their pockets to provide for school expenses; and only one other State has so great a number of teachers.* Three State colleges stand easy of access to the student who has graduated from the public high schools. And in its aggressive measures the State echoes no other system, but is a creative and elevating power. In experiments like that of manual training in the Toledo schools, it has been quick to adopt new ideas, and the State school organization as a whole shows each year increased vigor and facility. There are in Ohio over three hundred incorporated colleges and academies, and nearly that number of incorporated literary and library associations.

From the theological seminaries of the State have come thousands of well-trained students, among them Henry Ward Beecher, the greatest preacher of his time. From its law schools and medical colleges have stepped some of the most distinguished jurists and some of the ablest physicians of the century; while men like Daniel Vaughn and Franklin Edison have illustrated Ohio's resources in the domain of theoretical and of applied science.

When Cincinnati was a very young city, even

* It is novel to note in connection with the subject of teachers that Ohio has nearly twice as many men teachers in her schools as any other State except Pennsylvania. The number of men teachers represents nearly half of the whole number employed, while in New York it represents about one fifth, and in Massachusetts only one eighth.

before she could be called much of a village, there came to "the town-opposite-the-mouth-of-the-Licking," as poor Filson would have christened it, an energetic man named William Maxwell, who opened a little printing shop and set up the first press seen northwest of the Ohio River. Here in this outpost of civilization Maxwell did so daring a thing as start a newspaper. He called it the Sentinel of the Northwestern Territory. The territorial printing had theretofore been done in Philadelphia, but now that the new Territory could boast a printer of its own, the code of laws passed in 1795 was given Maxwell to print, and the man. who had issued the first newspaper now produced the first book printed in the Northwest. It was a tribute to Maxwell's pioneer genius that this series of laws should afterward be known as the " Maxwell code."

The first newspaper at Marietta had a very long name, like some of the olden-time books. It was called the Ohio Gazette and the Territorial and Virginia Herald, and made its bow to the public in December, 1801. Wyllys Stillman was the printer, and Elijah Bachus the editor. The Marietta Register of to-day, owned and edited by E. R. Alderman, is a direct descendant of this pioneer journal of Washington County, and is

one of the oldest journals in the State.

The Scioto Gazette first laid before the people of Chillicothe the news of the day; and when the first cabins of Columbus began to appear on the banks of the Scioto, the Western Intelligencer, a county paper, printed at Worthington, nine miles away, packed its type and presses and came in 1814 to "rock the cradle of the infant capital."

That the early newspapers of the West waited long for their news, we may judge from the fact that in the Western Spy, published at Cincinnati in July 31, 1802, the London intelligence was dated May 10, while not a word had been received from New York since the ninth of the month.

Of all the contrasts brought by the flight of a century, none surely is more remarkable than that existing between the newspapers of that early day and those of the present. The alert, well-equipped and trenchant journalism of modern Ohio forms an institution of immense power. With a frankness that is sometimes almost alarming, it has a pungent individuality traceable to the fact that it is manned by some of the shrewdest, wittiest and most thoroughly informed men in the State. Murat Halstead, in the editorial chair of the Commercial Gazette at Cincinnati is a type and representative of enlightened Buckeye journalism. Yet the temper of that journalism is so independent and original

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that it would become very difficult to describe its quality by singling out any man or group of men. It has been fortunate in attracting writers of such lively talent as David R. Locke, familiar to the world as " Petroleum V. Nasby." Locke had worked at journalism in various quarters of Ohio, starting papers at Plymouth, at Bucyrus, and elsewhere, when the circulation of a petition asking the Legislature to drive all the negroes from the State induced him to begin the printing of the famous Nasby Letters, which exerted such an extraordinary influence upon public feeling as to almost justify the extravagance of a New York speaker who declared that the Rebellion had been crushed by three agencies- the Army, the Navy, and the Nasby Letters. Lincoln always kept clippings of these grim and telling tirades in his table drawer, and Charles Sumner paid a hearty tribute to their historic significance. At the time of his death in the year 1888 Locke was at the head of that vigorous Northwestern journal, the Toledo Blade, whose fortunes he had been molding since 1865.

An interesting journalistic and artistic group had formed in Columbus just before the outbreak of the "unpleasantness" in 1861. Among its members were Whitelaw Reid, Columbus correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette, A. P. Pearsall, John Q. A. Ward and T. D. Jones, the sculptors,