well as their peers. While various programs and methodologies exist, curriculum content from pre-K to postgraduates need further development and refinement, needs to be included in the drug war. Currently, the City of Dayton is reviewing its existing efforts and exploring additional opportunities through its Drug Review Team and our School Enhancement Task Force. We anticipate the development of strategies and programs beneficial to our drug control efforts.

To continue and expand our efforts in each of the existing areas, as well as much needed treatment facilities for youth, adults and newborns-we have got a crisis, folks, and the crisis will impound us in the next 2 years as crack babies begin to enter schools. There is a whole phenomenon. If you will go to a hospital and reach out and touch one of these babies and watch them react. Some teachers say they are already in the schools. The State of Ohio and the Federal Government must provide technical and financial assistance and incentives to local jurisdictions. Specific recommendations are: Direct drug funding to local jurisdictions for treatment facilities, law enforcement and education.

Priority treatment for youth, adults, adjudicated individuals, drug-impaired pregnancies and newborns.

Development and support for the establishment of an effective statewide preventative drug education curriculum from pre-K through postgraduate studies. "Just say no" does not work. Kids, when you talk to them-we have talked about kids who are in active drug trades, we have talked to kids who are drug-free, and they said, "Don't just say no, tell us why." We have talked to kids who are in active treatment.

Greater sharing and flexibility in confiscated assets from illegal drug trades.

Programmatic grant incentives for localities which house major Federal, State or regional incarceration facilities, homeless facilities. There is a marked increase in the number of homeless people due to drug activities. Families have lost homes due to drug activities-and AIDS facilities.

Impact drug economics regarding laundering of monies and what we call entrepreneurial expediency, that is, the actual selling of an automobile to an individual that you know the money comes from the drug trade. We have got 15-year-olds who want automobiles who pay 17-year-olds to drive them. We have adults who rent apartments for children. That's entrepreneurial expediency.

Increased opportunities in employment for youth and adults would assist in reducing drug involvement and improve the quality of the community.

Improved housing and other neighborhood amenities which positively impact self-esteem, which is also needed. The saying that kids say, "If I believe in myself, I will achieve, I can achieve and I am going to achieve.'

The other thing that I would like to caution is we cannot afford just to concentrate on incarceration and ill-advised legislation. We must build facilities for treatment, and we must prevent. Thank you.

Chairman GLENN. Thank you, Mr. Meadows. I appreciate your testimony.

Next, Hon. Carty Finkbeiner, Vice-Mayor of the city of Toledo. Mr. Finkbeiner, we are glad to have you with us today.

TESTIMONY OF CARTY FINKBEINER, VICE-MAYOR, TOLEDO, OH 1

Mr. FINKBEINER. Thank you very much. Our recently elected mayor, John McHugh, just before I left this morning, said he sends his best regards to you.

Chairman GLENN. Thank you.

Mr. FINKBEINER. Senator, I speak to you as Vice-Mayor of the city of Toledo, I think, secondarily to having administered a very effective grassroots neighborhood program for the last 19 months called Crackdown, Incorporated, in Toledo, OH.

I am not going to address the broad brush this morning, because I have learned from first-hand experience that-I know you are hearing that. I found of interest the article in the New York Times this week that the cost of drug abuse has reached now $60 billion a year. It is almost overwhelming, but I liked an article David Broder wrote that appeared in the Toledo Blade a few weeks ago-I am sure many of you saw it in your respective newspapers-where he said that the worst thing about the drug problem is that so many people think there is no hope, that we are simply overwhelmed and we really are not going to get to the bottom of this thing before it destroys a generation of young people.

Then he points out several programs that people thought the same of in the last 25 years and with regional cooperation between States and help from the Federal Government and, of course, the grassroots people being heavily involved, all have made significant progress in the resolution of those very critical areas that, too, seemed without hope within that last-25-year period of time.

I come here today to tell you of one simple program that has worked, and it has worked very effectively, and the reason why it has worked is because it is so dog-gone simple, and it needs to be duplicated elsewhere.

Crackdown was formed by community business, labor and church persons about 18 months ago. Our purpose: direct and purposeful, yet controlled and disciplined, confrontation with illegal drug dealers in Toledo area housing projects and neighborhoods. We wanted to meet them eyeball to eyeball, tell them that what they were doing was not acceptable. We weren't going to tell them what to do with their lives, but we were going to tell them it wasn't acceptable in these areas, the drug and crime rates.

Our experience has been that the three biggest allies of drug dealers are:

There are not enough policemen on the streets of our cities. I think we all know that.

The media's projection, unfortunately, aided all too often by P.R. persons from city police departments, that citizens standing up to drug dealers can expect to die gangland style for their opposition to illegal drug activities.

And therefore that leads to citizens thinking that their only hope is to go into their homes, much like the turtle closing all his ap

1 See p. 148 for Mr. Finkbeiner's prepared statement.

pendages, his head, wait till the storm passed and then stick them out again. Unfortunately, if we take that approach in our neighborhoods where there is one crack house today, there will be four by the time the next month comes around.

We have taken a different approach, and knock on wood and give our thanks, but it has worked extremely effectively.

First, using a 24-hour hotline, we gather information from citizens as to where illegal drug dealers are selling and living. Some citizens are reluctant to deal directly with the police department. Unfortunately, they fear that their name will end up on some sort of a court record that will identify them. We protect the caller's identity by only taking a first name, and they can give us a false name if they want to do that. We put the burden on ourselves to check the data to make sure that it's accurate.

We then check that data. We do this by simply observing the address given, or getting background data on the name or address given from neighbors in that area. If we can confirm the validity of the data-initially we ran about 350 phone calls a month, it's about anywhere between 6 and 9 to 10 phone calls these days, and about 75 percent of the information is valid and checks out, and we then turn that information over to the police department.

We wait to see if that particular address is given extra scrutiny and attention by the police. If the illegal drug problem persists and if there is a high concentration of illegal drug activities in that neighborhood or public housing project, we then put in place what we call "drug-free/crime-free zones.

We did this initially in a neighborhood, Vistula, which is about as close to downtown Toledo as we are to downtown Columbus, which means right on the very edge of. Police have made repeated attempts to arrest the drug traffickers, knocked down I can't tell you how many doors in that particular 6-to-12-block area, but it seems like 24 hours later there was just new people coming right in, selling the same drugs over and over, and, again, we weren't making an improvement in spite of repeated efforts by the police. What we did was borrow a trailer from a local construction company and outfitted it as a mobile communication center, a phone within, modern communication equipment, cameras and other devices may be utilized within the trailer, as well as a large map of the area and the ever-present coffee pot. Volunteers from the neighborhood manned the trailer long hours each day, working 3hour shifts, getting in generally about 12 o'clock at noon, working 3-hour shifts until 2:00 a.m. the next morning. And they used a much familiar block watch, an apartment watch concept, just keeping their eyes and ears open for those that are suspicious, license plates in our area that come from Michigan or are rather suspect in that particular area of the city and all the other techniques that police departments teach their block volunteers in the Block Watch and Apartment Watch programs. They are simply gathering data and information.

But to whom do they report this data? They report it to off-duty police or sheriff's officers who Crackdown employs to patrol the streets in the neighborhood daily, not by car, but walking the streets in pairs during peak drug-dealing times. The data gathered by the volunteers becomes immediate cause for the off-duty officers

to seek out and question those alleged to be involved in law-breaking activities. They do it politely. They don't violate anybody's rights, but they are firm in the way that they go about it. There is usually ample work for the off-duty officers, and the trailer is placed right smack-dab in the middle of where the most prolific drug dealing takes place.

The first such trailer was by an apartment complex. On one stoop of the apartment complex were half a dozen to a dozen Detroit dealers daily. Around the corner, the other stoop, were Toledo drug dealers. In this case, for whatever reason, these gentlemen seemed to not be in direct confrontation with each other, but almost in a businesslike sense were competing to see who could get the biggest share of the market, who could get more young people, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 years of age, involved with them. We put that trailer right in between the two camps.

As the volunteers and police performed their respective duties on the daily basis, several very human, positive developments occurred:

One, volunteers and police officers developed a real esprit de corps about what they were doing. I noticed an article that was in the newspaper the other day, USA Weekend, "Local Heroes." There are two such gentlemen doing this in the Bronx, New York City. Pride in the significant task of successfully ridding that neighborhood of illegal activities begins to sprout and flourish. Policemen feel that they are really doing the kind of police and human relations work that they thought they were going to be doing when they signed up to become policemen, but instead found themselves simply riding from places to places in an automobile and filling out a report on a typewriter in between and leaving them extremely frustrated at the end of the day. Now they are back again to doing real police and human relations work. The volunteers get their batteries recharged because perhaps in some instances, for the first time in recent years, in their lives they have got a real meaning and a real purpose. These are people from the neighborhood. I am going to tell you most of them are bored and moderate-income people. They have now got a real mission in life. Second, private citizens, seeing the trailer, which in many respects has become something which is extremely effective, and that is a portable police precinct station and the presence of the police officers, when the private citizens see the police officers walking their streets daily, they begin to come out of their apartments, just like the turtle, slowly bring themselves to life again, and they begin to interface with the Crackdown volunteers and the officers. Real human relationships begin to build.

As the citizens see the policemen as their friends, not just somebody responding to a call in crisis and taking off again, they have begun to share very valuable data with the officers, frequently leading to arrests in the neighborhood. We even found one of our municipal court judges' cars that had been stolen and hidden around the corner, and one of the neighbors quietly went up to one of the officers and not only identified that the car was there, but who had stolen that particular vehicle.

Young residents of the neighborhood begin to see the police as volunteers as role models. Maybe this is the most important func

tion of all. Youngsters have begun to imitate and walk down the streets with police officers, the blue caps coming down to the tips of their noses. The officers sometimes ride their motorcycles to the trailer, let them sit on the trailer. Instead of following the pimps, the prostitutes and the drug dealers around, the kids have begun to see the man in the blue uniform as their friend and they have some positive role models in their lives.

Finally, the neighborhood begins to regain some self-confidence, self-esteem, people actually care about them. The policemen are there, the volunteers are there. The media comes over, and they begin to see themselves involved in an important project here. Block Watch Clubs begin to flourish and neighborhood and senior organizations begin to get organized, and programs for the young are conceived, which leads me to the final point:

Senator Glenn and others at this hearing today, I don't think there is any more neglected sector of society today than the American youth. Too many are from broken, single-parent homes. Too many can't read or write. Too many have no role models in their lives. Too many aren't even in school through age 16, let alone 4 years of high school. Too many simply don't have "light at the end of the tunnel." So a drug dealer baits them with $50 to simply stand at a corner and be a lookout or watch for the police or perhaps run a package down the street on the kid's bike and deliver it, and before you know it and the youngster knows it, innocence has been replaced by cold, hard lust for more money and drugs.

Crackdown, after driving the drug dealers from the neighborhood, has opened community centers and after-school tutorial and recreation programs for the youngsters. As a matter of fact, this coming Monday at 10 o'clock the Catholic diocese has furnished this old Victorian home and leased it for a dollar a year, and at 10 o'clock we are going to open that home and offer in that particular home tutorial and after-school programs.

We seek to employ our young people in leadership programs. Youngsters from the neighborhoods will become recreation advisers and supervisors. We brought in successful ministers, doctors, public figures to work with the young people. The quality-of-life issues need to be more indelibly inked into some of these neighborhoods. The youngsters crave the attention, as a matter of fact, even appreciate the discipline quite often.

In summation, it is a $60 billion industry today. At times it does look rather hopeless and little light at the end of the tunnel, but you break it down into the communities where the dealers are really dealing, and here is an operation that on a shoestring budget is driving law breakers from public housing projects, because they simply can't make any money anymore and giving some pride to the neighborhood, and there has got to be incentives for state and local government as well as the Federal Government to encourage more programs of this nature.

We have helped rebuild the riverfront in downtown Toledo by UDAG grants. We need the same kind of concept for the private sectors, and local communities or combination of public and private sector in local communities can put seed money into a program but needs to have larger chunks of money to pay these professional