story, that sounds as though it were written by a man who first intended to write some essays in the guise of a story, but changed his mind when he got half-way through, and concluded to convert his book into a melodramatic romance. However, both the essays and the melodrama are very well done, and perhaps neither is worse for being married to the other. Several short stories are woven into the narrative, and the whole book is a very good specimen of light and easy reading, not too stimulating for the warm weather.-The object of The Best Fellow in the World (National Temperance Society) is to point

often in our churches, and in which we are kept in a constant state of expectation, momentarily anticipating that with the next chord the organist will begin his theme, until the dying away of the instrument and the end of the wandering music demonstrates that the player had no theme. Artistically, such a story is certainly defective, though, morally, it is better than are those romances which keep the reader in breathless chase after a plot from the opening to the closing chapter. Nevertheless Mrs. Blackwell has transfused her sea-shore sketches with a real interest. The very quietness of the movement adds to the naturalness of the story; its very lack of unity en-out the dangers of moderate drinking. The leshances its fidelity to nature. The characters are unmistakably photographic reproductions from real life; the incidents just such as might make up the sea-shore life of any summer visitors; and the "idlers and holiday seekers," to whom the "Island Neighbors" is dedicated, will find it, perhaps, all the more restful because it can be read so leisurely.

It required some courage and self-confidence to attempt a novel without a heroine and without love. But in Around a Spring, by GUSTAVE DROZ (Holt and Williams), there is only a hero, and a guilty passion which he with difficulty conquers. The plot is comparatively simple, the characters few. The interest of the story centres in a priest, Abbé Roche, a man of strong character, and, therefore, strong passions, who is finally deposed from his parish, and dies as a missionary in China. Out of very simple materials the author has woven a very charming and pathetic romance, which is French in its artistic composition, but not in its morals, and which, with a fidelity to truth that will bear imitation among English and American romancers, represents the priest as a man of principle, and the men with little or none as infidels and scoffers.

The moral meaning of the plot of The Wife of a Vain Man, by MARIE SOPHIE SCHWARZ (Lee and Shepard), is displayed in its title. It is a domestic story of the miseries which a true and loving wife experiences at the hands of a husband who intends to be neither unjust nor cruel, but is simply insufferably vain. He finally dies, his last words being a direction for the composition of his obituary notice, and leaves the wife to marry the one who truly loved her, and whom she truly loved.

The object of Her Lord and Master, by Mrs. Ross CHURCH (Florence Marryat), is to teach that "pride goeth before a fall.' It is something more than an average novel, with a rather commonplace plot, a good deal of power in characterization, and a moral so plain that he who runs may read. The wife by her pride drives her husband from her side, but lives to repent her course, and to find in his absence that love awakened which his presence had failed to incite. So at last he returns to her, and "all's well that ends well." This is the strand, though it is woven of many threads, and some of the subordinate characters are quite as important as the two chief actors in the drama.

The Blockade of Phalsburg (Scribner) is the last of the ERCKMANN-CHATRAIN novels. Those who have not already had a surfeit of the FrancoPrussian war can get a new and graphic picture of its horrors in this novel.-My Discontented Cousin (Roberts Brothers) is an odd sort of a

son is one that can be taught only by line upon line. There is no danger that young America will be warned too much or too urgently, and Mrs. JULIA M'NAIR WRIGHT's story can do no harm, and can not well fail to do good into whosesoever hands it may fall, young or old.The mothers will read with interest Six Boys: A Mother's Story (American Tract Society, Boston). It purports to be composed of extracts from a mother's journal, and to narrate a widow's trials in training up her six boys for life, and the results in their life experiences. In a literary point of view it is better than the average of similar stories.-OLIVER OPTIC commences a new series of Young America Abroad (Lee and Shepard). We have not always been able to commend Oliver Optic's stories, but if this series fulfills the promise of its first volume it will be well worth commendation. The boys will read it with interest, and the useful information concerning the countries visited is so interwoven with the story that the reader can not fail to get some measure of it, even if he tries.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Wake-Robin (Hurd and Houghton), the name of a flower whose bloom marks the arrival of the birds, is the pleasant title of some very pleasant musings on nature in general, and birds in particular. Mr. BURROUGHS has the eye of a keen observer, and the sentiments of a genuine poet, and his pleasant talk about the birds makes a book of very pleasant reading. It is really worth more than that if one will take his cue from this book, and will study for himself the habits of the birds, whose interpreter Mr. Burroughs is content to be. So doing, he will find them capable of affording him a degree of both enjoyment and instruction of which those unstudions of nature know nothing.-In Lawyer and Client (Appleton) WILLIAM ALLEN BUTLER considers the question how far a lawyer may go in representing an unjust client and defending an unjust cause. His sensible conclusion is that every man, right or wrong, is entitled to have his case fairly and honestly presented, and that no advocate may justly make himself judge, and render a decision before trial had; but that, on the other hand, he has no right to employ or wink at fraud and falsehood as a lawyer which he abhors as a man.-FRANKLIN FISKE HEARD has gathered together in Curiosities of the Law Reporters (Lee and Shepard) a multitude of witty and sententious sayings from the lawbooks, which are thus incidentally demonstrated to be not without a humorous relief to their dryness.-A somewhat analogous but much more complete collection of legal wit and humor is af

forded by Bench and Bar (Harper and Broth- | been more careful to preserve with exactness the ers). Mr. BIGELOW in this book has not con- idiom of the original than to transmute it into fined himself to the books, but has ranged also elegant English, and his work will be of greater the experiences of the court-room. His volume value to the Latin student than to the English is one less of curiosities than of witticisms. In reader.-Lippincott and Co. add to their Anthe new edition now before us 160 pages of anec- cient Classics a volume on Xenophon, by Sir dote have been added. -Harpers add to their ALEXANDER GRANT, principal of the University Classical Library an edition of Livy Literally of Edinburgh. It sustains the commendable Translated, by D. SPILLAN. The editor has reputation which this series has already obtained.

Editor's Scientific

BLYTH ON ZOOLOGICAL PROVINCES.

Record.

second, Polynesia, comprehending the archipel

MR. EDWARD BLYTH, a well-known nat- agoes of the Pacific, with the exception of those

belonging to the Columbian Region.

CARBOLIC ACID FOR PRESERVING MEAT. In a late number of the Moniteur Scientifique Dr. Baudet communicates the result of some experiments made with a weak solution of carbolic acid in preserving meat. For this purpose he took four wide-mouthed stoppered bottles, and placed in each half a pound of raw horse-flesh, slightly moistened with solutions of carbolic acid varying in strength from five parts to one part in a thousand. In each bottle he put a few small pieces of charcoal for the purpose of absorbing any gaseous matter evolved from the meat. After keeping these bottles three months in a room constantly heated to a temperature of about 70

uralist of England, has lately published in Nature a sketch of a new division of the earth into zoological regions, differing somewhat from that of Dr. Sclater and other writers upon this subject. The number of regions proposed by him is seven, the first being called the Boreal Region, divisible, first, into the portion within the arctic circle, including Greenland; second, North America; third, Central America, with the Antilles; fourth, the chain of the Andes, with Chili, Patagonia, and the archipelagoes to the southward; fifth, Europe and Asia south of the arctic circle and north of the Pyrenees and to the Western Himalayas, thus extending from the British Islands to Northern Japan; sixth, the country adjacent to the Mediterranean, including Africa north of the Atlas, and extending east-degrees he found, at the end of that time, that ward to Middle China and Southern Japan; seventh, Mongolia, Thibet, and Chinese Tartary.

The second, or the Columbian Region, including South America minus the portions already referred to, is divided, first, into the forest countries east of the Andes; second, the pampas territory; third, Bolivia, Peru, Chili, and the Galapagos.

The third, or the Ethiopian Region, includes Africa south of the Atlas and of Egypt. This is divided into the countries extending from Senegal to Nubia and Arabia, and including that around the head of the Persian Gulf, etc., as well as the depression of the Dead Sea and the valley of the Jordan; second, Negroland; third, Southern Africa; fourth, Hindostan proper, Deccan, and the country to the northern half of Ceylon.

no decomposition had occurred, and that the fla-
vor of the meat was fully preserved-to such an
extent, indeed, that it was considered excellent
by himself and his friends who partook of it.
No taste was imparted to it by the acid different
from that which attaches to ordinary smoked
meat; and the experimenter was of the opinion
that this substance may be used with great ad-
vantage for the preservation of flesh on a large
scale for a considerable period of time. He
thinks, however, that this should be kept in well-
closed vessels, although it is not necessary, per-
haps, that they be hermetically sealed.
DIRECT CONDENSATION OF WATERY VAPOR.

Professor Forel, of Lausanne, after long-continued observation, has determined the quantity of water passing the Rhone below the Lake of The fourth, or Lemurian Region, includes Mad- Geneva, and finds that to furnish this amount it agascar, the Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, etc. would require an atmospheric precipitation in The fifth is the Australian Region, embracing the basin above of nearly 45 inches. The actual the Indo-Chinese peninsula, the Southern water- precipitation, however, amounts to but 27 shed of the Himalayas, Lower Bengal, the Phil-inches; and the question arises, therefore, ippine Islands, Hainan, Formosa, etc. This includes five subdivisions, which, perhaps, it is not necessary to enumerate in detail.

The sixth, or Melanesian Region, embraces, first, Australia minus Yorke Peninsula, part of Queensland, and Tasmania; second, the islands of Papua, New Britain, and New Ireland, Ceram, and the Moluccas; as also Yorke Peninsula and the eastern half of Queensland, or the main-land of Australia; third, the islands of Celebes, Lombok, Timor, etc.; and fourth, the antarctic region, including Kerguelen Land.

The seventh, or Polynesian Region, embraces, first, New Zealand and adjacent islands; and VOL. XLIII-No. 256.-40

whence comes the surplus water? Professor Dufour finds its origin in the direct condensation of the atmospheric vapor on the ice, the cold rocks, and the snow-fields of the Alps. The following experiment may serve to elucidate the principle involved: A vessel containing a cooling mixture of 672 grams weight, on being exposed for an hour in the calm, open air, increased five grams in weight from the vapor condensed on its exterior. Direct measurements at suitable points would be interesting for the purpose of ascertaining approximately what quantity of water is thus actually carried to the river.

difficulty by preparing a paste which has been found, on being subjected to a most severe test on an extensive scale, to meet the required want. The supply of intestines soon being exhausted by the enormous quantity of pease-sausages manufactured for the German armies, the necessity arose for a substitute. This consisted of a tube of parchment paper, glued together. Millions of these tubes from Dr. Jacobsen's factory were tested by the government, and found to answer the purpose admirably. They were even boiled for hours, without either the glued seam or the paper itself being injured by the operation. The great value of this material having been thus shown, it will undoubtedly be found equally useful in many other important applications.

Silvered albumen paper, after being washed, may be conveniently used for copying negatives as well as positives. It keeps for weeks, and becomes sensitive to light only after exposure to the vapors of aqua ammonia, technically termed "smoking with ammonia." Dr. H. Vogel has greatly simplified the latter process by substituting for the liquid ammonia the powder of carbonate of ammonia. He thoroughly impregnates a piece of felt or cloth with this powder, and lays it under the silvered sheet, separated from it by a piece of blotting-paper. The negative is placed on the top, and the back covered, and the whole is ready for the copying frame. One impregnation with the carbonate of ammonia serves for several copies. So very simple is the operation that Dr. Vogel has made use of it It is well known that a deposit of moisture in public libraries for copying complicated draw-greatly interferes with the action of electrical ings. He places the silvered paper, with the sub- machines, experiments often wholly failing from stratum of carbonate of ammonia and the draw-this cause, especially in the winter season. Mr. ing on top, between two plates of glass, and, exposing it to the light of the window, obtains a copy quite distinct in all its details, while he himself may be occupied with reading or otherwise. The copy obtained is, of course, in white lines upon black ground. Such photographs merely require to be treated with soda when intended for long preservation. They are generally, however, not designed to be kept a great while.

ARTIFICIAL PORPHYRY.

IMPROVED ELECTRIC AMALGAM.

F. Dietlen, of Klagenfurt, has devised a method by which he obviates this difficulty, consisting simply in a modification of the amalgamation of the rubber cushion. For this purpose he pours petroleum over zinc filings, and adds an equal quantity of mercury (though an excess of mercury facilitates the process). The mixture is then brought, by working together in a mortar, to the condition of a homogeneous paste, and pressed between a double cloth. A soft mass is thus obtained, which, however, soon hardens; but which, being finely pulverized and mixed with a proper quantity of grease, is spread upon the rubber cushion. This makes the surface quite glossy, and, when the glass disk has previously been wiped with a piece of cotton slightly impregnated with petroleum or benzine, will act even in damp localities where the usual arrangement fails.

REMOVAL OF FRECKLES.

Messrs. Sepulchre and Ohresser have succeeded in making artificial porphyry from the slags of a smelting furnace, of great strength, and quite useful for building purposes. To this end the size of the slag-pit is increased, and its form made like an inverted truncated cone. It is necessary to retard the cooling, and therefore the glass-like cover has to be well preserved, and its heat-retaining property even increased by the addition of ashes. The volume of the col- Freckles, so persistently regular in their anlected slags must be sufficiently large to allow nual return, have annoyed the fair sex from time the cooling to proceed slowly. Messrs. Mangon immemorial; and various means have been deand Tresca have tested different specimens of vised to eradicate them, although thus far with this artificial stone, and found them to resist a no decidedly satisfactory results. The innumerpressure of 600 to 1200 pounds per cubic centi-able remedies in use for the removal of these meter, and other experiments have satisfactorily vexatious intruders are either simple and harmdemonstrated that a very valuable building ma- less washes, such as parsley or horse-radish waterial may be obtained in the manner indicated. ter, solutions of borax, etc., or injurious nostrums, consisting principally of lead and mercuSORBY ON TINTS OF AUTUMNAL FOLIAGE. ry salts. In an elaborate article by Mr. Sorby upon the If the exact cause of freckles were known, a varied tints of autumnal foliage, in a recent remedy for them might be found. A chemist in number of the Quarterly Journal of Science, he Moravia, observing the bleaching effect of mercomes to the conclusion that the production of curial preparations, inferred that the growth of a the fine tints of autumn is an evidence of dimin-local parasitical fungus was the cause of the disished vital powers of the plants. This general- coloration of the skin, which extended and ripenization also agrees with the fact that the un-ed its spores in the warmer season. Knowing healthy branches of a tree turn yellow, while the rest remain green, the subsequent development of more sombre tints being evidence of more complete death.

FASTENING PARCHMENT PAPERS.

The use of parchment paper has hitherto been extremely limited, for the want of a glue that would resist equally well both dry and moist heat.

It is now stated that the brothers Jacobsen, of Berlin, have succeeded in overcoming this

that sulpho-carbolate of zinc is a deadly enemy to all parasitic vegetation (itself not being otherwise injurious), he applied this salt for the purpose of removing the freckles. The compound consists of two parts of sulpho-carbolate of zinc, twenty-five parts of distilled glycerine, twentyfive parts of rose-water, and five parts of scented alcohol, and is to be applied twice daily for from half an hour to an hour, then washed off with cold water. Protection against the sun by veiling and other means is recommended, and in

addition, for persons of pale complexion, some other three, and to be more expensive in every mild preparation of iron.

POISONING BY CHARCOAL FUMES.

point of view. Meyer does not admit that bran has the nutritious value claimed for it by many persons, since the nitrogenous compounds it contains are mingled with much non-assimilable matter.

ABSORPTION OF GAS BY CHARCOAL UNDER

INCREASED PRESSURE.

Mr. Hunter, of London, has lately shown that the quantity of gas absorbed by charcoal increases with the amount of pressure to which it is exposed; and that equal variation in pressure produces nearly equal variation in the quantity of the absorbed gas.

FUCUS SERRATUS IN NORTH AMERICA.

From observations made by Drs. Eulenberg and Vohl, of Cologne, it would appear that the poisonous carbonic oxide gas is generally to be found in common charcoal, and that it may, under certain circumstances, become dangerous to human life. When newly burned charcoal is stored in a cellar and overflowed by an inundation, carbonic oxide may be displaced and pass into the rooms above. It is said, also, that sleeping upon charcoal has proved fatal. Wherever an open charcoal fire is kept burning for a long time, as in laboratories, or for heating sod or soldering irons, etc., fresh charcoal having, of course, to be added from time to time, the attendants frequently suffer from headache and vertigo. Should the fact be as just suggested, that fresh, cold charcoal is impregnated or saturated with carbonic oxide, it is evident that the gas will be expelled by the heat before the coal reaches the temperature of ignition, and will thus infect the air. The same is the case in high furnaces when coke is used. On the other hand, it is known that the use of live coals, viz., char-ica, and botanists will be interested to learn that coal heated to redness in a furnace constructed for the purpose, rarely proves injurious. The Dutch coal-pan (stoofjas) for keeping one warm, or for heating food, is sufficient evidence of this fact.

ADULTERATION OF ANILINE WITH COAL.

Dr. Reimann, of Berlin, has lately detected quite an ingenious adulteration of brown aniline; this consisting in the addition of pieces of charcoal or of brown coal (lignite), which, when thoroughly impregnated with the dye-stuff, are only detected with great difficulty. When the aniline is treated with hot alcohol and filtered, the coal, of course, remains on the filter; but, since all the common aniline colors leave a residuum, this is no safe test. The comparison of the intensity of a solution of aniline of acknowledged purity with that to be examined gives the best indication; and if the price of the compound be established only in proportion to its dyeing power there will be but a small inducement for fraud.

EFFECT OF A CONTINUED BREAD DIET ON
MEN AND DOGS.

According to late experiments of Meyer, neither man nor dogs can be fed economically upon bread alone, an immense quantity of this substance being required to prevent the body from undergoing waste. By the addition of a small percentage of flesh a much less amount of total weight of food will answer the desired object. A persistence in the bread diet causes the tissues of the body to become more watery, and the entire organization is less capable of resisting injurious influences. In experimenting upon different kinds of bread Meyer found that white wheat bread was taken up in the greatest amount during its passage through the alimentary canal; next to this leavened rye bread; then the rye prepared by the Horsford process; and finally the North German black bread. With all these differences, however, the first kind is said to be less satisfying to the feeling of hunger than the

The announcement is made in a late number of the Canadian Naturalist of the discovery by Mr. Camp, on the shores of the harbor of Pictou, Nova Scotia, of living specimens of a species of sca-weed known as Fucus serratus. This plant, though known upon the shores of Northern Europe, had not been authenticated, at the time of the publication of Dr. Harvey's work on the American sea-weeds, as occurring in North Amer

it is actually found on this side of the Atlantic.
The specimens referred to were cast on the shore
with other sea-weeds, and others were subse-
quently found growing sparingly, attached to the
rock. It is, however, thought not improbable
that the plant may have been brought in ballast
by British ships, and that it is not actually a na-
tive of the New World. Its occurrence at Mar-
blehead, if the statement be correct, would, how-
ever, militate against the latter idea.

BORAX FOR EXTERMINATING COCK-
ROACHES, ETC.

Among the many applications of borax recently made, one of the latest is in the extermination of cockroaches, which purpose it is said to answer very perfectly, although we are inclined to doubt it. Half a pound, finely pulverized and scattered about where these disagreeable pests frequent, will, it is said, clear an infested house so thoroughly that the appearance of one in a month is quite a novelty. It is not known upon what peculiar influence of the borax this depends; but we are assured that the facts are as stated. One advantage of this application is the harmless nature of the borax, so that there is no danger to the household from its being exposed. The use of borax, in Europe, for washing, is well known, the addition of a large handful of borax, instead of soda, to ten gallons of water, being sufficient to save half the quantity of soap ordinarily required. For light fabrics and cambrics a moderate quantity is to be used; but for crinolines, which require to be made stiff, a strengthened solution is necessary. Being a neutral salt, it does not affect the texture of linen in the slightest degree; and as it softens the hardest water, it is much used in washing generally. It is also said to be unsurpassed for cleaning the hair.

FEET IN A TRILOBITE.

Much interest was excited some time ago by the announcement on the part of Mr. E. Billings, of Montreal, of the discovery of a specimen of

He simply substitutes, in the explanation, the polar basin for the Mediterranean, cooled down by the withdrawal of solar heat, and for the Atlantic the equatorial ocean. The antagonistic conditions of temperature being constantly sustained, a constant interchange between polar and equatorial waters, through the seas of the temperate zone, may be predicted as a physical necessity. The reduction in temperature of the polar column, the whole of which may be brought down by the continued exposure of the surface to atmospheric cold almost to its freezing-point, must diminish its height while augmenting its density; and thus the water of the surrounding area must flow in to maintain the level thus lowered. But when the column has been restored to an equality of height it will possess such an excess of weight that its downward pressure must force out a portion of its deeper

trilobite which, in his opinion, exhibited unmistakably the possession of legs, and thus solved what was considered an interesting problem in the economy of that animal. Professor Dana, however, assisted by Professor Verrill, has lately made a criticism of the original specimen of Mr. Billings, and both came decidedly to the conclusion that these organs are not legs, but the arches in the membrane of the ventral surface, to which the foliaceous appendages of the abdomen were attached. Professor Dana calls attention to the fact that similar arches exist in the under surface of the abdomen of the macrourous crustaceans, to which the abdominal appendages are articulated. From a careful examination of the subject, Professor Dana concludes that, with the exception of these arches, the under surface of the belly of the trilobite must have been delicately membranous, like that of the abdomen of the lobster and other long-water; and thus an outflow of ice-cold water tailed crabs.

CARPENTER ON OCEAN CURRENTS.

will be occasioned from the polar toward the equatorial area, over the sea-bed of the deepest oceanic basins, while at the same time there will In a previous article we have given Dr. Car- be a continual indraught of warmer surface penter's account of the outward deep-sea current water into the polar basin, which can only be from the Mediterranean into the Atlantic, cor- supplied by a general poleward movement of the responding with the surface current flowing in- upper stratum of the equatorial water. These ward, together with his explanation of the phys- movements will not have the character of curical cause of this circulation. The phenomena rents; for it is only where the communication observed have led him to suggest some striking between the two bodies of water takes place views in reference to the currents of the ocean, through a narrow strait that differences so inconespecially those known as streams, and also the siderable can give rise to a perceptible movegeneral movement of the entire body of water. ment between them. But the movement is not The Gulf Stream of the North Atlantic he con- the less real when diffused than it is when considers to be due to the impulse given by the centrated; and the same vertical circulation trade-winds to the superficial layer of the por- would take place between the two extremities, tion of the Atlantic over which they blow, cre- or between the centre and circumference, of the ating what is known as the equatorial current, same continuous basin, under opposite condiwhich moves constantly from the coast of Africa tions as to heat and cold, as would exist if they toward that of America, the northern portion were connected by a comparatively narrow chanentering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mex-nel or communication.

RENDERING WALLS WATER-TIGHT.

silicate of soda, which is superficially decomposed by the further application of chloride of calcium. The surface thus obtained consists of silicate of lime, which is perfectly insoluble, while it does not alter the appearance of the wall.

PELOUZE PROCESS OF PRESERVING MEAT.

ico, where it receives a further accession of heat, and undergoes a change of direction, in consequence of the resistance offered by the Ameri- It is proposed by Mr. F. Ransome, of London, can coast-line; thence issuing in a northeasterly to render stone and brick walls water-proof by direction through the narrow strait between Flor-coating them to saturation with a solution of ida and the Bahama Islands. In its course obliquely across the North Atlantic Ocean the Gulf Stream gradually spreads itself out, diminishing in depth as it increases in breadth; and when it approaches the Banks of Newfoundland one portion of it bends round the Azores, and returns in the equatorial current, thus completing the shorter circuit of that horizontal movement of which the primum mobile is the action of the trade-winds. The other portion continues its northeasterly course past the Banks, there meeting with arctic surface currents, which tend to neutralize its movement, and to reduce its temperature. Of these currents the principal, formed by the junction of the Labrador and Greenland currents, sweeps southward along the Atlantic sea-board of the United States, not only cutting this off from the influence of the Gulf Stream, but reducing its winter temperature considerably below the normal temperature of the latitude.

This current, however, is quite different from the general movement of the entire Atlantic Ocean, which, he thinks, takes place under precisely the same conditions as those which he has pointed out in the case of the Mediterranean.

We have already referred to a process devised by Pelouze for preserving meat unchanged for an indefinite period of time without the use of any chemical solution, and to his having deposited an account of it with the secretary of the Academy of Sciences in Paris. In a late number of the Moniteur Scientifique the secret is announced, from which we see that it is not essentially different from processes already in use. For the purpose in question the meat is to be cut up into pieces of convenient size, and subjected to an atmosphere of carbonic oxide under pressure. After this a current of dry air is passed over the meat, so as to carry off all the moisture, and this being accomplished, a solution either of salt or saltpetre, or much diluted carbolic acid, is to be brought into contact with it, and the mass then sealed up in a tight vessel.