a majority of the people, under a fair test, as firmly opposed to it. Under the existing state of affairs, therefore, large numbers of men began to desert from the enemy, and movements commenced among the people in favor of the Union. These movements were begun by those sincerely attached to the Union, and were supported by others, who thought that the Confederate cause was lost. As usual, the fears of large numbers restrained their action. At Little Rock, such persons were afraid to risk the possibility of the return of the rebel forces, apprehending in such an event, injury to person and property in case they had been active in the cause of the Union. They pointed to the experience of Union men in the northern part of the State and in other localities. The cause, however, moved forward, and constantly gained vigor. A newspaper was established at Little Rock. Union meetings were held, and resolutions, pledging unconditional support to the Union, were adopted. Regiments of citizens were organized for the army, both white and colored. Citizens of distinction came forward to advocate the Union cause; among others, Brig.-Gen. E. W. Gantt, of the Confederate army, once held as a prisoner of war. He thus described the feeling of the people near the close of the year:

The people of Arkansas are ready to return to their allegiance to the Government, and to renew their devotion, which shall know hereafter neither change nor decay. The loyalty to Jeff. Davis in Arkansas does while the hatred of him is as widespread as it is innot extend practically beyond the shadow of his army, tense. The Union sentiment is manifesting itself on all sides and by every indication-in Union meetings in desertions from the Confederate army-in taking home defence, and enlisting in the Federal army. Old the oath of allegiance unsolicited-in organizing for flags that have been hid in the crevices of rocks, and been worshipped by our mountain people as holy relics, are flung to the breeze, and followed to the Union The little county of Perry, that votes only about six army with an enthusiasm that beggars all description. hundred, and which has been turned wrong side out in search of conscripts by Hindman and his fellow-murderers and oppressors, with their retinue of salaried gentlemen and negro boys, sent down a company of ninety-four men. Where they came from, and how they kept their old flag during these three years of terror, persecution and plunder, I can't tell. But they were the proudest looking set of men I ever saw, and full of fight.

In December, there were eight regiments of Arkansas citizens that had been partly or wholly formed for service in the Federal army, besides several thousand who had joined companies of other regiments. Under the amnesty proclamation of President Lincoln, issued December 8th (see PUBLIC DOCUMENTS), a pardon was issued to Gen. Gantt, and, at the beginning of 1864, preparations were made to reorganize the State Government. For this the President issued the following proclamation: