placed and succeeded by others to be elected at the times and in the manner prescribed by the by-laws. The number of members to constitute a quorum shall be fixed by the by-laws. SEC. 3. The said corporation shall have power to purchase or take by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, real and personal property to an amount not exceeding three hundred thousand dollars, subject to the provisions of chapter three hundred and sixty of the laws of eighteen hundred and sixty. SEC. 4. The said corporation shall have and possess all the general powers, and be subject to all the liabilities, contained in the third title of chapter eighteen of the first part of the Revised Statutes. SEC. 5. This act shall take effect immediately. STATE OF NEW York, Office of the Secretary of State, ss.: I have compared the preceding with the original law on file in this office, and do hereby certify that the same is a correct transcript therefrom, and of the whole of said original law. Given under my hand and seal of office at the city of Albany, this twenty-ninth day of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one. DEIDRICH WILLERS, Deputy Secretary of State. 10. CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. This association shall be called the National Prison Association of the United States of America, and its objects shall be— 1. The amelioration of the laws in relation to public offenses and offenders, and the modes of procedure by which such laws are enforced. 2. The improvement of the penal, correctional, and reformatory institutions throughout the country, and of the government, management, and discipline thereof, including the appointment of boards of control and of other officers. 3. The care of, and providing suitable and remunerative employment for discharged prisoners, and especially such as may or shall have given evidence of a reformation of life. ART. II. The officers of the association shall be a president, vicepresidents, a secretary, a treasurer, and a board of directors, of which the officers above named shall be ex officio members. ART. III. There shall be the following standing committees, namely: An executive committee, of which the president shall be ex officio chairman, the secretary ex officio secretary, and the treasurer ex officio a member; a committee on criminal law reform; a com mittee on police; a committee on prison discipline; a committee on discharged prisoners; and a committee on preventive and reformatory work as related to children and youths, or juvenile delinquency. ART. IV. The board of directors, of whom any five members shall constitute à quorum, shall meet at least annually, and in the interval of its meetings its powers shall be exercised by the executive committee, which shall fix its own times of meeting. ART. V. Committees of correspondence, or branch associations for prison reform and for the aid of discharged prisoners, shall be organized in the several states, as may be found practicable. ART. VI. Any person contributing annually to the funds of the association not less than five dollars shall be a member thereof; a contribution of one hundred dollars at any one time shall constitute . the contributor a life member; and a contribution of two hundred dollars at any one time shall entitle the contributor to be a life director. Corresponding members may be appointed by the board of directors or by the executive committee. The power of electing officers shall be confined to the corporate members of the association. ART. VII. The association shall hold an annual meeting at such time and place as the executive committee shall appoint, on which occasion the several standing committees, the secretary and the treasurer shall submit their annual reports. Special meetings may be called by the president or secretary in his discretion, and shall be called by him whenever he is requested to do so by any two members of the board. ART. VIII. All officers of the association shall be elected at the annual meeting or some adjournment thereof; but vacancies occurring after the annual meeting may be filled by the board of directors, who shall also appoint all committees not chosen at the annual meeting; and all officers shall hold over till their successors are chosen. ART. IX. The executive committee shall consist of seven members of the board of directors, besides the president, secretary and treasurer, who shall be ex-officio members, as the president and secretary shall be also of all other standing committees; and three members of said committees shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. ART. X. This constitution may be amended by a vote of a majority of the members of the association present at any meeting thereof: Provided, That notice of the proposed amendment shall have been given at the next preceding meeting. 11. BY-LAWS. I. The order of business at each stated meeting of the board shall be as follows: 1. Reading of the minutes. 2. Report of the treasurer. 3. Report of the corresponding secretary. 4. Reports from standing committees. 5. Reports from special committees. 6. Miscellaneous business. II. The president, secretary and treasurer shall perform the customary duties of their respective offices. III. The president shall appoint the committees, unless otherwise ordered by the association. IV. The president shall decide questions of order, subject to an appeal; and the rules of order shall be those in Cushing's Manual, so far as they may be applicable. V. No bills shall be paid by the treasurer unless approved and signed by the chairman of the executive committee, or by some other member of said committee designated by him. VI. No alteration shall be made in these by-laws, except on notice of the proposed amendment given at a previous meeting of the board. 41 APPENDIX. ANALYTICAL OUTLINE OF PENAL AND PENITENTIARY REFORM. By M. BONNEVILLE DE MARSANGY, Honorary Counsellor of the Court of Appeals, Paris, and Member of the Penitentiary Commission of the National Assembly of France. EXPLANATORY-The following essay of M. Bonneville de Marsangy, well known to the public of America as well as of Europe, as a criminalist and jurist of great ability and distinction, is given as an Appendix, for the simple reason that, until the indispensable portions of this volume had been completed and were in type, it was uncertain whether the secretary would be able to accomplish the translation of so extended a treatise in time for publication in the Transactions, but might, on the contrary, be obliged to issue it in a separate form. He has concluded, however, to delay the publication of the volume for a few days, so that the valuable paper of M. de Marsangy may be given to the public at once, and in connection with the other matter with which it stands so closely connected. The following correspondence will show the origin of this dissertation, and the aim with which it was sought. a. LETTER FROM DR. WINES TO M. DE MARSANGY. M. BONNEVILLE DE MARSANGY: HOTEL DU LOUVRE, PARIS, June 22, 1874. My Dear Sir: America, like France, is making progress in the penitentiary question. The Prison Reform Congress, held in St. Louis last month, instructed the proper committees to prepare and submit to the next penitentiary Congress, in 1875, three drafts of law, accompanied by the necessary explanatory and argumentative reports, in the interest of prison reform, viz.: 1. For a complete penitentiary system. 2. For a similar system of preventive and reformatory institutions for children and youths. 3. A revised code of criminal law, adapted to the present needs of society. These three codes, or systems of law, when adopted by the Congress, are to be pressed upon the consideration and recommended to the favorable action of the legislatures of the several states composing the American Union. It is with special reference to the last that I would earnestly ask your friendly coöperation. Your genius has produced the best work ever given to the world on the subject of the reform of the criminal law. If you could and would put the principles of that work into the form of a projet de loi for our use in America, you might thereby perform an inestimable service to the cause of prison reform. I am quite sensible that it would require a great deal of labor; but the cause is great; and your heart is in it! I have the honor to be, my very dear sir, always and faithfully yours, |