miles west of, the said west line of Pennsylvania, and to continue north until it comes to forty-two degrees two minutes north latitude."

Congress now made another treaty with the Indians at Fort McIntosh, which resulted in the acquirement of territory north, or, as it was then called, on the "Indian side," of the Ohio, and troops were sent to take formal possession. Major John Doughty built a fort on the west bank of the Muskingum at its junction with the Ohio, and called it "Harmar," in honor of the colonel of his regiment. An ordinance for the survey of the acquired territory was passed by Congress, and one surveyor was appointed from each of the States, Thomas Hutchins, the Geographer of the United States, taking general charge of the work. Hunting grounds were set apart for the Wyandots and Delawares, and the surveyors were to divide the remaining territory into townships six miles square. The surveyors met with many dangers and annoyances. Notwithstanding their treaties the Indians did not watch without anxiety and anger the movements of the surveyors and the troops who supported them. In addition to the annoyance from the Indians the Government had that arising from fraudulent settlement upon the lands. All squatters were warned off by proclamation. The Government declared its intention of dividing up and selling the land

acquired by treaty, and was determined that the selling should be done decently and in order.

The country northwest of the Ohio was thus being prepared for new tenants. Already the river had been bearing many settlers to the west. Craft large and small passed under the guns of Fort Pitt and dropped down stream, freighted with ambitious and hopeful settlers, bound for strange fields. Boats passing the six cannon of Fort Harmar were duly counted and reported. The troops grew familiar with the sight.

Something unfamiliar, however, occurred in the spring of 1788. On the morning of April 7, a rainy, misty morning, a large galley, forty-five feet long, made a stoppage just below the mouth of the Muskingum. Its occupants had been on the lookout for the mouth of the river and had swung past it before the discovery was made. The galley was drawn into the Muskingum opposite the fort and her passengers made an eager landing. They had, indeed, reached their destination. For these were the New Englanders who were to begin the settlement of the Northwestern Territory; who were to be the real founders of the State of Ohio.

comers the conditions might have seemed prophetic. In retrospect they suggested the beginning and the fulfillment of the Ohio movement itself.

The forty-eight pioneers who formed the advance party had not only traveled many miles, but had waited many years before accomplishing this foothold. Their enterprise began in uncertainty, was matured in troublous times, and had only reached this stage after a long series of persistent struggles.

But to struggle was their habit and destiny. Their leader had shouldered a musket at nineteen, and nearly every man in the group had roughed it in the French war, in the Revolution, or in both. They were soldiers; and soldiering in those days was not the well-appointed affair it is in our own time. Before the close of the Revolutionary fight the army was in terrible want. Ill-fed and illclothed the brave men had dragged themselves back to the homes which their sufferings had served to dignify with freedom. Officers as well as those in the ranks had shivered and gone hungry. And, for six or seven years of hard service ending in peculiar privation, the Government was able to give little or no reward.

Congress had, indeed, in 1776 and in 1780 made appropriations of lands, by which those who served during the war were to receive tracts according to their rank a major-general, one thousand acres; a brigadier-general, eight hundred and fifty; a colonel, five hundred; a lieutenant-colonel, four hundred and fifty; a private, one hundred. But these lands were not located, and many of those who had received the impalpable gift were in immediate need. The soldiers wanted money. Congress could give them no money, and showed little activity in devising means for giving them anything else. It was not without justification, then,

that the patriots of the army angrily denounced the ingratitude of the Government. The certificates of settlement which Congress in desperation awarded the troops seemed all but valueless, and were sold for as little as one sixth of their par value.

Since Congress was too poor to give them money, the officers of the army concluded that they might better accept land. A petition signed by two hundred and eighty-eight officers asked that the lands which had been promised them might be set aside in "that tract of country bounded north on Lake Erie, east on Pennsylvania, southeast and south on the river Ohio, west on a line beginning at that part of the Ohio which lies twenty-four miles west of the river Scioto, thence running north on a meridian line till it intersects the river Miami [Maumee], which falls into Lake Erie, thence down the middle of that river to the lake." This tract the petitioners thought "of sufficient extent, the land of such quality and situation, as may induce Congress to assign and mark it out as a tract or territory suitable to form a distinct government (or colony of the United States), in time to be admitted one of the Confederated States of America."

The paper was forwarded to General Washington by General Rufus Putnam, whose accompanying