Mr. Evans, Mr. Flower, Sir J. Lubbock, Sir C. Lyell, and by MM. Lartet and Christy, and Gaudry in France.

The occurrence of human remains are far more rare in caverns or other deposits than those of the works of man, and hence every additional fact is worthy of careful examination.

Dr. Buckland, in 1824,* discovered in the Paviland Cave, Glamorgan, beneath a shallow covering of earth, nearly the entire left side of a human female skeleton, which, he states, was clearly not coeval with the antediluvian bones of the extinct species of elephant, rhinoceros, hyæna, bear, etc., found there; but that this exposed and solitary cave had, at some time or other, been the scene of human habitation, not only from the charcoal and fragments of recent bone, but that the ivory rods and rings in contact with the skeleton were certainly made from part of the antediluvian tusks that lay in the same cave. Besides the skeleton of the "Red Lady of Paviland," human bones have been found by Col. Wood in the "Spritsail-Tor" cave, and in the ossiferous fissure of Mewslade, in the Peninsula of Gower. Dr. Schmerling, however, in 1833, announced the discovery, in the Engi and Engihoul Caves in the Valley of the Meuse, of the bones of man, associated with those of recent and extinct mammals -rhinoceros, horse, elephant, bear, hyæna; the bones were indiscriminately mixed together, and the cave earth did not seem to have been subsequently disturbed.

M. Marcel de Serres, in his exhaustive essay for that period (1838) on "Bone Caverns," cites many instances of the cöoccurrence of human remains: in America (Kentucky) with the megalonyx, bear, deer, and bison; in Franconia with extinct species; in France, in the departments of Lozère, Gard, and l'Aude.

M. E. Lartet, in his paper on "The Coexistence of Man and the Great Fossil Mammalia," published in the "Annales des Sciences Naturelles," (Ser. IV. vol. xv. p. 178,) after his examination of the Aurignac Cave, near St. Gaudens, states that, not only was man cotemporary with the mammoth and rhinoceros, but, like the natives of Africa at present, used the latter as an article of food; and that the human remains are of great antiquity, as they were associated with the bison, reindeer, megaceros, hyæna, and Ursus Spe

læus, the latter, according to M. Lartet, being the earliest which disappeared of the group of the great mammalia, and which age-the earliest of primitive man -was followed successively by the age of the elephant and rhinoceros, the age of the reindeer, and the age of the aurochs.

The cavern of Bize and others, in the vicinity of Narbonne, are equally remarkable for the similar association of man with the Ursus spelæus, Hyæna spelaa, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, and reindeer, with about sixteen other species, of which the bones of the ox, deer, and horse were the most numerous, together with the remains of birds. These were first noticed by Mr. Tournal in 1827, and subsequently by MM. M. de Serres, Christol, Dumas, P. Gervais, and Brinckmann, the latter two authors giving an account of their observations in the "Messager du Midi,” (Montpellier, 1864,) and they remark that the occurrence of the reindeer does not indicate so great geological antiquity, although still remote, but that the climate of central and southern Europe was considerably colder, and became subsequently modified, so as in part to cause the retreat of this animal to the northern regions.

In the bone caves of Dordogne, investigated by MM. Lartet and Christy, the most abundant animal was the reindeer, which evidently formed the principal arti cle of food of the cave-dwellers, and, together with the ibex and the chamois, afford evidence that a considerable change of climate has taken place, for the former animal could not now exist in the south of France. "These caves are particularly interesting, because, so far at least as we can judge from the present state of the evidence, they belong to M. Lartet's reindeer period, and tend, therefore, to connect the later, or polished-stone age, with the period of the river drifts and great extinct mammalia, a period about which we had previously very little information."

The discovery, in the early part of this year, of a human skeleton in one of the great caverns (Baoussé-roussé) of the Italian frontier, has again drawn attention to the subject, and excited much public curiosity at Mentone when announced in "Le Courrier de Menton," of April 7, with a plate of "Le Troglodite de Menton," from "Reliquiæ Diluvianæ," p. 87.

+ Sir J. Lubbock, "Prehistoric Times," p.

245.

which journal the following notes are abstracted.* The cave is one of a series which occur in a compact limestone, and are known as les grottes des roches rouges. The caves are from 50 to 150 feet from the sea, and 40 or 50 feet above it, and all open to the south.

The discovery was made by Dr. E. Rivière, who has been appointed by the French Government to examine and study the paleontology and prehistoric period Liguria. After obtaining an immense of quantity of bones and teeth of bears, gigantic stags, hyænas, rhinoceros, and other animals, from the neighboring quarries, Dr. Rivière commenced the exploration of the caverns. The cavern above alluded to is near the line of railroad from Mentone to Vintimille, and the skeleton was found beneath a layer of earth several yards in thickness, and is in a very fine and remarkable state of preservation, which may be possibly due to the nature of the earth in which it was imbedded and the continued dryness of the spot in which it was placed. The skeleton, which is that of an ordinary-sized man, is entire, with the exception of the ribs, which have been broken by the pressure of the superincumbent earth. The teeth and lower jaw are in a good state of preservation; the skull differs from the rest of the bones in being of a deep brick-red color, and the part of it resting on the ground is broken. The legs crossed in a natural position, and the arms folded near the head, seem to infer that the man to whom they belonged died in his sleep, and was carefully covered over without disturbing the earth beneath. A great number of small shells, similar to those living in the adjacent sea, and deer's teeth, all pierced with a hole, were close to the skull, leading to the belief that they were either twined in the hair or formed part of a head-dress. Round the skeleton were found a great quantity of stone implements, as scrapers, chisels, and axes, and also bone needles; the form of the latter seemed to have been produced by having been rubbed down on some hard substance. Associated with these were bones of animals, and, among others, the lower jaws of herbivora. Behind the loins there was a stone, also one behind the head, and between the latter were two of the largest

*The Plate has been reproduced from the "Geological Magazine" for June, whose Editors kindly lent it.

stone implements which have been found in these caves.

Mr. M. Moggridge, who is well acquainted with the locality, and has visited the cave, has kindly furnished the following points as most important in reference to the skeleton :

1. The rock in which the cave is situated is Oolitic or Jurassic limestone, which is very cavernous.

2. The cave is narrow and lofty, and deep.

3. The floor at the mouth is 9 ft. above the bottom, but in the interior the depth is much greater.

4. No remains of the extinct animals (Ursus Spelæus, etc.) occur above the skel

eton.

5. I believe it was a case of intermentof a person of some consequence of the stone age; not early in that period.

Mr. G. W. Nicholl, who has also examined the cavern, states: "To my mind the skeleton proves clearly a case of burial; the stones at the back and in front of it showed this pretty clearly, for they were evidently so placed by design, as if to roughly mark out the place of sepulture. M. Rivière did not seem to think much of them, for he had removed them all before the skeleton was photographed. If, then, the man was buried, he might or might not have been co-existent with the extinct animals of whose bones so many were found in the cave earth in which the skeleton was interred. But close by, in front of the cave there was, as has been suggested to me, irresistible evidence that man lived in those caves (there are four or five of them) at the same time that animals now extinct were living in the neighborhood. For in front of the cave is a talus, formed of breccia fallen from the cliff above. The stones forming this breccia are as sharp and angular as when they fell from the cliff, and they are cemented by lime and iron into a hard conglomerate. In this conglomerate, whilst making the railway cutting two years ago, were found numerous implements of flint - knives, spear and arrow heads, and cores of flints, from which these had been broken off, also bones of animals now extinct, and bones of animals now existing. Now as the stones forming the conglomerate are so very sharp and angular, it seems to me to be very conclusive evidence that they are lying where they first fell, and that the

bones and flints amongst them are also lying just where they were thrown by the inhabitants of the caves above."

The report of Dr. Rivière will no doubt lay all the facts before us, as to this and the other caves, to which attention had been drawn by M. W. De Suiram, in 1869, and also by Dr. Falconer, who, in 1858, after examining at Nice the brecciated mass of human bones discovered near St. Hospice, visited the Rocco Rosso caverns near Mentone, which had previously yielded such abundant relics of long-continued human occupation, upon the exploration of M. François Forel.

In connection with this subject Mr. John Evans, in his recent work on "Ancient Stone Implements," June, 1872, states that the difference in the faunas of the paleolithic and neolithic periods is of great importance, as affording some guide in judging of the antiquity of human remains when found in caverns without any

characteristic weapons or implements; such, for instance, as the human skull cited by Mr. Boyd Dawkins as having been found in a cave at the head of Cheddar Pass, in Somersetshire. For it must never be forgotten that the occupation of caves by man is not confined to any definite period; and that even in the case of the discovery of objects of human workmanship in direct association with the remains of the Pleistocene extinct mammals, their contemporaneity can not be proved without careful observation of the circumstances under which they occur, even if then. Another point may also be here mentioned, namely, that where there is evidence of the occupation of a cavern by man, and also by large carnivores, they can hardly have been tenants in common, but the one must have preceded the other, or possibly the occupation by each may have alternated more than once.

[Popular Science Review.

THE portrait of Dr. Döllinger which prefaces this number brings our readers face to face with one of the most remarkable of the many remarkable men in Germany at the present time—the leader of the "Old Catholic Movement," as it is called, and the ablest and most influential opponent of the Papal pretensions. No man is so much dreaded by the Ultramontanes as he; and there is none probably whose destruction they would so much like to bring about. Excommunicated for refusing to accept the doctrine of Papal Infallibility promulgated by the late Council, he is, by reason of his great abilities, the recognized leader of the many able and pious Catholics who oppose that famous dogma; and the hardest blows it has received have come from his pitiless historical analyses of its genesis and development through the centuries of Papal supremacy. It has been truly said by a recent writer, that while Hyacinthe is the heart of the new Reformation, Döllinger is its brain; and it can hardly be that a movement led by two such men can fail of a profound and far-reaching influence upon the religious thought of the time.

The life of Döllinger is the very quiet

and uneventful course of a German divine and scholar, who devotes all his time to his studies, whose field of labor is the lecturehall, and whose home is his library. Döllinger is such a scholar, who is entirely given to his books, i.e., the books he reads, and the books he writes. The record of his life is therefore very simple, and void of interesting incidents.

Ignaz Döllinger was born, just at the close of the last century, in 1799. He is therefore as old as the German Emperor, and he is also fully as vigorous. He lives on the principle that he is the freest man who needs the least, and lives therefore a very frugal life. He neither smokes nor takes any kind of beverage except water. Hence his good health and vigor in his old age. Being the son of poor parents, he had in his early days to overcome great obstacles, in order to finish his studies. But he soon distinguished himself so much that he found among his teachers good friends, who assisted him in his course.

He had chosen for himself the way of an academical teacher, that is of a professor of the University. This way is generally very hard for young men, but Döllinger entered it and advanced so fast, that he soon

became one of the members of the theological faculty. He was subsequently made Professor of Church History. As such he exercised a very great influence. The students flocked to Munich from all parts of Germany. They soon found out, that he was a superior kind of scholar and lecturer. Many pupils in all parts of Germany still cling to him as to a father and friend.

Döllinger has written many works of great value. We mention only his books on Church History, his book on the Reformation, in which one can find, among a good many genuine Catholic ideas, also signs of a character who loves truth more than Plato and more than the Pope. His greatest and grandest work is, however, a large volume which bears the title Judaism and Heathenism. It is a kind of history of the philosophy of the ante-Christian era, a book full of the most profound and most comprehensive learning.

When Döllinger had been excommunicated by Bishop Scherr, all the professors of the University of Munich (with the ex

ception of three professors of theology) conferred upon him the honor of the rectorship of the University, which is one of the highest honors a man can attain in Germany. The young King Louis of Bavaria, who loves and honors Döllinger as the teacher of his late father, King Max, and as his own instructor, did not care for the excommunication, but indorsed and confirmed Dr. Döllinger as rector of the University of Munich.

As such he delivered lately a series of very interesting lectures on the history of the divisions of the church and the way of a future reunion. Large crowds of people attended these lectures of the excommunicated Doctor and enjoyed them very much. He is beyond doubt one of the most influential men in Europe at the present time, and it depends very much upon his course of action during the next few years, whether Germany shall be the arena of a new Reformation hardly less important in its bearing upon the future of Christianity than that which Martin Luther led in the sixteenth century.

JUBILEE DAYS. Boston: 7. R. Osgood & Co. "Jubilee Days" was a little four page sheet giving an illustrated daily record of the humorous features of the World's Peace Jubilee lately held in Boston, published by Messrs. Osgood & Co., and since issued in book form. Though confined to a very limited field, it is on the whole the most successful effort at humorous journalism that we have yet had in this country, and seems to prove that notwithstanding the many failures there is ample material among us for the production of a first-rate comic paper. Punch, for instance, has seldom presented a neater compound of pure fun and satire than the following sketch of "Our Bouquet of Contributors," which we take from the number for June 27:

"Emulous of Mr. Gilmore's success in assembling a bouquet of the sweetest singers out of his sweet twenty thousand, we have plucked from our vast literary field a nosegay of contributors, whom we employ upon occasions when we wish most to ravish the mind of the constant reader. In default of Mr. Hoppin's pencil, we propose to sketch such of their traits and characteristics, as we deem worthy of general knowledge.

"Our statistician is a young gentleman of fashion, a member of the Somerset Club, and a scion of the oldest and most select families in Boston. Feeling the need of a little genteel relaxation, he obligingly offered to form some idea

of the gläser of lager-bier necessary to the performance of a piece of High German music, and of blocks of sponge-cake for the execution of the 'Star Spangled Banner.' He has not yet formed the idea, but in the meantime he is an ornament to our enterprise.

"Our poet, whom we employed at a handsome salary, to refrain from sending us any thing during the publication of our little paper, is a man turned of sixty, fat, bald, and with a waxed grey mustache of deceptive truculence. He has recently been dismissed for inability to comply with the terms of the agreement, and has been engaged, we believe, to write the haughty and highborn literary criticisms in the New-York Nation. "Our subtle humorist is the well-known author

of

Innocents Abhorred,' Story of a Mad Boy,' 'Maunderings,' 'My Summer in a (Dolly) Varden,' 'Suburban Wretches,' 'Bits of Babble,' 'Toughing It,' 'Wriggles' and other California pieces, Postilion Bays,' and the serious articles in the New-York papers. He is the Charles Lamb of America, and contributes to the Jubilee Days all the jokes whose point is so fine you can not see it.

"Our fashion reporter is a reformed negrominstrel. By our express permission he writes the New-York editorials on the Jubilee, when not sober. At other times he is engaged exclusively on this paper. It is to his graphic pen that the

reader owes those studies of dress which every day adorn our pages. His old professional tendency to ask conundrums is carefully repressed. We have destroyed innumerable slips of paper on which he had got as far as 'Julius, can you tell me"

to find them. The whole work shows immense research, careful discrimination, sound judgment, and refined taste. It seems to have been the aim of the compiler to collect the choicest specimens of sacred poetry that could be found, and so far as possible exclude every defect. It contains 1464

666 'Etc,' 'Answers to Correspondents,' and 'Notes and Queries,' are written by a venerable oxygenarian, who ought to have been dead some years ago.

"The advertisements are done by several hands, including Mr. Secretary Fish, (adv. of Fairbanks' Scales,) Dr. J. G. Holland, (adv. of window-shades,) Gen. Grant, (adv. of Prize Gift Package,) and Mr. Greeley, (special notice of New-York Tribune.)"

The other editorial matter was in the same vein of gay, sprightly, and often witty, badinage, and was almost equally excellent; but the most striking feature of the paper were the illustrations by Augustus J. Hoppin. These are marvelously good, both in design and execution, considering that they were thrown off from day to day as the Jubilee progressed, and they were engraved by a a new chemical process, which is described in our Art department. If these pictures are a fair specimen of its work, this process would seem to have removed the great mechanical obstacle to the production of an illustrated daily journal. And the Jubilee Days seems to prove equally well that in Boston at least there is enough editorial and artistic talent to compel success should the enterprise ever be undertaken, as we hope it will be.

THE CHURCH HYMN BOOK, with tunes for the Worship of God. New-York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co.

Within a few years past many hymn and tune books have appeared in rapid succession. Each seemed to be the rival of its predecessor. Each has claimed to be an improvement upon every other. Each compiler has endeavored to make his book acceptable to the whole community. But each has failed in some essential features. Not one has proved entirely satisfactory, although containing many excellences. Yet all have rendered the fact more obvious that a real want existed which none of them succeeded fully in meeting.

But we trust it will be met now by the "Church Hymn Book" just issued. It is compiled by Rev. Edwin F. Hatfield, D.D., and is well calculated to supply the want which has been so long and so deeply felt. It will at least come nearer to it than any work we have seen.. If it is not perfect, it has certainly reached a much higher point of excellence than any that have gone before it; so high that, with our present state of hymnology, it would be difficult to exceed it. This will not be doubted by any who will examine it critically from beginning to end. It will bear the closest scrutiny, and if it has faults it is not easy

with chants and doxologies, and copious indexes of subjects, texts, hymns, and tunes, all included in a handsome 12mo of 585 pages.

This collection embraces nearly all our most familiar hymns, from Newton, Montgomery, and Wesley, and about three hundred other authors, as well as many selections from Watts and Doddridge. Great care has been taken in respect to the purity of the text, and no pains have been spared in determining both the authorship and the date of each production. The original form of the hymn, as written by the author, has been generally preserved; and equal care has been taken to adapt the hymns to the most appropriate This volume is a gem of poetry and music; its compiler has made hymnology a special study for many years, and justly does he claim that no other compilation can compare with this in the number, variety, availability, and general excellence of its tunes.

tunes.

More than two thousand hymns were at first gathered from all the best sources, and carefully examined and compared, and one after another rejected till they were cut down to the present number. Without this process of elimination it would have been difficult or impossible to have produced such a symmetrical and uniformly excellent embodiment of sacred songs.

The intrinsic merits of this compilation, then, may be estimated by the well-known accuracy, skill, and taste of the compiler, the systematic method he adopted in its construction, the immense labor and patience he has bestowed upon it, and its admirable adaptation to public worship. We rejoice that we have now such a high standard of hymnology composed of so many grand old lyrics that have come down to us from the the past, together with the most devout effusions of later poets. It will have a powerful influence in shaping the theology, and elevating the piety, and enriching the experience of Christians wherever it shall be adopted as a book of praise. CHRISTINA NORTH. By E. M. Archer. NewYork: D. Appleton & Co.

"Christina North" is emphatically a novel of the pathetic school, and we venture to say there are very few even of the most callous of novel readers who will fail to be moved to tears at its close. Unlike most of the not very inspiring school to which it belongs, however, it is not tearful only, nor written with the sole object of storming the emotions. Christina, it is true, dies of a broken heart, and the circumstances of her death are unnecessarily painful, but the melancholy sentiments, the funereal surroundings, and all the customary mechanism of the broken-hearted