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By CHARLES J. CHAMBERLAIN

Second edition, revised and much enlarged; 272 pages, with 88 illustrations, 8vo, cloth; net $2.25, postpaid $2.39

THE

first complete manual to be published on the subject of botanical microtechnique. It contains detailed directions for collecting and preparing plant material for microscopic investigation, setting forth the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods.

"Will no doubt find a place in every well-regulated library, and will be found very useful by private students."- Plant World.

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"It is an excellent book for the individual worker and for classes in colleges."

A Laboratory Guide in Bacteriology

By PAUL G. HEINEMANN

158 pages, interleaved, with 37 illustrations, 12mo, cloth; net $1.50, postpaid $1.61

Education.

CLEAR and concise presentation of bacteriological technique, designed principally as a manual for the medical student, but highly useful also as a reference book for the biological teacher and investigator, as well as for practical workers in the fields of medicine and hygiene.

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Animal Micrology:

Practical Exercises in Microscopical Methods

By MICHAEL F. GUYER

250 pages, 8vo, cloth ;"net $1.75, postpaid $1.88

HE title of this book will explain its scope. It is intended as a laboratory manual for textbook use. Its aim is to introduce the student to the technique of microscopic anatomy and embryology, emphasizing details of procedure rather than descriptions of reagents or apparatus. Sufficient account of the theoretical side of microscopy is given to enable the student to get satisfactory results from his microscope.

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A concise, eminently practical, and well-classified treatment. - Science.

The expositions of the methods recommended are admirably clear. - Nature.

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One of the best and most practical works upon microscopic technique with which we are quainted. — American Naturalist.

As a textbook it can hardly be improved. The research worker will find in this book just the information he frequently needs in preparing material with which he is not familiar. -School Review.

It does present in very clear form a judicious selection of methods, including an excellent untechnical account of the microscope and its optical principles, adequate for the undergraduate course in histology. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology.

ADDRESS DEPT. 62

The University of Chicago Press

New York

A Monthly Journal, established in 1867, Devoted to the Advancement of the Biological Sciences with Special Reference to the Factors of Organic Evolution and Heredity

CONTENTS OF THE APRIL NUMBER Heredity of Hair Color in Man. GERTRUDE C. DAVENPORT and CHARLES C. DAVENPORT.

A Mechanism for Organic Correlation. Professor G. H. PARKER.

Recent Advances in the Study of Vascular Anatomy. Vascular Anatomy and the Reproductive Structures. Professor JOHN M. COULTER.

The Progress of Plant Anatomy During the Last Decade. Professor EDWARD C. JEFFREY. Shorter Articles and Correspondence: A Note on the Degree of Accuracy of the Biometric Constants, DR. RAYMOND PEARL Pure Strains as Artifacts of Breeding. O. F. Cook. Notes and Literature: Heredity-The Nature of "Unit" Characters, DR. W. J. SPILLMAN. EnvironmentDR. FRANK E. LUTZ. Experimental Zoology-Hybridology and Gynandromorphism, Professor T. H. MORGAN. Echinodermata-Red Sea Crinoids, DR. AUSTIN HOBART CLARK.

CONTENTS OF THE MAY NUMBER

The Categories of Variation. Professor S. J. HOLMES.
The General Entomological Ecology of the Indian Corn
Plant. S. A. FORBES.

Notes and Literature: Biometrics-Some Recent Studies
Experimental
on Growth. DR. RAYMOND PEARL.
Zoology-Cuénot on the Honey Bee, Professor T. H.
MORGAN. The Upholding of Darwin-Poulton and
Plate on Evolution, V. L. K.

CONTENTS OF THE JUNE NUMBER

Heredity and Variation in the Simplest Organisms. Professor H. S. JENNINGS.

The Color Sense of the Honey Bee Is Conspicuousness an Advantage to Flowers? JOHN H. LOVELL Variation in the Number of Seeds per Pod in the Broom, Cytisus scoparius. Doctor J. ARTHUR HARRIS.

Present Problems in Plant Ecology:

The Trend of Ecological Philosophy. Professor
HENRY C. COWLES.

The Present Problems of Physiological Plant
Ecology DR. BURTON LIVINGSTON.

Notes and Literature: Notes on Evolution, V. L. K.
De Vries's Species and Varieties, DR. GEORGE H.
SHULL. Embryology On the Totipotence of
the First Two Blastomeres of the Frog's Egg.
DR. J. F. MCCLENDON.

CONTENTS OF THE JULY NUMBER Selection Index Numbers and their Use in Breeding. Dr. RAYMOND PEARL and FRANK M. SURFACE.

A Contribution to the Theory of Orthogenesis. Dr. ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN.

The "Presence and Absence" Hypothesis. Dr. GEORGE HARRISON SHULL.

Present Problems in Plant Ecology: Vegetation and Altitude. Professor CHARLES H. SHAW.

Shorter Articles and Correspondence: Pleistocene Swamp Deposits in Virginia. Dr. EDWARD W. BERRY.

Notes and Literature: Heredity-A Case of Non-Mendelian Heredity. Dr. W. J. SPILLMAN.

CONTENTS OF THE AUGUST NUMBER

The New Flora of Krakatau. Professor DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL.

A Male Crayfish with Some Female Organs. Professor E. A. ANDREWS.

Present Problems in Plant Ecology:

Problems of Local Distribution on Arid Regions,
Professor VOLNEY M. SPAULDING.

The Relation of the Climatic Factors to Vegetation.
Professor EDGAR N. TRANSEAU.

Notes and Literature: Recent Experiments on the In-
heritance of Coat Colors in Mice, Professor T. H.
MORGAN. Some Experiments in Breeding Slugs.
Professor T. D. A. COCKERELL,

CONTENTS OF SEPTEMBER NUMBER

On an Early Tertiary Land-connection between North and South America. Dr. R. F. SCHARF,

Notes on the Relations of the Molluscan Fauna of the Peruvian Zoological Province. Dr. WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Remarkable Development of Starfishes on the Northwest American Coast; Hybridism; Multiplicity of Rays; Teratology; Problems in Evolution; Geographical Distribution: Professor A. E. VERBILL.

Shorter Articles and Correspondence: Is there a Selective Elimination of Ovaries in the Fruiting of the Leguminose: Dr. R. HARRIS.

Notes and Literature: Ichthyology-Ichthyological Notes, President DAVID STARR JORDAN. Parasitology Professor H. B. WARD. Plant Cytology-The Permanence of Chromosomes in Plant Cells, Dr. BRADLEY M. DAVIS.

Single Number 35 Cents

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Entered as second-class matter, April 2, 1908, at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of
Congress of March 3, 1879.

Important New Scientific Books

Botany

PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

The Origin of a Land Flora. A Theory based upon the facts of Alternation.
By F. O. BOWER, Sc. D., F.R.S. With numerous illustrations.

Cloth, gilt top, xi+727 pp., illus., index, 8vo, $5.50 net.

NOTE.-A profound study in the morphology of the lowest forms of plants, with special reference to the development of their reproductive systems. The author endeavors to show that the present land flora has originated from an aquatic ancestor, and traces the methods of specialization to the land habit, and the establishment of the forms of the higher plants. A book of the highest importance not only to botanists but to biologists in general.

NEW AND STANDARD HAND-BOOKS ON AGRICULTURE, ETC.
Elements of Agriculture, Southern and Western. By W. C. WELBORN,
B.S., M.S., M.P.A.

Cloth, xvi+329 pp., illus., appendix, glossary, index, 12mo, $.75 net. NOTE. This is a thoroughly modern treatise on farming as practiced in the Gulf States, from the point of view of the scientific agriculturist. It is adapted to school use, but is of practical service to any farmer in that part of the country. The author is vice-director of the Texas Experiment Station.

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The Principles of Fruit Growing. By L. H. BAILEY,

Tenth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.66.
Irrigation and Drainage. By F. H. KING.

Fifth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.68.
Principles of Vegetable Gardening. By L. H. BAILEY.
Sixth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.68.
Fourth Edition, $1.50 net, by mail $1.66.

Bush Fruits. By FRED W. Card.
Fertilizers. By EDWARD B. VOORHEES.

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Farm Poultry. By GEO. C. WATSON.

Sixth Edition, $1.25 net, by mail $1.42

The Macmillan Company

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THE

AMERICAN NATURALIST

VOL. XLIII

November, 1909

No. 515

THE AMERICAN TOAD (BUFO LENTIGINOSUS AMERICANUS, LECONTE)

A STUDY IN DYNAMIC BIOLOGY

NEWTON MILLER

CLARK UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION

FOR Some years it has been my desire to inaugurate a series of university theses aimed distinctively at studying important American species as forces in nature. This kind of work has seemed to me logically the next step in the advance of American natural history. In fact, it is hard to imagine any other line of real advance possible. Species are not discovered, determined, named and classified for the mere sake of making it possible for people to learn their names.

No matter how common the species, when we ask the questions: What does it do in the economy of nature? What position does it occupy in the vital organization of American natural history? What are its relations to human interests? In short, what expression have we of the species as a force in nature? When we ask these questions of the commonest animals, we find ourselves almost as near the verge of human knowledge as with an undiscovered species. No less a man than Darwin himself led off in the field of dynamic biology with his study of "Earthworms and Vegetable Mould." A

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