Changes in Form. PRESENT TENSE. The rose blooms. The boy studies. The work is done. The leaves are falling. The cars do not move. The journey is expensive.

PRESENT-PERFECT TENSE.-The rose has bloomed. The boy has studied. The work has been done. The leaves have been falling. The journey has been expensive.

PAST TENSE. The rose bloomed.

The boy studied. The work was done. The leaves were falling. The cars did not move. The journey was expensive.

PAST-PERFECT TENSE. - The rose had bloomed. The boy had studied. The work had been done. The leaves had been falling. The journey had been expensive.

FUTURE TENSE.-The rose will bloom. The boy will study. The work will be done. The leaves will be falling. The journey will be expensive.

FUTURE-PERFECT TENSE. - The rose will have bloomed. The boy will have studied. The work will have been done. The train will have left. The journey will have been expensive.

Time may show itself more definitely in words, phrases, or clauses, that are used to express it.

Words. The paper comes weekly. Go instantly. It rains daily. Your class is now reciting. He will return late. I shall see you to-morrow. He was here yesterday. Jonquils bloom early. The oak lives long. We shall soon reach the shore. He visits us frequently. She is always cheerful.

Phrases. He remained till morning. A great storm arose after sunset. They were treated well that night, and the next day they departed. At the break of day, our horses were saddled. He rode a hundred miles in twenty-five hours. For many a returning autumn, this Indian visited the graves of his fathers. Within twenty years from the foundation of this village, deer had become scarce.

Clauses. He knocked at the door, before any one was awake. We shall have peace, after we have subdued the enemy.

Great

was the alarm in the colony, while these children were lost. We traveled through dim paths, until the day drew to its close. She smiled when I told her how I had fallen into the water.

Frequently, the changed form, the word, the phrase, and the clause, are all found in the same sentence; as, "He came early in the morning, while we were at breakfast."

PLACE.

Words. The man is here. My horse stands yonder. I went home. I have seen him somewhere. I shall go abroad. The wall fell inwards. The birds flew away. The dog came up. Beautiful mansions gleamed far and near.

Phrases. - Melons grow on vines. Tea is brought from China. The child slept in its mother's lap. I was at the same school. You reside in a pleasant part of the city. Let us take a ramble in the woods. The cascade tumbled from the rocks. The army marched round the hill. We went through swamps, thickets, and endless mud. beyond the limits of the settlement. same table. Clauses.

The Indians bore them far
She sat below us, | at the

We caught the minnows where the water ripples over the rocks. He remains wherever he finds good company. Thou hearest the sound of the wind; but thou canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth.

Frequently, two or more chief ideas are combined in the same sentence. A recent French novel begins thus: "In the gloomy month of November, when the English drown and hang themselves, a disconsolate lover walked forth | into the fields, and seated himself under a juniper-tree." (Time and place.)

DEGREE.

The river is deep. The lake is deeper. deepest body of water in the world. This

The ocean is the one is good; that

one is better; but the other is the best. Want is bad; but

debt may be worse. A good name is better than riches. The worst gambler won the money. Who has more enemies and fewer friends, more trouble and less pleasure, than the miser? The pink is more beautiful than the marigold, and one of the most fragrant of flowers. He sat next to me, though I was nearer to the speaker. I said an elder soldier, not a braver. The upper room is already occupied. The hindmost man was left in the utmost distress. Most men judge others more severely than themselves. The weather is somewhat colder. The weather is so cold that I need my overcoat. There was so much noise that we could hear but very little of what was said.

Logical Development of Sentences.

Persons are often perplexed in determining how they shall arrange the words by means of which they express their thoughts. We generally express our thoughts as we naturally think them. That of which we think or speak, is naturally first thought of; and therefore it is generally first put down. To this we add, either before or after, all the descriptive words, phrases, and clauses, that belong to it; as, "The boy," "The little boy," "The little boy from the country,” “The little boy from the country, who was here yesterday." Having thus got the subject, we next put down, in like manner, what is said of it; as, "wept," "wept bitterly," "wept bitterly for a long time," "wept bitterly for a long time because he could not find his father." "The little boy from the country, who was here yesterday, wept bitterly for a long time because he could not find his father." From this sentence it is obvious that we naturally first put down the subject, then the predicate, adding to each, or rather, including with each, the various qualities or secondary ideas which enter into the thought. We do not, however, always arrange our words in this way; but we sometimes put down first that which is first or most thought of, or makes the greatest impression upon us, even if it is not the

object itself of which we are speaking. "The whole shelf of china fell down with such clattering and breaking as startled us all." In an occurrence of this kind, the fall is naturally the most striking part; and therefore we would probably say, “Down fell the whole shelf of china, with such clattering and breaking as startled us all.”

We have many different thoughts. Our thoughts are made thus different because they are made up of many different ideas. Hence we get many different sentences; but nearly all of these sentences come more or less within the following description, or their parts answer to some of the following

Columbus discovered America. Galile'o invented the telescope. Capt. John Smith colonized Virginia.

The Romans

destroyed Jerusalem. Washington is called the father of our country. The Mayor did not sign the bill.

Iron is the most useful metal. Wealth is not the greatest blessing. A pen may be more dangerous than a sword. Poplars grow rapidly. Beauty is a perishing flower.

This TREE is

belongs to me. had arrived.

Which one?

Yonder FARM

an oak. That TREE is an elm.
The first MAN was shot. The last SQUADRON
youngest CHILD is a daughter.

The

SON is in the army.

HORSES ran away.

The eldest

Albert's BOOKS are new. My neighbor's Your CAP fits me. The RIVER Hudson is in New York. The POET Cowper lived at Olney, in England. The STEAMSHIP Arctic was wrecked at sea. DAVID, the son

of Jesse, became king of Israel.

The TREE dead at the top

was first cut down. The APPLE highest on the tree is not always the best. The ELM before the house must be a thousand years old. The PALING around the garden cost a hundred dollars. The FIELD below the hill is sometimes overflowed. The HILLS beyond the river are blue and beautiful. The HOUSE erected by the church is a parsonage. The TREES planted along the river grow rapidly. The LINES the most beautiful in the collection.

written by Coleridge are

The MAN who sits next to

the speaker, is the president. The SUM which was collected last Sunday, has already been expended. The EVIL about which you have said so much, has been often noticed.

How many?

Seven MEN were wounded.

A thousand SOLDIERS make a regiment. Twenty-five CARRIAGES followed the hearse. Only one PERSON was seen in the canoe.

Of what kind?

A terrible THUNDER-STORM passed over the city. A beautiful LAKE lay in front of the house. Silvery CLOUDS fringed the horizon. Iron RAILING is very durable. Small and beautiful FLOWERS hung from the rocks. A Colt's REVOLVER was in his belt. A hunter's RIFLE was the only gun we had. ISABELLA, a pious and noble queen, assisted Columbus. COLLINS, a poet of the most delicate sensibilities, died in the prime of life. A SHIP of the largest size was sunk by this rifled cannon. A MAN of good habits generally enjoys good health. The FEATHERS of ducks and geese are used for beds. A PERSON governed by his inclinations only, is apt to be fickle. A LADY admired and praised for her beauty, is apt to become vain. PLANTS reared in cellars are seldom strong. LAWS to prevent such outrages should be enacted. A DINNER to suit the occasion was prepared. The MAN who does not keep his word, should not be trusted. The TREES which are of the smallest size, generally grow on high places. There arose, about this time, from