At last the ancient inn appears,

Whose flapping sign these fifty years

Has seesawed to and fro.

HOLMES Agnes pt. ii, st. 9.

The country whose exports are not sufficient to pay for her imports offers them on cheaper terms, until she succeeds in forcing the necessary demand. MILL Polit. Econ. bk. iii, ch. 17, p. 421.

Relative Compounds in "-ever,” “-so,” “-soever”

Who, which, and what add the suffixes -ever and soever with distributive effect, to denote universality. Thus, whoever or whosoever applies to any one of all humanity, or even of all intelligent beings, without limitation. Whoso is equivalent to whosoever, but is now archaic. The possessive whosesoever, once in good use, has also been found too cumbrous for modern speech to retain. Whichever and whichsoever apply to any one of some class designated or had in mind (see WHICH), with express denial of all limitation within that class. Whatever and whatsoever emphasize the unlimited meaning of what, directly expressing that which the pronoun what of itself implies. Thus, "Take what you will" applies to any object or any number of objects that may fall within one's choice; "Take whatever you will” says the same thing, only more explicitly and emphatically. Whoever, whichever, and whatever are in common use, but modern language, with its tendency to brevity and simplicity, has dropped the forms in soever, which are now found only in the older literature or in a style modeled upon the archaic.

Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, if there be any praise, think on these things. Phil. iv, 8. Whosoever has seen a person of powerful character and happy genius will have remarked how easily . . . nature became ancillary to a man. EMERSON Nature ch. 3, p. 27.

Whate'er betide, we'll turn aside And see the Braes of Yarrow. WORDSWORTH Yarrow Unvisited st. 1.

Whatever comes from the brain carries the hue of the place HOLMES Professor ch. 6, p. 185.

it came from.

Whatever in books or reading weakens the conscience or corrupts the moral feelings, should be rejected as evil.

PORTER Books and Reading ch. 9, p. 101.

Whatever shows that a greater happiness is to be found in immaterial things tends to stifle the utilitarianism which is the cause of the growing paralysis of American life.

W. J. STILLMAN in Atlantic Monthly Nov., 1891, p. 694. Whatever be the means of preserving and transmitting properties, the primitive types have remained permanent and unchanged.

AGASSIZ in Mrs. Agassiz's Louis Agassiz vol. ii, ch. 25, p. 780. Whoever strives to do his duty faithfully is fulfilling the purpose for which he was created. SMILES Character ch. 1, p. 15.

By the 5th and 6th of Edward VI., chap. 14, it was enacted, that whoever should buy any corn or grain with intent to sell it again, should be reputed an unlawful engrosser.

ADAM SMITH Wealth of Nations vol. i, ok. iv, ch. 5, p. 104. He assumed that whatever belonged to he cardinal family belonged to him; perhaps he even thought she went with the house. OLIVE T. MILLER In Nesting Time ch. 12, p. 209.

PART IV

PART IV

Relative or Conjunctive Adverbs Defined
and Illustrated

There are certain adverbs which besides their use in denoting place, manner, time, or the like serve also to join a subordinate to a principal clause, and are hence called relative or conjunctive adverbs.

The principal adverbs so used are the following: hence, henceforth, henceforward, how, however, now, so, then, thence, thenceforth, thenceforward, when, whence, whencesoever, whenever, whensoever, where, whither, why.

HENCE

Hence, from Anglo-Saxon heonan, is primarily an adverb of place, signifying away from this place; it is then, by natural extension, applied to time, in the sense of onward from this time, in the future; it is finally used of cause or reason, origin or source, and in this use becomes a connective, requiring a knowledge of what precedes for the understanding of that which follows. Compare THENCE and WHENCE.

1. Of cause or reason: because of this or that (thing, event, fact, circumstance, or state of affairs mentioned or referred to); consequently; therefore; as, his means are limited: hence he is compelled to economize.

2. Of origin or source: as a result of; proceeding from; as, the word "guilt” has been variously understood: hence have arisen endless disputes about sin, responsibility, etc.

And here we wander in illusions:

Some blessed power deliver us from hence!

SHAKESPEARE Comedy of Errors act iv, sc. 3, 1. 42.