A Monthly Journal, established in 1867, Devoted to the Advancement of the Biological Sciences with Special Reference to the Factors of Organic Evolution and Heredity CONTENTS OF SEPTEMBER NUMBER Some results of the Florissant Expedition of 1908. Professor T. D. A. COCKERELL. Embryology of Myosurus Minimus. DR. LEROY D. SWINGLE. Another Aspect of the Species Question. DR. J. A. ALLEN. The Origin of the Lateral Eyes of Vertebrates Professor G. H. PARKER. Notes and Literature: Heredity-Spurious Allelomorphism, Results of Some Recent Investigations, W. J. SPILLMAN. Human Anatomy― Pryor on Sexual and Family Variation in Centers of Ossification, C. R. B. Plant Cytology-Cytological Studies on Saprolegnia and Vaucheria. DR. BRADLEY M. DAVIS. Holothurians-Holothurioidea, Professor CHARLES L. EDWARDS. Enteropneusta-Recent Literature on the Enteropneusta, Professor W. E. RITTER. Vertebrate Paleontology-Case on Pelycosauria of North America; Barnum Brown on the Conrad Fissure and on the Ankylosauridae. Professor S. W. WILLISTON. Parasitology-The Evolution of Parasitism; Trypanosomes, H. B. W. CONTENTS OF THE NOVEMBER NUMBER Further Studies on the Activities of Araneads. Professor THOS. H. MONTGOMERY, Jr. Notes on the Daily Life and Food of Cambarus Bartonius Bartoni. FLOYD E. CHIDESTER. Some Points in the Ecology of Recent Crinoids. AUSTIN HOBART CLARK. Shorter Articles and Correspondence: Evolution without Isolation, O. F. Cook. A Note on the Silverside, JOHN TREADWELL NICHOLS. Notes and Literature: Botany-The Origin of a Land Flora, Professor DOUGLASS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL Plant Cytology-Apogamy in the Ferns, Dr. BRADLEY M. DAVIS. Experimental Evolution-Regeneration in Lumbriculus, SERGIUS MORGULIS. The Budgett Memorial Volume-John Samuel Budgett, President DAVID STARE JORDAN. Animal Behavior-Mind in Animals, Professor H. S. JENNINGS. CONTENTS OF THE JANUARY NUMBER Juvenile Kelps and the Recapitulation Theory. Professor ROBERT F. GRIGGS, The Larva and Spat of the Canadian Oyster, Dr. J. STAFFORD. Shorter Articles and Correspondence: Some Notes on the Traditions of the Natives of Northeastern Siberia about the Mammoth, WALDEMAR JOCHELSON. Age of Trotting Horse Sires, F. R. MARSHALL, The Occurrence of Batrachoceps attenuatus and Autodax lugubris in Southern California, WILLIAM A. HILTON. Notes and Literature: Experimental Evolution-The Effect of the Environment upon Animals, Dr. FRANK E LUTZ. Experimental Zoology-The Influence of the Size of the Egg and Temperature on the Growth of the Frog, SERGIUS MORGULIS. Parasilology-Cestodes of Birds, Professor HENRY B. WARD. CONTENTS OF THE OCTOBER NUMBER The Manifestations of the Principles of Chemical Mechanics in the Living Plant, DR. F. F. BLACKMAN. The Desiccation of Rotifers. D. D. WHITNEY, On the Habits and the Pose of the Sauropodous Dinssaurs, especially of Diplodocus. DE. OLIVER P. HAY. Shorter Articles and Correspondence: Juvenile Substitutes for Smoking Tobacco. Professor WILLIAM ALBERT SETCHELL Notes and Literature: Heredity-Recent Studies in Human Heredity, DR. F. A. WOODS. Ornithology— Riddle on the Cause of the Production of Down and Down-like Structures in the Plumages of Birds, J. A. A. Vertebrate Paleontology-New Fossil Mammals from Egypt, T. D. A. C. CONTENTS OF THE DECEMBER NUMBER Some Physiological Aspects of Radium Rays. Professor C. STUART GAGER. On the Origin of Structures in Plants. W. A. CANNON, Origin and Formation of the Froth in Spittle Insects. BRAXTON H. GUILBEAU. Shorter Articles and Correspondence: Peculiar Abnormal Teeth in a Jack Rabbit. WILLIAM A. HILTON. Notes and Literature: Ichthyology-Ichthyological Notes, President DAVID STARR JORDAN. The Inheritance of Sex in Higher Plants-Digest of Professor C. Correns's Memoir: Professor H. E. JORDAN. Title Page and Index to Volume XLII. CONTENTS OF THE FEBRUARY NUMBER Charles Darwin and the Mutation Theory. CHARLES F. Cox. Juvenile Kelps and the Recapitulation Theory. IL Professor ROBERT F. GRIGGS. Notes and Literature: Plant Phylogeny-The Origin of the Archegoniates, Dr. BRADLEY M. DAVIS. Holothurians-Clark's The Apodous Holothurians, W. K. FISHER. Lepidoptera-The Blue Butterflies of the Genus Celastrina, Professor T. D. A. COCKERELL Ver tebrate Paleontology-The Lysorophidae; Stegocephala; The Cotylosauria; The Oldest Known Reptile; The Age of the Gaskohle; Bison Occidentalis; Nectosaurus; Callibrachion, Dr. ROY L. MOODIE, Para sitology-The Sleeping Sickness Bureau, Professor HENRY B. WARD. Exploration-Camp-Ares on Desert and Lava, Dr. Ror L. MOODIE Single Number 35 Cents Yearly Subscription, $4.00 The NATURALIST will be sent to new subscribers for four months for One Dollar THE SCIENCE PRESS Garrison, N. Y. Sub-Station 84: NEW YORK Lancaster, Pa. MSS intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be sent to the Editor of THE AMERICAN NATURALIST, Garrison-on-Hudson, New York. Articles containing research work bearing on the problems of organic evolution are especially welcome, and will be given preference in publication. One hundred reprints of contributions are supplied to authors free of charge. Further reprints will be supplied at cost. Subscriptions and advertisements should be sent to the publishers. The subscription price is four dollars a year. Foreign postage is fifty cents and Canadian postage twenty-five cents additional. The charge for single copies is thirty-five cents. The advertising rates are Four Dollars for a page. Lancaster, Pa. THE SCIENCE PRESS NEW YORK: Sub-Station 84 Garrison, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter, April 2, 1908, at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of Important New Scientific Books Botany PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY The Origin of a Land Flora. A Theory based upon the facts of Alternation. With numerous illustrations. Cloth, gilt top, xi+727 pp., illus., index, 8vo, $5.50 net. NOTE.-A profound study in the morphology of the lowest forms of plants, with special reference to the development of their reproductive systems. The author endeavors to show that the present land flora has originated from an aquatic ancestor, and traces the methods of specialization to the land habit, and the establishment of the forms of the higher plants. A book of the highest importance not only to botanists but to biologists in general. NEW AND STANDARD HAND-BOOKS ON AGRICULTURE, ETC. Cloth, xvi+829 pp., illus., appendix, glossary, index, 12mo, $.75 net. NOTE. This is a thoroughly modern treatise on farming as practiced in the Gulf States, from the point of view of the scientific agriculturist. It is adapted to school use, but is of practical service to any farmer in that part of the country. The author is vice-director of the Texas Experiment Station. Re-issues of the highly valued Hand-Books known as the Garden Craft and Rural Science Series, edited by L. H. BAILEY, of Cornell University, Editor of "Cyclopedia of American Horticulture," "Cyclopedia of American Agriculture," etc. Published The Principles of Fruit Growing. By L. H. BAILEY. Tenth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.66. Fifth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.68. Bush Fruits. By FRED W. Card. Tenth Edition, $1.25 net, by mail $1.38 Farm Poultry. By GEO. C. WATSON. Sixth Edition, $1.25 net, by mail $1.42 The Macmillan Company 64-66 5th Ave., New York GERTRUDE C. DAVENPORT AND CHARLES B. DAVENPORT INTRODUCTION Types of Hair Color.-The heredity of hair color in mammals is a subject of great complexity, not to be lightly entered upon. It is a subject in which much knowledge has been gained in recent years through the work of Bateson and his associates, Castle and his pupils, Cuenot and others. Nevertheless certain important points remain uncertain. First, and fundamental for our purpose, is the question of the number of factors involved in any hair color. All are agreed that there is a special red pigment (a lipochrome) that stains the hair diffusely. In clear red hair one sees, in sections, a yellowish red tinge that is not bound up with any structures. With a high power one sees elongated, spindle-shaped bodies, which are apparently the remains of nuclei and are devoid of granules. In all other hair (except that of albinos) one sees granules grouped in the spindle-shaped bodies. In black hair (Chinaman, Fig. A) these granules are large and numerous in each group (average, 12) and appear of a dark brown color. In very dark brown hair (negro, Fig. B) the granules are perhaps a little larger but much less numerous in each group (average, 6); and the color is a much less intense brown. In hair of a cold, mouse brown (Fig. C) (about No. 25 in E. Fischers's hair scale1) the granules are small, very few in each group (average 4) and slightly colored. The dark red hair of the orangutan is due chiefly to granules whose color is well reproduced by sepia on a clear background; but in the head hair of the golden babboon, which is striped golden and black, much diffuse golden pigment is found and (in the black zones) dark sepia granules of medium size and frequency. In twoscore preparations of the hair of man and primates we have not found in any instance jet-black granules such as are characteristic of black mice. In our preparations, many of which are thin sections kindly cut for us by Miss Lutz, the granules vary in size, number and intensity, but there is no discontinuity between the lighter and darker sepia pigments; and, as stated, we have not found a coal black hair either in Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Negro or Italian, and not even in the black spider monkey. There is an interesting parallel case in poultry where even in the Black Minorcas and the Black Cochin the pigment is a dense sepia brown. We conclude, therefore, that such discontinuous color types as are described in domesticated animals such as Made by Franz Rosset, Freiburg i/Br. See E. Fischer, Korrespondenz. Blatt, Deutsch. Gesell. f. Anthropologie, Ethnologie u. Urgeschichte, XXXVIII, 141–147. September-December, 1907. |